TITLE OF PROJECT REPORT
A PROJECT REPORT
Submitted by
Surya M Shetty
NAME OF THE CANDIDATE
(Register No)
20201BAV0119
in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree
of
BBA in AVIATION MANAGEMENT
SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT
PRESIDENCY UNIVERSITY
Private University established in Karnataka, under the Karnataka Act No 41 of 2013
Itgalpur, Rajanakunte,
Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560064
MONTH & YEAR
Annexure 3
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project report entitled (Study on Factors Causing Stress
in Aviation Employees and Methods to Improve the Role of Human Factors to Decrease Stress
and Improve Efficiency) submitted by Surya M Shetty to Presidency University Bangalore, in
partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of BBA in Aviation Management is a bona fide
record of project work carried out by him/her under my/our supervision. The contents of this
report, in full or in parts, have not been submitted to any other Institution or University for the
award of any degree or diploma.
<Signature> <Signature>
<Name of the supervisor> <Name of the co
supervisor>
Supervisor Co-
Supervisor
Department of Department of
<Name of the Department > <Name of the
department >
Bangalore Counter signature of HOD with seal
<Month, year>
Annexure 4
DECLARATION
I declare that this project report titled (Study on Factors Causing Stress in Aviation Employees
and Methods to Improve the Role of Human Factors to Decrease Stress and Improve Efficiency)
submitted in partial fulfillment of the degree of BBA in Aviation Management, is a record of
original work carried out by me under the supervision of <Name(s) of the Supervisor(s)>, and
has not formed the basis for the award of any other degree or diploma, in this or any other
Institution or University. In keeping with the ethical practice in reporting information, due
acknowledgements have been made wherever the findings of others have been cited.
<Signature>
<Name of the candidate>
<Student code number >
Bangalore-560054
<Date>
Annexure 5
All acknowledgements to be included here. Please restrict to two pages. The name of the candidate shall appear at
the end, without signature.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It gives me great pleasure to thank..............(name, designation of the guide),
Department of Commerce, for the constant support and guidance given to us
throughout the course of this project. He/she has been a constant source of
inspiration for us.
We also take the opportunity to acknowledge the contribution of Professor
and Head, Aviation, for his support and assistance during the development of the
project.
We also take this the opportunity to acknowledge the contribution of all
faculty members of the department for their assistance and cooperation during the
development of our project. We also thank all the Non Teaching Staff of the
Department who helped us in the course of the project. Last but not the least, we
acknowledge our friends for their encouragement in the completion of the project.
Names of the student
Surya M Shetty
Annexure 6
ABSTRACT
Abstract of the report to be given here. Please restrict to a maximum of 300 words. NOTE: The
abstract should not have any citations, or abbreviations, nor should it be divided into sections. It
can be divided into adequate number of paragraphs as the author wishes. It is advisable to avoid
any equations in the Abstract. Figures and tables are to be avoided. Note that all paragraphs in
the Abstract start with an indent of 15 mm, and there is no extra spacing between two successive
paragraphs. The text should be Times New Roman font size 12, single spaced.
Annexure 7
TABLE OF CONTENTS
DESCRIPTION PAGE NUMBER
CERTIFICATE iii
DECLARATION v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS vii
ABSTRACT ix
LIST OF FIGURES xiii
LIST OF TABLES xv
ABBREVIATIONS/ NOTATIONS/ NOMENCLATURE xvii
1. CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Motivation for the work 2
1.3 Background 4
1.4 Objective of the work 6
1.4.1 Second level section heading 7
2. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE SURVEY 9
2.1 Introduction 9
2.2 Research issues/observations from 10
literature Survey
2.4 Summary 14
3. CHAPTER 3 SYSTEM ANALYSIS 16
3.1 Introduction 16
3.2 Disadvantages/Limitations in the existing system 20
3.3 Proposed System 27
3.3.1 Second level section heading 32
3.4. Summary 40
4. CHAPTER 4 EVALUATION AND ANALYSIS 48
4.1 Section heading name 48
4.2 Section heading name 55
4.4 Summary 65
5. CHAPTER 5 FUTURE ENHANCEMENT& CONCLUSION
5.1 Section heading name 77
5.2 Section heading name 87
REFERENCES 98
Appendix 1 Title of the appendix 1 98
Appendix 2 Title of the appendix 2 99
Non-paper material
1. CD [Label] back cover of the report
2. CD [Label]
Annexure 8
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No. Title Page No.
3.1 ........................................................................................................................ 70
4.1 ........................................................................................................................ 95
4.2 ........................................................................................................................ 95
Annexure 9
List of Tables
Page
Table Title
3.1............................................................................................................................... 55
3.2 ................................................................................................................... 57
4.1 ................................................................................................................... 90
4.2 ................................................................................................................... 90
4.3 ................................................................................................................... 94
4.4 ................................................................................................................... 99
Annexure 10
ABBREVIATIONS/ NOTATIONS/ NOMENCLATURE
Utmost care should be taken by the project student while using technical abbreviations, notations and nomenclature.
The abbreviations should be listed in alphabetical order as shown below.
ACARE Advisory Council for Aeronautics Research in Europe
ACI Airports Council International
Air transport industry Aviation and civil aerospace sectors
ATA Air Transport Association of America
ATAG Air Transport Action Group
ATC Air traffic control
Aviation sector Airports, airlines, commercial aviation, activities directly serving passengers
or providing airfreight services, air navigation service providers
Balance of payments The difference between a country's exports and imports of goods and services
CAAS Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore
CANSO Civil Air Navigation Services Organisation
Catalytic impact of air transport Impact on industries that are outside (includes tourism) of air transport
Civil aerospace sector Manufacture and maintenance of aircraft systems, frames and engines
dB Decibels
IATA International Air Transport Association
ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization
The meaning of special symbols and notations used in the report should be explained.
|x| - absolute value of x
Annexure 11
CHAPTER -1
INTRODUCTION
The aviation industry is one of the most demanding and stressful industries in the world. The
high-pressure environment, long working hours, irregular shift patterns, and strict safety
regulations can cause significant stress and affect the overall performance and efficiency of
employees. Stress not only affects the mental and physical health of employees but also has a
significant impact on the safety and security of passengers. Therefore, it is essential to study the
factors causing stress in aviation employees and develop methods to improve the role of human
factors to decrease stress and improve efficiency. Aviation is a challenging and demanding field
that requires individuals to work long hours, handle high workloads, and make quick decisions
under high pressure. These factors can contribute to stress and fatigue, which can negatively
impact the safety and performance of pilots and other aviation professionals. In this project, we
will study the issue of aviation stress, with a focus on the effects of long working hours, high
workloads, and the need to make quick decisions in a high pressure environment.
Aviation is a critical component of modern society, connecting people and goods across the
globe. However, working in the aviation industry can be stressful due to long working hours,
high workloads, and the need to make quick decisions in a high-pressure environment. This
study aims to investigate the impact of these stressors on aviation professionals and to identify
strategies for managing stress in this industry.
Aviation is a highly demanding field that requires individuals to work long hours and make
quick decisions under high levels of stress. These demands can lead to negative impacts on the
well-being of pilots and other aviation professionals, including increased levels of stress and
fatigue. The purpose of this study is to examine the factors that contribute to aviation stress and
to identify potential interventions to mitigate these negative effects.
1.1 Motivation for the work
The aviation industry is growing rapidly, and the demand for air travel is increasing day by
day. With the increasing demand, the pressure on aviation employees is also increasing,
leading to higher stress levels. Moreover, stress in aviation employees can lead to several
negative consequences, including reduced efficiency, absenteeism, employee turnover, and
even accidents. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the factors causing stress in aviation
employees and develop methods to mitigate stress and improve efficiency. The purpose of
this project is to better understand the factors that contribute to stress and fatigue in the
aviation industry, and to identify potential strategies for mitigating these issues. By
addressing the issue of aviation stress, we can improve the safety and performance of pilots
and other aviation professionals, and ultimately, the safety and reliability of the aviation
industry as a whole.
The aviation industry has a high rate of employee turnover, and stress is a major contributing
factor. Additionally, the impact of stress on aviation professionals can have serious
consequences for safety, as stress can impair decision-making and lead to errors. Therefore,
understanding and addressing stress in the aviation industry is critical for both the well-
being of aviation professionals and the safety of the flying public.
Aviation stress is a significant concern for the industry, as it can lead to negative outcomes
such as decreased job satisfaction, increased absenteeism, and impaired decision-making.
Additionally, the high-stress nature of aviation work can also affect the safety of passengers
and crew. Therefore, understanding the factors that contribute to aviation stress and
identifying interventions to mitigate these negative effects is crucial for the well-being of
aviation professionals and the safety of the industry.
1.2 Background
Stress is a common phenomenon in the aviation industry and is caused by various factors,
including long working hours, strict regulations, complex equipment, high workload,
irregular shift patterns, and exposure to emergencies. Stress not only affects the mental and
physical health of employees but also has a significant impact on the safety and security of
passengers. Therefore, it is essential to identify the factors causing stress in aviation
employees and develop strategies to mitigate stress and improve efficiency. Stress and
fatigue are common challenges faced by aviation professionals, and have been identified as
contributing factors in a number of aviation accidents and incidents. Long working hours
and high workloads can lead to mental and physical fatigue, which can impair decision-
making and increase the risk of errors. In addition, the high pressure environment in which
aviation professionals work can also contribute to stress and fatigue.
Working in the aviation industry can be a rewarding career, but it also comes with unique
challenges. Aviation professionals often work long hours, with irregular schedules that can
disrupt their sleep and social lives. Additionally, the nature of the work requires them to
make quick, high-stakes decisions under time pressure, which can be stressful. These
stressors can lead to burnout, absenteeism, and turnover, which can have negative
consequences for the industry.
Aviation professionals, particularly pilots, are exposed to a range of stressors that can
negatively impact their well-being. These stressors include long working hours, high
workloads, and the need to make quick decisions in a high-pressure environment. Other
factors that may contribute to aviation stress include shift work, irregular schedules, and the
isolation that can come with being away from home for extended periods of time.
1.3 Objective of the Work
The objective of this study is to investigate the impact of long working hours, high
workloads, and the need to make quick decisions in a high-pressure environment on aviation
professionals. The study aims to identify strategies for managing stress in this industry,
including ways to reduce workload and improve work-life balance, as well as techniques for
coping with stress in the moment.
The primary objective of this project is to identify the factors that contribute to stress and
fatigue in the aviation industry, and to develop strategies for mitigating these issues.
Specifically, we will focus on the effects of long working hours, high workloads, and the
need to make quick decisions in a high pressure environment. The objective of this work is
to conduct a study on the factors causing stress in aviation employees and methods to
improve the role of human factors to decrease stress and improve efficiency. The study aims
to:
Identify the main sources and types of stress in aviation employees
Analyze the effects of stress on aviation employees and the aviation system
Review the current approaches and interventions to manage stress in aviation employees
Propose recommendations and strategies to enhance the role of human factors in reducing stress
and enhancing performance in aviation employees.
The objective of this study is to examine the factors that contribute to aviation stress and to
identify potential interventions to mitigate these negative effects. This will involve a literature
review of existing research on aviation stress and a system analysis to identify the disadvantages
and limitations of the current system. The study will also include an evaluation and analysis of
the proposed interventions, as well as a discussion of future enhancements and conclusion.
1.4 Second level section heading
The second level section heading will focus on the research methodology used in this study.
CHAPTER -2
Literature survey
2.1 Introduction
In this section, we will review the existing literature on aviation stress and fatigue. We will
examine research on the factors that contribute to stress and fatigue in the aviation industry, as
well as strategies that have been developed to address these issues. The literature survey will
provide a comprehensive review of the existing literature on the factors that cause stress in
aviation employees. The literature review will also explore the role of human factors in aviation
safety and the strategies employed to mitigate the negative effects of stress on aviation
employees.
A review of the literature on stress in the aviation industry reveals a number of research issues
and observations. Many studies have found that long working hours, high workloads, and the
need to make quick decisions in a high-pressure environment are significant sources of stress for
aviation professionals. Other factors that contribute to stress in this industry include the high
level of responsibility, the risk of errors, and the impact of external factors such as weather and
air traffic.
A literature review was conducted to examine the existing research on aviation stress and to
identify the research issues and observations related to the impact of long working hours, high
workloads, and quick decision-making on human factors.
Research Issues/Observation from Literature Survey:
The literature review identified a number of research issues related to aviation stress, including
the impact of long working hours on fatigue and decision-making, the role of workload in
contributing to stress, and the impact of quick decision-making on stress and error rates. Other
observations from the literature review include the importance of effective communication and
teamwork in reducing stress, and the potential for interventions such as training and support
programs to mitigate the negative effects of aviation stress.
2.2 Research issues
The research issues will include identifying the various stressors in aviation, exploring the
relationship between stress and performance, examining the role of human factors in mitigating
stress, and evaluating the effectiveness of existing strategies in reducing stress and enhancing
efficiency. The literature review reveals that long working hours and high workloads are major
contributors to stress and fatigue in the aviation industry. In addition, the need to make quick
decisions in a high pressure environment can also contribute to stress and fatigue. Studies have
found that these factors can lead to impaired decision-making and increased risk of errors, which
can have serious consequences for the safety and reliability of aviation operations.
One of the main research issues identified in the literature is the lack of consistency in how
stress is measured and reported. Many studies use self-report measures, which are subjective and
may not accurately reflect the true level of stress experienced by aviation professionals.
Additionally, there is a lack of long-term studies that track the impact of stress on aviation
professionals over time.
2.3 Summary
The literature survey will summarize the key findings from the literature review and provide a
basis for the system analysis. Overall, the literature review suggests that stress and fatigue are
significant issues in the aviation industry, and that addressing these issues is essential for
improving the safety and performance of aviation professionals.
Overall, the literature suggests that stress is a significant issue in the aviation industry, with long
working hours, high workloads, and the need to make quick decisions in a high-pressure
environment being major sources of stress. However, there is a need for more consistent and
objective measures of stress and for longer-term studies to better understand the impact of stress
on aviation professionals.
Overall, the literature review identified a range of factors that contribute to aviation stress,
including long working hours, high workloads, and the need to make quick decisions in a high-
pressure environment. The review also highlighted the importance of effective communication
and teamwork in reducing stress, and the potential for interventions such as training and support
programs to mitigate the negative effects of aviation stress.
CHAPTER -3
System analysis
3.1 Introduction
In this section, we will analyze the existing system for addressing stress and fatigue in the
aviation industry. We will identify the disadvantages and limitations of the current system, and
propose a new system that addresses these issues more effectively. The system analysis will
evaluate the current system in aviation and identify the disadvantages and limitations that
contribute to stress in aviation employees.
The existing system for managing stress in the aviation industry is inadequate in addressing the
significant stressors faced by aviation professionals. There are a number of disadvantages and
limitations in the existing system, including a lack of consistent policies and procedures for
addressing stress, a lack of support for employees, and a lack of resources for managing stress.
A system analysis was conducted to examine the disadvantages and limitations of the current
system in addressing aviation stress. This included a review of existing interventions and their
effectiveness in mitigating the negative effects of long working hours, high workloads, and
quick decision-making on human factors.
3.2 Disadvantages/Limitations in the existing system
The current system for addressing stress and fatigue in the aviation industry has a number of
disadvantages and limitations. For example, many aviation professionals are required to work
long hours and handle high workloads, which can contribute to stress and fatigue. In addition,
the high pressure environment in which aviation professionals work can also contribute to stress
and fatigue. The disadvantages/limitations in the existing system will include issues related to
workload, scheduling, communication, decision-making, and training.
One of the main disadvantages of the existing system is that it does not adequately address the
root causes of stress in the aviation industry. Long working hours, high workloads, and the need
to make quick decisions in a high-pressure environment are all major stressors that are not
adequately addressed by the current system. Additionally, there is a lack of support and
resources for employees to manage
The existing system for addressing aviation stress has a number of limitations. For example,
current interventions such as training and support programs may not be sufficient to address the
root causes of stress, such as long working hours and high workloads. Additionally, there may
be limited access to these interventions for some aviation professionals, particularly those
working for smaller companies or in remote locations.
Proposed system:
To address these issues, we propose a new system that includes measures such as:
Limiting the number of hours that pilots and other aviation professionals are required to work
Implementing more structured and efficient workload management practices
Providing support and resources for aviation professionals to manage stress and fatigue
Second level section heading:
Implementation and management of the proposed system
3.3 Second level section heading
The second level section heading will focus on exploring the role of human factors in reducing
stress and enhancing efficiency in aviation.
3.4 Summary
The proposed system includes measures such as limiting working hours, improving workload
management practices, and providing support and resources to help aviation professionals
manage stress and fatigue. The system analysis will summarize the key findings from the
evaluation and analysis and provide a basis for the future enhancement and conclusion.
CHAPTER -4
Evaluation and analysis
4.1 Section heading name
The section heading will focus on evaluating the effectiveness of the strategies employed to
mitigate the negative effects of stress on aviation employees and enhance efficiency.
4.2 Summary
The evaluation and analysis will summarize the key findings from the study and provide
recommendations for future research.
CHAPTER -5
Future enhancement and conclusion
5.1 Section heading name
The section heading will focus on outlining the future research directions and strategies for
enhancing the role of human factors in reducing stress and enhancing efficiency in aviation. The
conclusion will summarize the key findings of the study and provide recommendations for
future practice.
REFERENCES
The references will include all the sources cited in the study, including books, articles, reports,
and online resources. The references will be formatted according to the APA style.
References
Aviation Safety Network. (2022). Aviation Safety Database. Retrieved from https://aviation-
safety.net/
Civil Aviation Authority. (2020). Aviation Health Unit. Retrieved from
https://www.caa.co.uk/Commercial-industry/Airports/Air-traffic-management/Aviation-Health-
Annexure 12
REFERENCES
Kambouri-Danos, M., Ravanis, K., Jameau, A., & Boilevin, J. (2019). Precursor
models and early years science learning: A case study related to the water
statechanges. Early Childhood Education Journal, 47(4), 475-488.
http://doi.org/10.1007/s10643-019-00937-5
Sheridan, T.B., Bürki-Cohen, J., and Corker, K. (2006). Human transient into-the-
loop simulation for NGATS. Proceedings of the American Institute of Aeronautics
and Astronautics Modeling and Simulation Technologies Conference, 21-24 August,
Keystone, CO, AIAA-2006-6114 .
Plaza-Pust, C. (2016). Bilingualism and deafness: On language contact in the
bilingual acquisition of sign language and written language. De Gruyter
Mouton.https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/reading/detail.action?
docID=4793947.
Baker, C. & Wright, W. E. (2017). Foundations of bilingual education and
bilingualism (6thed.). Multilingual Matters.
Book translated at a later date
Piaget, J. & Inhelder, B. (1969). The psychology of the child (H. Weaver, Trans.; 2 nd
ed.). Basic Books. (Original work published 1966)
Annexure 12
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS
I REFEREED JOURNALS
Kambouri-Danos, M., Ravanis, K., Jameau, A., & Boilevin, J. (2019). Precursor models
and early years science learning: A case study related to the water state changes. Early
Childhood Education Journal, 47(4), 475-488. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10643-019-00937-5
PRESENTATIONS IN INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCES
United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) & Ministry of
Education and Science, Spain. (1994, June 7-10). The Salamanca statement and framework for
action on special needs education [Conference statement]. World Conference on Special Needs
Education: Access and Quality, Salamanca, Spain.
https://www.right-to-education.org/sites/right-to-education.org/files/resourceattachments/
Salamanca_Statement_1994.pdf
II PRESENTATIONS IN NATIONAL CONFERENCES
Dr Assad Kotaite, President of the ICAO Council (2005) Air transport generates
millions of jobs and supports many more millions in associated industries, including the
world’s largest – travel & tourism.”. Based on a study undertaken for the Air Transport
Action Group (ATAG) by Oxford Economic Forecasting (OEF),December 2005
