Scribd
Upload
5K views

JSS2 Second Term Basic Technology Note

This document provides instruction on geometrical constructions related to lines and angles for students in JSS2. It defines a line as a one-dimensional figure with length but no width, and defines an angle as the space between two lines meeting at a point. The document then discusses various types of lines like straight, parallel, and perpendicular lines. It also covers types of angles such as acute, obtuse, right, and complementary/supplementary angles. The remainder of the document provides step-by-step instructions on how to perform geometric constructions like bisecting lines and angles, constructing specific angles of 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 degrees, and dividing lines into equal or proportional parts.

Uploaded by

John Egbong
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
5K views

JSS2 Second Term Basic Technology Note

This document provides instruction on geometrical constructions related to lines and angles for students in JSS2. It defines a line as a one-dimensional figure with length but no width, and defines an angle as the space between two lines meeting at a point. The document then discusses various types of lines like straight, parallel, and perpendicular lines. It also covers types of angles such as acute, obtuse, right, and complementary/supplementary angles. The remainder of the document provides step-by-step instructions on how to perform geometric constructions like bisecting lines and angles, constructing specific angles of 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 degrees, and dividing lines into equal or proportional parts.

Uploaded by

John Egbong
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 17

JSS2 SECOND BASIC TECHNOLOGY

NOTE OF LESSON

TOPIC: GEOMETRICAL CONSTRUCTION (LINES AND ANGLES)


WEEK: 2-3
CLASS: JSS2
DATE:
DURATION: 40 MINUTES
LINE
A line is a one-dimensional figure, which has length but no width. A line is made
of a set of points which is extended in opposite directions infinitely. It is
determined by two points in a two-dimensional plane. The two points which lie
on the same line are said to be collinear points. A line can be straight or curved.
STRAIGHT LINE: A straight line is a line that is not curved or bent. It can be
vertical, horizontal or inclined, two or more lines can be parallel or
perpendicular to one another.
PARALLEL LINES: Parallel lines are pair of lines equal distance apart face in the
same direction but do not meet at any point.

PERPENDICULAR LINES: Two lines are said to be perpendicular if they are


intersecting and always meet at an angle of 90°. We use the symbol ⊥ to
represent the perpendicular lines.
TYPES OF LINES AND USES

1. CONTINUOUS THICK LINES: Continuous thick lines are used to represent


visible edges and outlines of objects, shapes, and structures on paper or
computer. They are usually dark and heavy solid lines which are very prominent
in many drawings.

2. CONTINUOUS THIN LINES: Continuous thin lines are the type of technical
drawing line that are used to represent dimension lines, extension lines,
construction lines, projection lines, hatching lines for cross sections, leader lines,
reference lines, imaginary lines of intersections, and short center lines.

3. THICK LONG CHAIN LINES: Thick long chain lines are used for viewing
planes and cutting planes.
4. THIN LONG CHAIN LINES: Thin long chain lines are used for center lines,
path lines, pitch circle, and extreme position of movable parts. They may also be
used for cutting planes and for viewing planes.

______ _ _______ _ _______ _ _______ _

5. THIN SHORT DASHES: Thin short dashes are used for hidden details, edges,
or borders.

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

6. THIN CONTINUOUS IRREGULAR/WAVY LINES: Thin Continuous


Irregular/Wavy Lines are used represent the limits of partial views or sections
when the line is not an axis

7. THICK CONTINUOUS IRREGULAR/WAVY LINES: These lines are used for


irregular boundaries or short break lines.

8. THIN RULED LINES WITH SHORT ZIG-ZAGS: These lines are used for long break
lines.

BISECTION OF LINES
Bisection is the process of dividing into two equal parts. Thus, to bisect a line or
an angle is to divide it into two equal parts. While the line which divides another
line or angle into two equal parts is called a bisector.
HOW TO BISECT A GIVEN LINE:

1. Draw the given line AB to the required length.


2. With the compass pin at A, and any convenient radius greater than half of
line AB, draw an arc on both sides of AB at point C and D respectively.
3. With the compass pin at B, and the same radius as in step (2), draw an arc
on both sides of line AB to intersect the other arcs drawn in step (2) at
point C and D respectively.
4. Using a rule, join point C to D. Line CD will intersect line AB at E. Line CD is
the bisector while line AE=EB.

DIVISION OF LINES

a. Dividing a Line into Equal Parts:

1. Draw the given line AB to be divided into equal parts.


2. At any convenient acute angle to line AB, draw line AC to any length of
your choice.
3. Starting from point A, divide line AC into the required number of equal
parts and label the points as 1, 2, 3, 4….

4. Join the last point on AC to point B with a straight line.

5. Using a 30o/60o set-square with the aid of a Tee-square, draw lines from
the points 1, 2, 3, 4…. parallel to the one drawn in step (4) earlier.

Example: Divide a straight line of 8cm into 6 equal parts.

b. Dividing a Line to a Given Proportion:

1. Draw the given straight-line AB.

2. At any convenient acute angle to line AB, draw line AC to any convenient
length.
3. Supposing the line is to be divided in a ratio of 3:6:2, with compass pin at
point A and any convenient radius, mark off 11 (i.e. 3+ 6+ 2 = 11) equal
parts on line AC.

4. Join the last point (i.e. the 11th point in this case) on line AC to point B.

5. With straight lines parallel to line 11B drawn in step (iv), join point 9 (i.e.
3+6=9) to line AB and then point 3 (i.e. 0+3=3) to line AB. With this,
line AB is now divided proportionally in a ratio of 3:6:2.

Evaluation Questions: Answer the following questions:

i. What is a line?

ii. Name any five types of lines used in technical drawing.

iii. Draw a horizontal line AB 7cm long and bisect it.

iv. Draw a horizontal line 9cm and divide it into six (6) equal parts
WEEK: 4-5

TOPIC: GEOMETRICAL CONSTRUCTIONS (2): ANGLES

CLASS: JSS2

DATE:

DURATION: 40 MINUTES

ANGLES

An angle is a space between two straight lines or surfaces that meet or


intersect each other at a point. The meeting point of the arms of the angle is
called the vertex. The unit of measurement for angles is the degree (o) e.g.
66˚ . The instrument used for measuring angles is the protractor.

TYPES OF ANGLES:
1. RIGHT ANGLE: It is an angle produced when two perpendicular lines
meet or intersect each other. It is exactly 90˚ . This is the same as the
angle subtended at the center of a circle by a quadrant of a circle.

2. ACUTE ANGLE: It is an angle which is less than 90˚. E.g. 30˚ ,


45˚ ,22˚ ,60˚ ,72˚ ,15˚ etc.
3. OBTUSE ANGLE: It is an angle which is greater than 90˚, but less than 180˚.
E.g. 120˚ ,95˚ ,130˚ , 150˚ ,etc.

4. REFLEX ANGLE: It is an angle which is greater than 180˚ but less than 360˚.
e.g. 190˚,205˚,270˚, etc.

4. STRAIGHT OR LINE ANGLE: It is an angle which is exactly 180˚.


6. REVOLUTION: A revolution is an angle of 360˚. This is the angle in a circle.

7. Complementary Angles: This is a pair of angles located side by side, sharing a


common vertex and an arm which when add up, the result is 90˚. E.g. 58˚ and
32˚ are complementary angles since their sum is 90˚.
8. Supplementary Angles: This is a pair of angles located side by side, sharing a
common vertex and an arm which when add up, the result is 180˚. E.g. 118˚ and
62˚ are supplementary angles since their sum is 180˚.

BISECTION OF ANGLES
HOW TO BISECT AN ANGLE:
If an angle ABC is to be bisected, the procedure below is to be followed:
i. Draw the given angle ABC.
ii. With A as center and any convenient radius, draw an arc to cut AB and AC at
point D and E respectively.
iii. With D and E as centers, and the radius same as in step (ii) above, draw two
arcs to intersect each other at point F.
iv. Join point A to point F. Line AF is now a bisector which bisects the angle ABC
into ABF and ACF.
CONSTRUCTION OF ANGLES:

How to construct angle 90˚:


There are two methods of constructing angle 90˚.

Method 1:
i. Draw a horizontal line AB and mark off point C at which the right angle is to
be drawn.
ii. With compass pin at point C and any convenient radius, draw a semi-circle to
touch line AB at point D and E.
iii. With radius DE equal to the diameter of the semicircle drawn in step (ii), and
centers D and E draw two arcs above point C to intersect each other at F.
iv. Join point F and C. Angles FCA and FCB are each 90˚.
Method 2:
i. Draw line AB.
ii. With compass pin at touch line AB at point C.
iii. With C as the center and the same radius as in step (ii), draw a small arc to
cut the major one at D. Using D as the center now, draw another small arc to cut
the major one again this time at point E.
iv. With a convenient radius and centers D and E respectively, draw two arcs
above the major arc to intersect each other at point F.
v. Join point F to A, this is the required perpendicular to AB. Angle FAB is 90˚.

How to construct angle 60˚ :


i. Draw a horizontal line AB.
ii. With A as the center and any convenient radius draw an arc to touch AB at a
point C.
iii. With C as the center and the same radius as in (ii), draw a second arc to
intersect the first one at point D.
iv. Join point D and A. DAB is angle 60˚.
How to construct angle 45˚:
i. Construct angle 90˚ FAB as describe earlier.
ii. Bisect the angle 90˚ by following the procedures for bisecting an angle.

How to construct angle 30˚:


i. Draw line a horizontal line AB.
ii. With A as center and any convenient radius draw an arc to touch AB at point
C.
iii. With C as center and the same radius as in step (ii), draw a small arc to
intersect the first one at point D.
iv. Using the same radius with C and D as centers respectively, draw two arcs to
intersect each other at point E.
v. Join point E to A. Angle EAB is the required angle 30˚.

How to construct angle 120˚ :


i. Draw a horizontal line AB.
ii. With A as center and any convenient radius, draw an almost semicircular arc
to touch AB at point C.
iii. With C as the center and the same radius as in (ii), draw a small arc to cut the
major one at D. Move the compass pin to point D and draw another small arc to
cut the major arc again this time at point E.
iv. Join E to A, angle EAB is the required angle 120˚.

Evaluation Questions: Answer the following questions:


i. What is an angle?
ii. Name any four types angles you know
iii. Draw and bisect angle 60˚
iv. Construct any two of the following angles: 30˚, 45˚, 60˚, 90˚, and 120˚.

You might also like