INDEX

absolute value functions 243–51 asymptotes 236, 240–2, 399

absolute values 48, 52–3 average rate of change 270, 283, 284, 288,
equations involving 56–7, 246–9 311, 312
properties 53 axis of symmetry 84
acceleration 270, 313, 314 of a parabola 126–28
acute angles 412
addition rule bases 4, 386
for mutually exclusive events 333 and number systems 391
of probability 337–9 bearings 166, 184
adjacent side (triangle) 168 compass 184
algebraic expressions true 185–6
expanding 16 binomial expressions 4, 17
factorising 19, 20 binomial products 4, 17, 21
simplifying 14, 27 special products 18
algebraic fractions, operations with 28 Body Mass Index 68
alternate angles 166 break-even points 84, 115, 154–5
ambiguous case of the sine rule 166, 195–6 Briggs, Henry 389
amplitude
periodic functions 412, 435 calculus 270
trigonometric functions 438–9 and motion 296
angle of depression 166, 183 notation 288
angle of elevation 166, 182 Cardano, Girolamo 337
angle of inclination of a line 84, 109–11 Cartesian plane 90
angles centre
cosine rule for 199–201 periodic functions 412, 436
finding in a right-angled triangle 178 trigonometric functions 438
measured in degrees, minutes and seconds 170 chain rule 270, 304–5
and sides of a triangle 192 circles 248
angles of any magnitude 412–13 with centre (0, 0) 248
1st quadrant: acute angles (between 0° and with centre (a, b) 248–9
90°) 412 coefficients
2nd quadrant: obtuse angles (between 90° and polynomials 84, 147
180°) 412–13 co-interior angles are supplementary 166
3rd quadrant: angles between 180° and 270° 413 combined functions 259–61
4th quadrant: angles between 270° and 360° common logarithms 387–8
413 compass bearings 164, 184
ASTC rule 414 complement 324, 334
negative angle 416–17 complementary angle results 421
arc, length of an 216–18 complementary angles 421
area of a sector 215–16 complementary events 334
area of a triangle, sine formula for 201–3 completing the square, to solve quadratic equations
ASTC rule 414–16 62–3
negative angles 416–17, 425 composite function rule 304
radians 425–6 composite functions 236, 261–2

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 concavity derivative functions 270, 275–6, 279, 287
cubic functions, and point of inflection 140–1 exponential functions 377
parabola, and turning point 123 sketching 277–8
conditional probability 324, 351–4 derivatives, and indices 297
and independent events 355–6 Descartes, Rene 90
product rule 355–6 difference quotient 287–90
constant of variation 236 difference of two squares 18
constant term (polynomial) 84, 147 factorising 25
continuous functions 236, 240 differentiability 270, 279–81
continuous random variables 454–5 at a point 280
corresponding angles 166 differentiation 270, 279
cosecant function 432 chain rule 270, 304–5
cosecant ratio 419 exponential functions 381–2
cosine function 431 product rule 270, 306–7
cosine ratio 169 quotient rule 270, 309–10
exact ratios 214–5 short methods of 292–4
quadrants 190–1 differentiation from first principles 270, 282, 287,
cosine rule 199 288–90
applications 205–7 estimating the gradient of a tangent
for angles 199–200 284–5, 287
for right-angled triangles 199 gradient of a secant 282–4, 284–6
cotangent function 434 Diophantus of Alexandria 13, 49
cotangent ratio 419 direct proportion 84, 103
cubic equations 144–5 direct variation 84, 103
cubic functions 84, 139–145 discontinuous functions 236, 240–2, 279
concavity 140–1 discrete probability distributions 456–8
point of inflection 140–2 properties 458–60
curve, gradient of a 274–8 discrete probability function 456
discrete random variables 454–5
decimal degrees, and degrees-minutes-seconds discriminant 84, 129, 130–1
170–2 and the parabola 132–4
decreasing graphs 98, 140 and roots of a quadratic equation 132–4
decreasing line 271 displacement 270, 313, 314
degree (polynomial) 84, 147 distributive law 16, 19
degree-minute-second (DMS) key (calculators) domain 84, 86, 97
170–2 hyperbolas 240–2
degrees (angles) 170 and increasing and decreasing graphs 98
converting to radians 212–3 linear functions 105–6
decimal 170–2
exact trigonometric ratios 214, 215 elimination method, simultaneous
and radians 211–12 equations 69–70
dependent variable 84, 85 equally likely outcomes 323, 324
derivative equation of a circle
of a constant multiple of a function 293 with centre (0, 0) 248
of eax 383 with centre (a, b) 249–50
of ex 381
of [    f(x)]n 305
of k 292
of kex 381–2
of kx 292
of kxn 293
of a sum of functions 293
of xn 292–4

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 equations 48–9 ‘function of a function’ rule 304
cubic 144–5 function notation 92–4
exponential 48, 58–9, 403–4 functions 84, 86–7
involving absolute values 56–7, 246–7 absolute value 243–7
linear 113–4 combined 259–61
linear simultaneous 69–70 composite 261–2
polynomial 148–9 cubic 84, 139–46
quadratic 48, 61, 62–3, 64–5 domain and range 97, 98
substitution into formulas to solve 66 even and odd 84, 99–100
trigonometric 442–5 exponential 372–6
equations of a semicircle with centre (0, 0) 251–2 gradient (derivative) 275–7
equilateral triangle 167 horizontal line test 84, 88–90
Euler, Leonhard 94, 377 hyperbolas 236, 239–40
Euler’s number, e 372, 377–80 increasing and decreasing graphs 98
even functions 84, 99 intercepts 84, 96
event 324 linear 103–6
exact trigonometric ratios 214 logarithmic 372, 397–400
in radians 214 many-to-one 85
expanding expressions 16 one-to-one 84, 85, 86, 88–90
expected value 454, 467–72 piecewise 84, 93, 243–4
exponential equations 48, 58–9, 403–4 polynomial 147–48
exponential functions 372–6 properties of 96–100
derivative functions 377 quadratic 84, 121–4, 125–7
differentiation 381–3 reflection of 253–8
and Euler’s number, e 377 substituting pronumerals into 94
reflections 375 trigonometric 429–40
sketching 372–5 vertical line test 84, 87
y = ax 373–4
y = ex 376 Galileo 296, 389, 447
expressions 4 Gauss, Carl Friedrich 49
exterior angle in any triangle 167 general cubic function 142–44
general trigonometric functions 439–40
factorisation 4, 19 geometry results 166–8
by grouping in pairs 20 gradient 84
mixed 26 of a curve 271–8
to solve quadratic equations 61 of parallel lines 117–8
factorising of perpendicular lines 119, 300
difference of two squares 25 of a secant 270, 282–4, 285–6
perfect squares 24 of a straight line 107–10, 271–3
trinomials 21–2, 23–4 of a tangent 270, 274, 284–5, 287
factors 4 gradient formula 108
Fermat, Pierre de 337 gradient functions 275–6
1st quadrant: acute angles (between 0°and 90°) sketching 276–7
192, 412 gradient–intercept equation of a straight
formulas line 111
substitution into 30 graphing
substitution into to solve equations 66 cubic functions 139–44
4th quadrant – angles between 270° and 360° exponential functions 376
413 linear functions 104–5
fractional indices 9–12 logarithmic functions 400
polynomials functions 149–50
quadratic functions 121–4
see also sketching

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 graphs limits 270, 286–7
intersection of 152–6 linear equations, finding 113–4
y = –f (–x) 256–7 linear functions 84, 103–6
y = –f (x) 244–5, 253–4 applications 115
y = f (–x) 254–5 domain and range 105
y = f (x) 253–4 gradient and y-intercept 111
y = kx3 140 graphing 104–5
horizontal and vertical lines 105–6
Hermite, Charles 377 point of intersection 153
horizontal line test 84, 88–90 linear simultaneous equations 69–70, 153
horizontal lines 105–6 locally straight curves 284–5
Huygens, Christiaan 296, 337 logarithm laws 392–4
Hypatia 49 logarithmic functions 372, 397–402
hyperbolas 236, 237, 239–40 logarithmic scales 401
asymptotes 240–2 logarithms 372, 385–7
as discontinuous functions 240–2 change of base 394–5
hypotenuse 168 common 387–8
natural 387–8
identity 412, 422 origins 389
increasing graphs 98, 140 properties 387
increasing line 271 longest side (triangle) 192
independent events 324, 342 loss 155
and conditional probability 355–6
product rule 342–3 many-to-many relation 85, 86
independent variable 84, 85 many-to-one function 86
index laws 4–5 many-to-one relation 85
indices 4 mathematical verbs xiii
and derivatives 296 maximum turning point 123, 278
fractional 9–12 mean 467–72
zero and negative 7–8 minimum turning point 123, 278
inequalities 48 minutes (angles) 170
on a number line 51–2 monic polynomials 84, 147
quadratic 48 motion
solving 51–2 and calculus 296
instantaneous rate of change 270, 284, 287, 311, 313 Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi 13
intercepts of the graph of a function 84, 96 multi-stage experiments 340–4
intersection of graphs conditional probability 343–4
break-even points 154–5 independent events 342–3
intersecting lines 153 mutually exclusive events 324, 332
intersecting lines and parabolas 155–6 addition rule for 333
solving equations graphically 152–3
intersection (set notation) 326 Napier, John 389
interval notation 84, 97 natural (Naperian) logarithms 387–8
inverse proportion 236 negative angles (ASTC rule) 113, 416
inverse variation 236–9 negative gradient 107, 271, 273
isosceles triangle 167 negative indices 7–8
Newton, Sir Isaac 270, 288, 296
Kepler, Johannes 389 non-linear simultaneous equations 70–1
non-mutually exclusive events 324, 337–9
leading coefficient (polynomial) 84, 147 normal 270, 300
leading term (polynomial) 84, 147 normals to a curve 300–1
Leaning Tower of Pisa 183 not differentiable functions 279–81
Leibniz, Gottfried 270, 288 number plane, quadrants of 190–1
length of an arc 216–8

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 obtuse angles 412 probability distributions 454
trigonometric ratios 190, 191 discrete 456–8
odd functions 84, 99–100, 142 uniform 461–3
one-to-many relation 85 probability formula 325–6
one-to-one function 84, 86, 88–90 probability of an event 325
one-to-one relation 85, 86 probability trees 324, 346–8, 354
opposite side (triangle) 168, 192 product rule
ordered pairs 85 conditional probability 354–5
Oresme, Nicole 12 differentiation 270, 306–9
outcome 324 independent events 342–3
probability 340–4
parabolas 84, 121, 122 profit 155
axis of symmetry 126–8 pronumerals 4
concavity 123 proportionality constant 103
discriminant 132–3 Ptolemy 162
and intersecting lines 155–6 Pythagorean identities 422
turning points 123–4, 126–7
parallel lines, gradient 117–8 quadrants 190–1
parallelogram 167 1st – acute angles (between 0°and 90°) 190, 412
Pascal, Blaise 337 2nd – obtuse angles (between 90°and 180°) 191,
perfect squares 18 412–13
factorising 24 3rd – angles between 180°and 270° 413
period 4th – angles between 270° and 360° 413
periodic functions 412, 435 see also ASTC rule
trigonometric functions 438–9 quadratic equations 48, 61
periodic functions 412, 435 discriminant 129, 130–33
perpendicular lines, gradients 119, 300 finding 134–35
phase shifts, trigonometric functions 412, solving by completing the square 62–3
438–9 solving by factorisation 61
piecewise functions 84, 93, 243–4 solving by quadratic formula 64–5
point–gradient equation of a straight line 113–4 quadratic formula 64–5
point of inflection (cubic functions) 84, 140–2 discriminant 129–33
polynomial expressions 147–8 quadratic functions 84, 121–4
polynomial functions 147–8 and axis of symmetry 126–8
graphing 149–50 concavity 123–4
polynomials 84 turning points 123–4, 126–7
population 454 quotient rule 270, 313–14
population mean 467
population standard deviation 475 radians 168, 211
positive angles (ASTC rule) 414, 425 ASTC rule 425–6
positive gradient 107, 271, 274 converting to degrees 212–13
power 4, 385 and degrees 211–12
power functions 100 exact trigonometric ratios 214–15
principal solution 442 special angles 213
probabilities, range of 333 to find area of a sector 219–20
probability to find length of an arc 216–18
addition rule 337–9 trigonometric equations 444–5
conditional 323, 343–4, 351–5 trigonometric functions 435–6
origins of 337 random variables 455–6
product rule 340–2 range 84, 86, 97
theoretical 332–4 absolute value functions 245–6
hyperbolas 240–2
linear functions 103–4

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 rate of change of y 271, 274 sine formula for the area of a triangle 202–3
rates of change 311–13 sine function 430–1
displacement, velocity and acceleration 313–14 sine ratio 169
rationalising the binomial denominator exact ratios 214–5
(surds) 37–9 quadrants 190–1
rationalising the denominator (surds) 36–7 sine rule 166, 192–4
reciprocal 235 ambiguous case 166, 195–6
reciprocal trigonometric ratios 414, 419–20 applications 205–7
rectangle 167 sketching
reflections of exponential functions 375 exponential functions 371–4
reflections of functions 263–8 gradient (derivative) functions 275–7
graph of y = –f(–x) 256–7 logarithmic functions 397–400
graph of y = –f(x) 263–4 see also graphing
graph of y = f(–x) 254–6 square (geometry) 167
relations 85 standard deviation 455, 475–6
types of 85 formula 476–8
relative frequency 324, 329, 457 stationary points
rhombus 169 curves 270, 278
right-angled triangles parabola 123
cosine rule 199 straight line
finding an angle 178 angle of inclination 84, 109
finding a side 174 gradient 107–12, 271
sides of 164 gradient–intercept equation 111
root of a number 4 point–gradient equation 113
roots of the equation 84, 129 substitution
into formulas 30
sample mean 466 into formulas to solve equations 66
sample space 314–5 substitution method
sample standard deviation 475 non-linear simultaneous equations 70–1
secant 270, 283 simultaneous equations 69
secant function 434 sum of the interior angles in any triangle 167
secant ratio 419 surds 4
2nd quadrant: obtuse angles (between 90°and 180°) operations with 33–4
190, 412–13 properties 32
seconds (angles) 170 rationalising the binomial denominator 37–9
sector, area of 219–20 rationalising the denominator 36–7
semicircles 250–1 simplifying 32
set 323
set notation 325 tangent 270, 274
shortest side (triangle) 192 tangent function 431–2
sides of a right-angled triangle 168 tangent identity 422
find a side 174 tangent ratio 169
sides of a triangle 192 exact ratios 214–5
simple harmonic motion 447 quadrants 190–1
simplifying tangents to a curve 274, 299–300
algebraic expressions 14, 27 terms 4
surds 32 theoretical probability 332–4
simultaneous equations 48 3rd quadrant: angles between 180 °and 270° 413
linear 69–70, 153 trapezium 168
non-linear 70–1 tree diagrams 324, 341
solving using elimination method 69–70
solving using substitution method 69, 70–1
with three unknown variables 72–3

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 triangle x-intercept 96
area of 202–3
cosine rule 198–200 y = a x 373–4
naming the sides and angles 192 y = ex 378
and sine rule 192–6 y = –f (-x), graph of 256–7
see also right-angled triangles y = –f (x), graph of 244–5
triangle measurement 169 y = f (-x), graph of 254–6
trigonometric equations 442–4 y = f (x), graph of 253–7
involving radians 444–5 y = kx3, graph of 140
trigonometric functions 429–44 y-intercept 96
applications 446–7
centre of 438 zero indices 7–8
general 438–9 zeros of the polynomial 84, 148
period and amplitude 434–5
phase shifts 412, 437–8
properties 435–40
in terms of radians 435–6
trigonometric identities 419–23
trigonometric ratios 168, 169
exact 214–5
obtuse angles 190, 191
unit circle 190–1, 429
trigonometry
applications 182–6
origins 169
see also right-angled triangles
trinomials 4, 21
factorising 20–1, 23–4, 25
true bearings 166, 185–6
turning point 84, 270
parabola 123–4, 126–7

uniform probability distribution 454, 461–3

union (set notation) 322
unit circle
angles at any magnitude 412–16
negative angles 416–17
trigonometric ratios 190–2, 429

variables 85
variance 455, 475
formula 476–8
velocity 270, 313, 314
Venn diagrams 322, 325–6
vertex (parabola) 84, 123, 126
vertical line test 84, 87–8
vertical lines 105–6
vertically opposite angles 166

Wallis, John 12, 296

waves 447

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