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General Chemistry 1
Quarter 2 - Module 4
Lewis Structures and Bond Formation
General Chemistry I- Grade 11
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Quarter 2 - Module 4: Lewis Structures and Bond Formation
First Edition, 2020

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 General
Chemistry 1
Quarter 2 - Module 4
Lewis Structures and Bond Formation

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 Table of Contents

What This Module is About ....................................................................................................................... i

What I Need to Know .................................................................................................................................. i
How to Learn from this Module .............................................................................................................. .ii
Icons of this Module ................................................................................................................................... .ii

What I Know ..................................................................................................................................................iii

Module 4:
Lewis Structures and Bond Formation ....................................................... 1
What’s In ................................................................................................... 1
What’s New ............................................................................................... 1
What Is It .................................................................................................. 2
What’s More …. ....................................................................................... 6
What I Have Learned ................................................................................ 6

Summary ....................................................................................................................................... 7
Assessment: (Post-Test) ............................................................................................................. 8
Key to Answers ............................................................................................................................. 9
References .................................................................................................................................... 10
Module 4

What This Module is About

Lewis Structures is a model that uses electron-dot structures to show how electrons
are arranged in molecules. Pairs of dots or lines represent bonding pairs.
In this module, we observe the octet rule that says that the noble gas electronic
configuration is a particularly favourable one that can be achieved through formation of
electron pair bonds between atoms. In many atoms, not all of the electron pairs comprising
the octet are shared between atoms. These unshared, non-bonding electrons are called ‘lone
pairs of electrons. In octet rule, atoms try to achieve the electronic configuration of the noble
gas nearest to them in the periodic table by achieving a full valence level with eight electrons.

What I Need to Know

At the end of this module, you should be able to:

1. Draw the Lewis structure of ions (STEM_GC11CBIId-g-70);

2. Apply the octet rule in the formation of molecular covalent compounds

(STEM_GC11CBIId-g-76);

3. Write the formula of molecular compounds formed by the nonmetallic elements of the

representative block (STEM_GC11CBIId-g-77);

4. Draw Lewis structure of molecular covalent compounds (STEM_GC11CBIId-g-78);

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How to Learn from this Module
To achieve the objectives cited above, you are to do the following:
• Take your time reading the lessons carefully.
• Follow the directions and/or instructions in the activities and exercises
diligently.
• Answer all the given tests and exercises.

Icons of this Module

What I Need to This part contains learning objectives that

Know are set for you to learn as you go along the
module.

What I know This is an assessment as to your level of

knowledge to the subject matter at hand,
meant specifically to gauge prior related
knowledge.
What’s In This part connects previous lesson with that
of the current one.

What’s New An introduction of the new lesson through

various activities, before it will be presented
to you

What is It These are discussions of the activities as a

way to deepen your discovery and under-
standing of the concept.

What’s More These are follow-up activities that are in-

tended for you to practice further in order to
master the competencies.

What I Have Activities designed to process what you

Learned have learned from the lesson

What I can do These are tasks that are designed to show-

case your skills and knowledge gained, and
applied into real-life concerns and situations.

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 What I Know

Pre-test: MULTIPLE CHOICE:

Directions: Read and understand each item and choose the letter of the correct answer.
Use separate answer sheet of paper.

1. Which element will have 5 electrons in its Lewis dot symbol?

A. Argon C. Carbon
B. Boron D. Phosphorus

2. Which element is the least electronegative?

A. Calcium C. Iron
B. Cesium D. Barium

3. It is important to know the geometry of a molecule because it

A. affects the physical and chemical properties of the substance
B. will give the Lewis structure of the molecule
C. will determine whether the molecule is ionic or covalent
D. B and C

4. If there are four (4) electron pairs around the central atom of a molecule, these
electron pairs are in a _________________arrangement.
A. linear C. tetrahedral
B. trigonal planar D. octahedral

5. Which element will have 5 electrons in its Lewis dot symbol?

A. Argon C. Carbon
B. Boron D. Phosphorus

6. Which element is the least electronegative?

A. Calcium C. Iron
B. Cesium D. Barium

7. It is important to know the geometry of a molecule because it

A. affects the physical and chemical properties of the substance
B. will give the Lewis structure of the molecule
C. will determine whether the molecule is ionic or covalent
D. B and C

8. The number of lone pairs in CO2 molecule are ______________.

A. 1 C. 3
B. 2 D. 4

9. A molecule with trigonal planar geometry:

A. H2O C. BF3
B. CO2 D. CH4

10. The number of lone pairs of electrons around the central oxygen atom in In the Lewis
structure of the OF2 molecule is:
A. 1 C. 3
B. 2 D. 4

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 MODULE Lewis Structures and
4 Bond Formation

What’s In

In lesson 1, we have learned that atoms transfer or share their electrons to other atoms
to become more stable, thus forming new substances. In this lesson, the bonding models will
be represented through Lewis dot symbols and structures and the bond formation of atoms
will be illustrated. Furthermore, we will learn how to predict bonding and formula of molecular
compounds though Lewis structures and the application of the octet rule.

What’s New
Activity 1: Meet the Nobles

Directions: Study the table below and answer the questions that follow.

Atomic
Element Electron Configuration
Number
He 2 1s2
Ne 10 1s2 2s2 2p6
Ar 18 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6
Kr 36 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6
Xe 54 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6
Ra 86 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10
6s2 6p6

1. To what group in the periodic table do the elements listed belong?

2. Why are these elements called the noble gases? What is their common characteristic?
3. Why are light bulbs filled with argon gas rather than oxygen gas?
4. How many valence electrons do noble gases have? Draw the Lewis dot symbol of the
noble gas Xe?
5. Can we relate the number of valence electrons with the stability of the element?

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 What Is It

Lewis Dot Symbols

Valence electrons of an atom are better represented with Lewis dot symbols. From the
previous module, the number of valence electrons of a main block element is usually
equivalent to its group number. For instance, Carbon is a Group 4(a) element, thus it has 4
valence electrons. The number of valence electrons of Fluorine is 7 because it is in Group7(a).
Magnesium has 2 valence electrons because it belongs to Group2(a).
Lewis dot symbol is very useful when learning about chemical bonding, and chemical
reactions. It consists of the symbol of an element and one dot for each valence electron in an
atom of the element. The dots are placed on the four sides of the symbol—top, bottom, left,
and right—and each side can accommodate up to two electrons. The choice on which sides
to place two electrons rather one electron is arbitrary since all four sides are equivalent. It is
recommended that we spread out the dots as much as possible. In general, we cannot write
simple Lewis dot symbols for the transition metals, lanthanides, and actinides because they
all have incompletely filled inner shells.

Source:https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=Lewis+dot+symbols+of+some+main+block+elements

Figure 1. Lewis Dot Symbols of Some Main Block Elements

The Octet Rule and Bond Formations

The octet rule refers to the tendency of atoms to gain, lose or share electrons to have
eight electrons in the valence shell or attain the same number of electrons as the noble gas
nearest to them in the periodic table. Noble gases are known as stable elements as evidenced
by their general lack of reactivity. All the noble gases except Helium have eight valence
electrons that is why many atoms undergoing reactions end up with eight valence electrons.

Octet rules does not generally apply to the d or f electrons. Only the s and p electrons
are involved in the octet rule, making it useful for the main group elements (elements not in
the transition metal or inner-transition metal blocks). Main group elements have an octet which
corresponds to an electron configuration ending with s2p6. However, there are some
exceptions to the octet rule: boron and aluminum readily form compounds in which they have
six valence electrons, rather than the usual eight predicted by the octet rule.

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 For instance, table salt or NaCl is the result of Na+ ions and Cl- ions bonding together
in an ionic bond. If sodium metal and chlorine gas react under the right conditions, they will
form salt. Since sodium is a metal, it loses an electron, becomes positively charged and the
chlorine gains that electron and becomes negatively charged. The resulting salt is mostly
unreactive — it is stable. It will not undergo any explosive reactions, unlike the sodium and
chlorine that it is made of. (Note that each line that connects two atoms represents two bonded
electrons.)

Source:https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=Ionic+bond+formation+of+sodium+chloride
Figure 2. Ionic bond formation of Sodium Chloride

In covalently bonded atoms, sharing of electrons is being exhibited by all atoms

involved to satisfy the octet rule. For example, two hydrogen share each of their valence
electron with each other to have two electrons in their valence shells through a single bond.
As a result, each hydrogen atom achieves an electron configuration as helium, the nearest
noble gas which has only 2 valence electrons.

Source:https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=Covalent+bond+formation+of+H2+
Figure 3. Covalent bond formation of H2

Several atoms form multiple bonds to satisfy the octet. If two atoms share two pairs of
electrons, the covalent bond is called a double bond. This type of bond is much stronger and
shorter than single bonds. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is one of the compounds where double bonds
are found.

Source:https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=Electron+sharing+of+CO2+through+double+bonds

Figure 4. Electron sharing of CO2 through double bonds

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 A triple bond arises when two atoms share three pairs of electrons, as in the nitrogen
molecule (N2). This type of bond is much stronger and shorter than single and double bonds.

Source:https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=Electron+sharing+of+N2+through+a+triple+bond

Figure 5. Electron sharing of N2 through a triple bond

Writing Lewis Structures

Lewis structures are diagrams that show the bonding between atoms of a molecule,
and the unbonded electrons that may exist in the molecule. A Lewis structure can be drawn
for any covalently-bonded molecule. Lines are drawn between electrons that are bonded to
one another.

Excess electrons that are not bonded or lone pairs are represented as pair of dots
and are placed next to the atoms on which they reside. According to Brown, these procedures
should be followed when writing Lewis structures:

Note that the central atom is the least electronegative atom in the molecule.
Electronegativity is the ability of an atom to attract toward itself the electrons. It increases
from left to right across a period and decreases down a group. Moreover, check the formal
charge of each atom. It is imperative to remember that atoms are more stable when they have
lesser charge or no charge at all. Negative formal charges should be assigned to more
electronegative atoms.

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 The overall formal charges of the atoms being bonded should be equal to the overall
charge of the compound.

Example: Lewis Structure of CO2

Source: Tapayan, 2020

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 What’s More
Activity 2: Predicting Chemical Products

Directions: The following pairs of atoms form ionic or covalent compounds when bonded.
Complete the table below with the needed details. Two answered rows serve as examples.
Charge of each Lewis dot
Lewis dot
Type of ion after electron symbol of each
Atoms symbol of Formula of the
Bond transfer if ionic ion if ionic
involved each atom Product
bond is formed bond is formed

Na, Cl ionic Na+ Cl- Na+

NaCl

C, I covalent Not applicable Not applicable CI4

Mg, Cl

Ca, F

Na, O

Ca, N

S, Cl

What I Have Learned

Activity 3: Spotting Mistakes

Directions: The following Lewis structures are incorrect. Explain what is wrong and give a correct
Lewis structure for the molecule. (Relative positions of atoms are shown correctly.)

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SUMMARY

• Lewis dot symbol is very useful when learning about chemical bonding, and chemical
reactions. It consists of the symbol of an element and one dot for each valence electron
in an atom of the element.

• Valence electrons of an atom are better represented with Lewis dot symbols. From the
previous module, the number of valence electrons of a main block element is usually
equivalent to its group number.

• The octet rule refers to the tendency of atoms to gain, lose or share electrons to have
eight electrons in the valence shell or attain the same number of electrons as the noble
gas nearest to them in the periodic table.

• Lewis structures are diagrams that show the bonding between atoms of a molecule,
and the unbonded electrons that may exist in the molecule.

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 Assessment: (Post-Test)

Multiple Choice. Answer the questions that follow. Choose the best answer among
the given choices for each item.

1. The number of lone pairs in CO2 molecule are ______________.

A. 1 C. 3
B. 2 D. 4

2. A molecule with trigonal planar geometry:

A. H2O C. BF3
B. CO2 D. CH4

3. In ammonia, the tetrahedral shape gets distorted because of the lone pair and becomes
__________.
A. trigonal pyramidal C. linear
B. T-shaped D. bent

4. The number of lone pairs of electrons around the central oxygen atom in In the Lewis
structure of the OF2 molecule is:
A. 1 C. 3
B. 2 D. 4

5. Write the singly bonded Lewis dot structure for BF3. Which of the following statements
best describes this structure?
A. It obeys the octet rule on all atoms.
B. It has less than an octet on at least one atom.
C. It has a lone pair of electrons on the boron atom.
D. It has less than an octet of electrons on all atoms.

6. Which of the following elements can only form one bond in a Lewis structure?
A. N C. C
B. O D. H

7. Which of the following molecules has a dipole moment?

A. CCl4 C. NH3
B. O2 D. CO2
8. Bond energy is the energy
A. required to break a chemical bond.
B. released when a chemical bond breaks.
C. required to form a chemical bond.
D. absorbed when a chemical bond forms.

9. In drawing a Lewis structure, the central atom is the

A. atom with the greatest mass.
B. atom with the highest atomic number.
C. atom with the fewest electrons.
D. least electronegative atom.

10. The substance whose Lewis structure shows three covalent bonds is
A. H2O. C. NH3.
B. CH2Cl2. D. CCl4.

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Key to Answers

Pre-test Post-test
1. D 1. D
2. B 2. C
3. A 3. A
4. C 4. B
5. D 5. B
6. B 6. D
7. A 7. C
8. D 8. C
9. C 9. B
10. B 10. C

Activity 2

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References
“How to Draw a Lewis Structure”. Thoughtco. Accessed September 1, 2020.
https://www.thoughtco.com/how-to-draw-a-lewis-structure-603983
“Lewis Dot Symbols of Some Main Block Elements”. Accessed October 31, 2020.
https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=Lewis+dot+symbols+of+some+main+block+el
ements
“The Octet Rule.” Chemistry LibreTexts. Accessed August 30, 2020.
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textb
ook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Electronic
_Structure_of_Atoms_and_Molecules/Electronic_Configurations/The_Octet_Rule
“Three-dimensional structure of the flavonoid isorhamnetin. Accessed October 31, 2020.
https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=the+structure+of+flavonoid+isorhamnetin
Brown, Theodore. Chemistry: The Central Science. New York: Pearson,2015.
Chang, R. and Goldsby, K. Chemistry. New York: McGraw-Hill. Education, 2010.
Electron sharing of CO2 through double bonds. Accessed November 1, 2020.
https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=Electron+sharing+of+CO2+through+double+b
onds
Electron sharing of N2 through a triple bond. Accessed November 2, 2020.
https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=Electron+sharing+of+N2+through+a+triple+bo
nd
Electron Shells and Atom Stability. Accessed October 31, 2020.
https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=stable+and+unstable+atoms&tbm=isch&ved=2
ahUKEwiMr-
https://www.sheffield.k12.oh.us/Downloads/Chp%2012%20Review_2.pdf
Molview. Accessed September 2020. molview.org
Silberberg, Martin. Principles of General Chemistry. Boston: McGraw- Hill Higher
Education, 2013.

FAIR USE AND CONTENT DISCLAIMER: This SLM (Self Learning Module) is
for educational purposes only. Borrowed materials (i.e. songs, stories, poems,
pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in these modules are
owned by their respective copyright holders. The publisher and authors do not
represent nor claim ownership over them.

For inquiries and feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – Bureau of Learning Resources (DepEd-BLR)

DepEd Division of Cagayan de Oro City

Fr. William F. Masterson Ave., Upper Balulang, Cagayan de Oro
Telefax: ((08822)855-0048
E-mail Address: [email protected]

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