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Lecture 2 - BCSE302L - Intro To DBMS

This document provides an introduction to database management systems (DBMS). It discusses some limitations of file systems for small businesses and how DBMS were developed to address these. It then summarizes several types of advanced databases like real-time, spatial, and temporal databases. The document outlines some key characteristics of DBMS and describes the roles of different types of users. It also provides overviews of different data models used in DBMS design, including hierarchical, network, relational, object-oriented, and entity-relationship models.

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24 views

Lecture 2 - BCSE302L - Intro To DBMS

This document provides an introduction to database management systems (DBMS). It discusses some limitations of file systems for small businesses and how DBMS were developed to address these. It then summarizes several types of advanced databases like real-time, spatial, and temporal databases. The document outlines some key characteristics of DBMS and describes the roles of different types of users. It also provides overviews of different data models used in DBMS design, including hierarchical, network, relational, object-oriented, and entity-relationship models.

Uploaded by

bojon27556
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture 2 : BCSE302L – DBMS

INTRODUCTION TO DBMS
File System
Small Business – Files (Word, Excel…) Purchase, sales, inventory, finance

 Size

 Updating

 Accuracy – no validation

 Security

 Incomplete

 Redundancy
File System vs Database
Advancements in DBMS

Real-time databases process transactions fast enough for the result to come back and be
acted on right away.
A spatial database can store the data with multidimensional features. The queries on such
data include location-based queries, like "Where is the closest hotel in my area?".
A temporal database has built-in time aspects, for example a temporal data model and a
temporal version of SQL. More specifically the temporal aspects usually include valid-time
and transaction-time.
A terminology-oriented database builds upon an object-oriented database, often
customized for a specific field, includes email messages, documents, journals, multimedia
objects
DBMS Characteristics

 Self-describing nature of a database system

 Insulation between programs and data, and data abstraction

 Support of multiple views of the data

 Sharing of data and multiuser transaction processing


Users of Database
Application Programmers
 The Application programmers write programs in various programming
languages to interact with databases.

Database Administrators
 Database Admin is responsible for managing the entire DBMS system.
He/She is called Database admin or DBA.

End-Users
 The end users are the people who interact with the database management
system. They conduct various operations on database like retrieving,
updating, deleting, etc.
Users in a DBMS environment
Database users
• Application Programmers - develop interfaces
• Sophisticated Users - creating database
• Specialized Users - tally, mutual fund statics
• Stand-alone Users - desktop system with reports
• Native Users - student registering for exam
Database Administrators
• Installing and upgrading the DBMS Servers
• Design and implementation
• Performance tuning
• Migrate database servers
• Backup and Recovery
• Security
• Documentation
Data Models
Data models define how data is connected to each other and how they
are processed and stored inside the system

• Hierarchical data modeling.

• Network data modeling

• Relational data modeling.

• Object oriented data model

• Entity relationship model


Hierarchical DBMS (First data Model)
• In a Hierarchical database, model data is organized in a tree- like structure. Data is
Stored Hierarchically (top down or bottom up) format.
• Data is represented using a parent-child relationship. In Hierarchical DBMS parent
may have many children, but children have only one parent.
Features of a Hierarchical Model
• One-to-many relationship: The data here is organized in a tree-like structure where the
one-to-many relationship is between the datatypes. Also, there can be only one path
from parent to any node.
• Parent-Child Relationship: Each child node has a parent node but a parent node can
have more than one child node. Multiple parents are not allowed.
• Deletion Problem: If a parent node is deleted then the child node is automatically
deleted.
• Pointers: Pointers are used to link the parent node with the child node and are used to
navigate between the stored data.
• Advantages of Hierarchical Model
• It is very simple and fast to traverse through a tree-like structure.
• Any change in the parent node is automatically reflected in the child node so, the
integrity of data is maintained.

• Disadvantages of Hierarchical Model


• Complex relationships are not supported.
• As it does not support more than one parent of the child node so if we have some
complex relationship where a child node needs to have two parent node then that
can't be represented using this model.
• If a parent node is deleted then the child node is automatically deleted.
Network Model
Network Model is same as hierarchical model except that it has graph-like structure
rather than a tree-based structure. Unlike hierarchical model, this model allows each
record to have more than one parent record.
Features of a Network Model

Ability to Merge more Relationships: In this model, as there are more


relationships so data is more related. This model has the ability to manage
one-to-one relationships as well as many-to-many relationships.
Many paths: As there are more relationships so there can be more than
one path to the same record. This makes data access fast and simple.
Circular Linked List: The operations on the network model are done with
the help of the circular linked list. The current position is maintained with the
help of a program and this position navigates through the records
according to the relationship.
Advantages of Network Model
• The data can be accessed faster as compared to the hierarchical model.
This is because the data is more related in the network model and there can be
more than one path to reach a particular node. So the data can be accessed in many
ways.
• As there is a parent-child relationship so data integrity is present. Any change in
parent record is reflected in the child record.

Disadvantages of Network Model


• As more and more relationships need to be handled the system might get complex.
So, a user must be having detailed knowledge of the model to work with the model.
• Any change like updation, deletion, insertion is very complex.
Relational model
Relational DBMS is the most widely used DBMS model because it is one of the easiest.
In relational model, the data and relationships are represented by collection of inter-
related tables. Each table is a group of column and rows, where column represents
attribute of an entity and rows represents records.
• Entity Relationship Model

The ER Model represents real-world entities and the relationships


between them.
Object-Oriented Model
In Object-oriented Model data stored in the form of objects.
The structure which is called classes which display data within it.
It defines a database as a collection of objects which stores both data members values
and operations.
Thank you

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