International Journal of Science Engineering and Advance ISSN 2321-6905

Technology, IJSEAT, Vol. 4, Issue 7 July -2016

Control of the Output Voltage of the PV System Based DC-DC

Boost Converter Using Arduino microcontroller
1
Jawad Radhi Mahmood , 2Nasir Hussein Selman
1
Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Basrah University, Iraq
2
Communication Engineering Department, Technical Engineering College/Najaf,
Al-Furat Al-Awsat Technical University, Iraq

iii) Implementing digital PID controller system using

Abstract- The main object of this paper is to design Arduino UNO microcontroller and examine the
and implement a DC-to-DC boost converter that hardware implementation under the same simulation
regulates output voltage to a desired value and can be conditions for comparison study.
used in Photovoltaic system appliances or other
unregulated sources. To regulate the output voltage of II. BASIC OPERATION OF A DC-DC BOOST CONVERTER
the boost, a feedback loop with Proportional-Integral- A DC-DC boost converter is a type of power converter
Differentiator (PID) controller is employed. The duty with an output voltage greater than its input voltage.
cycle is controlled to produce constant output voltage Generally, the basic operation of the boost converter is
using voltage mode control technique. A simulation of performed by a combination of four elements which
the boost converter is done in MATLAB/Simulink. Also includes inductor (L), controlled electronic switch
a practical implementation with the help of Arduino (usually MOSFET or IGBT), diode, and an output
microcontroller is confirmed the validity of the control capacitor (C). The basic schematic circuit of a boost
algorithm. Simulation and practical results have been converter is given in Fig. 1[2].
proven that the proposed design is able to produce a
regulated output voltage successfully against variation
of input voltage and load.

Index Terms- Photovoltaic (PV) cell, boost

converter, voltage control mode, PID controller,
microcontroller and digital PWM generation.

I. INTRODUCTION
The world trend nowadays is to use sustainable and
renewable energy sources such as PV cells which require Fig. 1: Basic circuit of the boost converter
power electronic devices. The output voltage of the solar
panels is relatively low and considerably unregulated In the boost converter, the output voltage is stepped
since it is depending on sun insolation and temperature. up and controlled by adjusting the ON/OFF time
Therefore, the low and fluctuating PV system voltage is durations of the control signal which is applied to the
required to be boosted to a higher and regulated voltage. controlled switch (SW). The boost converter runs in two
A DC to DC boost converter with feedback control loop distinct states [3].
is commonly employed to control the voltage of the PV - State 1: in this state, SW is in ON-state (closed). The
system to the desired and constant level suitable for boost circuit will be divided into two loops as shown in
several domestic applications [1]. Fig. 2-a. At the first loop (left), the input current flows
The objectives of this paper can be summarized by: through the inductor and the SW. During this state, the
i) Analyzing the continuous conduction mode (CCM) of inductor current (IL) will rise and the energy stored in it
DC-DC boost converter and designing their components and not supplied to the load. The inductor voltage (VL)
under this operating mode at 10 kHz switching frequency represents input voltage (Vin). Under this state, the diode
for a PV system having a maximum power rating of 2 is OFF (reverse biased) and the capacitor is in
kW. discharging mode to supply current to the load (right
ii) Testing the response of the boost converter with and loop).
without PID controller using MATLAB/ Simulink under - State 2: here the SW is in OFF state (Open). The
various operating conditions. current flows to the capacitor and load through the diode
as depicted in Fig. 2-b. The energy stored in the inductor

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Technology, IJSEAT, Vol. 4, Issue 7 July -2016

during state1 is now transferred to the load together with Fig. 3: Current and voltage waveforms of the boost
that from the input source. The current of the inductor converter (CCM)
continues in decay up till the MOSFET is fired again in
the following period. During this period, (VL =Vin-Vout). The relation that relates the output voltage (Vout) and
input voltage (Vin) in CCM is given by following
equation [4]:
V 
1
1 D
V (1)
out in

Where, D represents duty cycle which refers to the

ratio of ON-time of the MOSFET to the total switching
time (T). The D takes values between zero and one (zero
(a) refers to the MOSFET is always OFF and one refers to
the MOSFET is always ON). Thus, Eq. (1) shows that
Vout is always greater than Vin and it increases with an
increase of D. Theoretically, Vout goes into infinity as D
approaches to one but practically goes to zero. In the
practical boost converter, the duty cycle cannot equal to
one because the inductor would become saturated and
the input voltage would be shorted [5]. As mentioned in
[6], an approximate practical limits for boost converter
(b) duty cycle in CCM ranges from 20% to 80%.
Fig. 2: Two circuit states of the boost converter
(a) ON state MOSFET , (b) OFF state MOSFET IV. PROPOSED SYSTEM AND COMPONENTS SELECTION
Before choosing the components of the DC-DC boost
III. OPERATION MODES OF THE BOOST CONVERTER converter, The PV system specifications that required to
There are two modes of operation for the boost stepped up and regulating its voltage must be studied.
converters. These modes are continuous conduction The PV system is consisting of eight SOLIMPEKS PV
mode (CCM) and discontinuous conduction mode modules which are connected in series as depicted in Fig.
(DCM) [3]. Only CCM mode is described and adopted in 4.
this work because it has best performance and easy
design. Analysis of the circuit under CCM has been
carried out assuming ideal boost converter. Also the
capacitor and inductor are assumed to be lossless.
In CCM mode, IL flows continuously and dose not
reach to zero as given in Fig. 3.

Fig. 4: Pictorial image of eight series SOLIMPEKS PV

modules

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The specifications of the SOLIMPEKS PV module at B. Duty Cycle (D)

STC (1kW/m2, 25˚C) are given in Table1. The duty cycle depends on the Vin and Vout of the boost
converter and can be obtained from equation (1) as:
D  1  in
V
Table 1: SOLIMPEKS PV Module Specifications at Vout
STC (1kW/m2, 250C)
(2)
Since Vout is constant at desired voltage of 325V, a duty
cycle changes with the value of its input voltage as
follows:
- The minimum duty cycle (Dmin) at maximum input
voltage (Vin-max ≈ 250V),
D min  1  in  max  1   0.23
V 250
Vout 325
(3)
- The maximum duty cycle (Dmax) at minimum input
Thus, the whole PV system which will be studied in voltage (Vin-min ≈ 180V),
D max  1  inmin  1   0.45
this paper has the following specifications at STC: V 180
- Maximum Power (Pmax) = 240 × 8 = 1920 W,
Vout 325
- Vm = 30.72 × 8= 245.76 V and VOC = 36.6 × 8 = 292.8
V, (4)
- Im= 7.81 A and ISC = 8.36 A
All components of the DC-DC boost converter should C. Switching Frequency Selection
meet the specifications of the PV system mentioned
In order to minimize the inductor size and reduce
above and the parameters tabulated in Table 2.
distortion, switching frequency (fsw) selection must be
high sufficiency, in the range of 2 kHz-100 kHz.
Table 2: Specifications of the proposed DC-DC boost However higher switching frequencies lead to high
converter switching losses [4]. Compromising between the two
factors must be considered when choosing an operating
frequency and inductor for a DC-DC converter. The
value of fsw has been selected as 10 kHz.
D. Inductor Selection
The inductor selection is the most important factor
because it determines the inductor current ripple (Δ IL).
This ripple is proportional inversely with the value of L
and is presented by [3]:
I L  
Vin DT Vin D
L f sw L
The following subsections provide an outline of the
(5)
considerations for designing boost converter
To operate the boost converter in CCM, the critical
components.
inductance value (Lcrit) is given by:
Lcrit 
A. Power MOSFET and Diode Switches Selection Vin D
The appropriate power MOSFET and diode rating f sw I L
selection are based on the specifications of the PV (6)
system. The main considerations for the selection are [2]: The selection of Lcrit must be greater than the calculated
i- The reverse breakdown voltage rating must be greater value. Any value less than Lcrit will lead to operate the
than the maximum input and output voltages. boost converter in DCM.
ii- The rated average forward current of the MOSFET The average inductor current (IL) is given by:
IL 
should be greater than the boost input current while the I out
rated average forward current of the diode must greater (1  D )
than the load current. (7)
iii- For better efficiency, choose the diode with quick IL is at maximum value when the input voltage is
switching characteristic, low parasitic capacitance and minimum (i.e. when Dmax=0.45), and the maximum
low forward voltage drop (VF). A Schottky diode is output current (Iout) is about 6A. Thus the maximum
recommended because of its low forward drop. r.m.s. value of IL is:

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IL   11A
6 V. CONTROL SCHEMES OF DC-DC CONVERTERS
(1  0.45) To regulate the output voltage of the DC-to-DC
For CCM operation, the peak inductor current (ILpeak) can converters, feedback loop is employed for adjusting duty
be given by
I
cycle and obtained the desired voltage output. The most
I Lpeak  I L  L
common control schemes are: Voltage Mode Control
2 (VMC) and Current Mode Control (CMC) [3,6,7]. Other
(8) hybrid designs are deduced from combinations of these
The approximate value of Δ IL is 2.2A based on the controls. Here, VMC control strategy has been adopted
assumption of 20% ripple input current. Therefore, because CMC has a certain complexities.
ILpeak ≈ 12.1A. The schematic diagram of a VMC is shown in Fig. 5
Substitute all values in equation (6) to find Lcrit, which is [3]. Vout of the boost converter is observed through a
equal to (3.7 mH ). voltage divider (R1 and R2) that feeds a fraction of the
The practical design of the inductor is based on the output voltage back and creating a closed-loop system.
value of critical inductance that is calculated and The feedback voltage (Vfb) and the reference voltage
maximum amount of current that is carried. A toroidal (Vref) are entered into the error amplifier to generate the
ferrite core is suitable selection for the design. error signal (Ve). The generated signal (Ve) is then fed to
the compensator (such as PID controller) to produce
E. Output Capacitor Selection control voltage (Vc). This control voltage signal is
The output boost converter capacitor (Cout) is greatly compared with a saw-tooth wave to produce a
affected by the output voltage ripple (Δ Vout). The output controllable duty cycle which is called pulse width
voltage peak-to-peak ripple can be determined by [2]: modulation (PWM) signal, that drives the MOSFET[4,
Vout  out
I D 6].
f swCout
(9)
The capacitor value can be determined from:
Cout 
I out D
f sw Vout
(10)
The selection of Cout must be higher than the calculated
value to make sure that the converter’s output voltage
ripple remains within the specific range and its
equivalent series resistance (ESR) should be low. ESR (a)
can be minimized by connecting a number of capacitors
in parallel.
Substitute the values of Iout, fsw, and ∆Vout into Equation
(10), the capacitance value is about 166 uF. An
appropriate standard capacitor is chosen greater than this
calculated value.
Table 3 summarized the calculated parameters and
selected components of the proposed boost converter
based on the equations and considerations mentioned (b)
previously. Fig. 5: VMC of the boost converter
(a) Boost converter and Control block
Table 3: Boost converter calculated parameters and (b) Voltage control block
selected components
When Vout of the converter is increased, Vc is also
increased which causes the duty cycle of the MOSFET to
decrease (less pulse width) as shown in Fig. 6. The
changing in duty cycle will adjust Vout of the boost
converter by reducing error to zero and make the output
voltage follow the reference value.

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A PID controller block has been introduced in

MATLAB Simulink library as described in Fig. 8. The
Fig. 6: Generation of PWM signal block parameters can be tuned automatically using PID
tuner to achieve an acceptable response for the simulink
VI. PID CONTROLLERS control design. In Some applications, only one or two
The PID controllers are feed-back control loop technique terms of the PID controller are used to get the proper
that is generally employed in controlling the industrial control for the system. This is done by making the other
equipments. It consists of three terms (proportional "Kp", terms to zero. In this case, a PID controller is calling (PI,
integral "Ki" and derivative "Kd"). The block-diagram of PD, P or I) controller.
the PID controller is shown in Fig. 7.

Fig. 7: PID controller block diagram

The aim of the PID controller is to make the actual Fig. 8: PID MATLAB Simulink block
output ,Vout(t), of the plant (boost converter), follows the
reference signal, Vref(t), by its attempting to reduce the VII. BOOST CONVERTER SIMULATION
error signal, Ve(t), where: The DC-DC boost model has been simulated in
Ve(t) = Vref(t) - Vout(t) MATLAB (illustrated in Fig. 9) based on the
(11) specifications and calculated values listed in the Tables
The controlled output variable, Vc(t), is adjusted to the (1-3).
new value according to the following expression:

Vc (t )  K pVe (t )  K i  Ve (τ )dτ  K d
t
dVe (t )
0
dt
(12)
Where:
t: Current time, and τ : Integration variable; its value
from time zero to the current t [8].
Although there are only three parameters associated
with the PID controller, but the tuning of them to the
optimal value is a complex problem. There are different
methods are adopted to find the values of these
parameters, called PID tuning. If the PID controller Fig. 9: Complete simulink model of the boost converters
parameters are selected incorrectly, the controlled
process will become unsatisfactory or unstable. The boost circuit has been connected to a PV system
The Ziegler-Nichols method [9] is widely used to tune which is pictured in details in the mathematical simulink
the parameters of the PID controller experimentally. model of Fig 10.
First, set Ki and Kd to zero and the gain Kp increase until
the system reaches to a stationary oscillation. After that
Kp, Ki and Kd parameters will calculated through
determining the gain (Ku) and the time of the oscillation
(Tu). The parameters are calculated depending on the
controller type, and can be found in the Table 4.

Table 4: Ziegler-Nichols method [9]

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Fig. 10: Simulink mathematical model of PV system

Fig. 12: Boost converter Input and output current at
In order to verify the performance of this model, many D=0.23
cases have been tested such as load changes and input
voltage changes, with and without PID controller. B. Closed Loop System
In practical applications a closed-loop system is used.
A. Open Loop System Model (Without Controller) The system is tested to examine the design and provide a
constant output voltage with the help of PID controller.
Open-loop system can not be used in practical The system has been studied for the following cases:
applications. It has been simulated to test the correct i- Variable input voltage and constant load
selection of the system components and satisfy the boost
The response of the closed loop system has been tested,
characteristics that have been calculated previously,
first, at the constant load and variable input voltage (the
more than anything else. The system has been studied
input voltage variation is intended to reflect the effect of
when a 325V/1900 W resistive load was applied on it.
temperature and insolation variations (Fig. 13a & b) on
The PV system voltage at STC is about 250V. To
the output voltage of the solar system).
produce 325V, duty ratio of the PWM signal applied to
the MOSFET switch gate is (0.23).
The simulation results of the PV system voltage (Vin)
and output voltage of the boost converter (Vout) are
cleared in Fig. 11. The output voltage ripple (Δ Vout) of
the converter is (0.4V) which falls within the allowable
range (≤ 0.5% Vout). This gives an indication that the
capacitor that has been selected is suitable for the
system.

(a)

(b)
Fig. 13: Step changes in weather conditions
a) Operating temperature, b) Solar insolation
Fig. 11: Boost converter input and output voltages at
D=0.23 The output voltage response and the changes in the
input voltage have been pictured in Fig. 14. The figure
The inductor current (IL) and output current (Iout) are shows that the output voltage is to some extent constant
shown in Fig. 12. The inductor current ripple (Δ IL) of the and equals 325V. After each disturbance in the input
converter is (1.9 A) which falls within the requirements voltage (increase or decrease), the controller senses these
range, (≤ 20% IL). This means that the inductor value changes and respond to them after comparing them with
selection was correct. the reference voltage. The output voltage quickly reaches
the steady state value (after 0.1s from the instant of
disturbance creation). This means that the PID controller

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has an effectiveness response during the adopted In order to implement a PWM signal generator for
changes. controlling the duty cycle of the MOSFET switch using a
microcontroller, the following items should be covered.
- PWM concept and how can be generated using Arduino
microcontroller.
- How to measure DC voltage by microcontroller.
A. PWM Generation Using Microcontroller
A PWM is a well known technique to control the
output voltage by adjusting on-time of the pulse width
(duty cycle) of analog signal. The frequency of PWM
represents the amount of time taken by PWM to
complete one cycle. In order to produce variable analog
values, the pulse width can be changed from 0% to
Fig. 14: Response of Vout of closed loop system at 100%. Figure 16 displays the PWM output for different
constant load and Variable Vin duty cycle. The distance between any two successive red
lines represent the time of one cycle and the reciprocal
ii- Constant input voltage and variable load this time interval gives the switching frequency of the
The designed closed loop PID controller also has been PWM output. To effectively use the PWM function of
tested under load step changes while the PV system the Arduino, its timer function should be concerned.
voltage remains constant at STC. As it is clear from Fig.
15, the load changes have been issued at 0.2s interval. It
is obvious that the PID controller response depends on
the amount of changes in the load and the output voltage
almost matches the desired value of 325V.

Fig. 16: Various PWM (Various duty cycles)

Fig. 15: Response of Vout of closed loop system at
different loads
The ATmega328P datasheet gives a detailed
VIII. BOOST CONVERTER HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION description of the PWM timers [10]. Here, a simple
explanation for the use of timers.
After being verified the required DC-to-DC boost
There are three timers in the ATmega328P chip, and
converter by the MATLAB program, it has been
they can be configured in a different ways to perform
implemented practically. To obtain a constant output
different purpose. They are described as follow:
voltage of the boost converter, voltage and/or current
i- Timer 0: this timer is used for PWM outputs on pins 5
feedback loops must be used. The duty cycle is increased
and 6. It has 8-bit size and its maximum counting time is
or decreased according to the state of the input voltage
255.
using PWM method. Modern controllable equipments
ii- Timer 1: this timer is used for PWM outputs on pins 9
use microcontroller to achieve PWM although simple
and 10. This timer has additional modes to supports
analog circuit can be used. Digital controllers have
timing results up to 16 bits. Thus, it can reach a
numerous preferable features as compared to the analog
maximum value of 65535.
controllers. These positive features include program-
iii- Timer 2: this timer is used for PWM outputs on pins
ability, adaptive, less sensitivity to the environment
3 and 11. The size of this timer is the same of timer 0 but
variations, capable to achieve complex control
has different pre-scale values from the Timer 0 and
techniques and require few extra components. Beside
Timer 1.
that, the changing in the gain in analog control circuit is
The two outputs of each timer have the same frequency
performed by adjusting the hardware components which
but differ in duty cycles (depending on the respective
is considered hard solution.
output compare register). If the timer current count
reaches ad exceeds the compare register set value, the

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corresponding output is toggled. Each timer has pre-scale microcontroller using (analogRead) function that covers
factors (such as 1, 8, 64, 256, or 1024) to set the time the range 0 to 1023.
intervals between successive counting. The timer clock The step increment can be found as:
frequency represents the ratio of Arduino clock step increment=1ADC = 5/1024 = 0.00488 V
frequency (16 MHz) and pre-scale factor. Vin = Vout*(R1+R2)/R2
Two registers are used to adjust the output of each = ADC reading * 0.00488 * (1012kΩ /12kΩ )
timer. They are called Timer/Counter Control Registers, This marks that a 1023 reading corresponds to an input
written acronym TCCRnA and TCCRnB, and the value voltage of 5V. In practical, 5V may not obtain always
of x is the timer number (0,1,2). These two registers hold from the Arduino, so the voltage between the 5V pin and
the following groups of bits that control the operation of ground pin of Arduino must be measured first during
the registers, frequency, and also pre-scalar values:
 Waveform Generation Mode bits (WGM): These bits
calibration by using a voltmeter, and use
1ADC=measured voltage/1024 instead of (5/1024).
control the supported mode of the timer. These bits are The microcontroller changes the duty cycle according
split between the Registers TCCRxA and TCCRxB. to the reading of analog value of the feedback voltage (at
 Clock Select bits (CS): These bits control pre-scale its analog input pins). The modification of the duty cycle
value. follows the relation derived in CCM (D=1- Vin/ Vout).
 Compare Match Output Mode bits (COMxA and
COMxB): These bits enable/disable/invert outputs A
and B.
There two PWM modes of the operation for the timer
(fast mode and phase correct mode). In this work, fast
PWM mode is used so it will be explained briefly here
only.
In the fast mode PWM mode this PWM mode, the
timer repeatedly counts from 0 to 255. The output turns
ON (HIGH) when the timer is at 0, and turns OFF
(LOW) when the timer reaches the output compare
register value (OCRxX). Higher OCRxX value means
the higher duty cycle. The diagram given in Fig. 17
shows the outputs values for the two registers OCRxA
and OCRxB. Note that both outputs, OCxA and OCxB, Fig. 18: The boost converter circuit and its control
have the same frequency with different duty cycle.

IX. BOOST CONVERTER HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION

Figure 19 shows a photographic image of a practical
boost converter circuit including control stage. The
control stage contains Arduino UNO microcontroller
(ATmega328P), optocoupler, IR2110 driver, current
sensor, and voltage divider.
Fig. 17: Outputs values for the two registers OCRxA and
OCRxB (Fast PWM Mode)
B. DC Voltage Measurement
As the microcontroller's analog input pin is restricted
to 5V maximum, a voltage divider is required to step
down the voltage to the range of the microcontroller's
analog inputs as given in Fig. 18. The values of resistors
are selected so that the current flowing through them is
small and cause small power losses (Ploss= I2R).
The suitable resistors values of the voltage divider
that used to step down a 325 V voltage are; R1 = 1MΩ
and R2= 12 kΩ . Thus, the calculated voltage value that Fig. 19: Pictorial image of the experimental DC-DC
stepped by voltage divider is 3.85 V which is appropriate boost converter circuit
for microcontroller analog input pins (ATmega328P chip
has six analog input pins "A0-A5"). These pins convert Optocoupler offers electrical isolation between the
analog voltage to suitable digital value (0-1023). The microcontroller and the power circuit. It also protects the
analog value of voltage is read by Arduino microcontroller from any reverse currents flowing from

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the power circuit. Figure 20 shows the schematic Fig. 21: Flowchart of the digital PID algorithm
diagram of the 6N137 optocoupler.
XI. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
The boost converter system is tested with a closed loop
only using digital PID controller under the same states
introduced in closed loop simulation subsection in order
to establish the circuit operation and emphasize the
simulation results.
i- Variable input voltage and constant load
The input voltage is supplied from rectified variable
AC source. It increased and decreased is steps (increased
from 180V to 240V then return to 180V). The load is
Fig. 20: 6N137 optocoupler schematic diagram constant and has power of 1kW. The output voltage
response is appeared in Fig. 22 where it is close to 325V
The output PWM signal of the 6N137 optocoupler is during two changes in the input voltage. The practical
applied to the power MOSFET switches in the boost results offer that the output voltage is approximately
power stage via an IR2110 gate driver. The PWM signal match the simulation result and thereby confirms the
will be fed to the LIN pin (pin 12) as depicted in circuit of controller design. The positive and negative overshoots
Fig. 18 which has been given obviously. When the are about 45V and 60V respectively. The positive
internal logic detects logic high at pin 12, the Lo pin (pin overshoot is due by the rise in the input voltage while
1) will be driven. negative overshoot due to the drop in the input voltage.
Moreover, the converter circuits have some protection The settling time is approximately 1s and is higher than
features. The zener diodes at the analog inputs are used simulated time (0.1 ms) due to the parasitic impact of the
for over voltage protection. They ensure that the practical boost components circuit.
feedback voltage does not exceed their breakdown
voltage of 5 V. The small ceramic capacitors are putted
in parallel with the large electrolytics that have a
relatively high resistance to reduce the SER and hence
improve the efficiency and performance of the circuit.
X. DIGITAL IMPLEMENTATION OF PID CONTROLLER
The program boost control code is written use Arduino
software and loaded into the microcontroller directly.
ATmega328P executes calculation based on the PID
control algorithm and generate a PWM control signal
using Timer 2 and working in fast PWM Mode. Figure
21 shows the flowchart of the proposed digital PID
algorithm. (a)

(b)
Fig. 22: Output voltage response at during step change
input voltage
a) when Vin step up from 180 to 240V,
b) when Vin step down from 240 to 180

ii- Constant input voltage and variable load

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thesis, Auburn University, Alabama, 2006.
[7] S. KASAT, "Analysis, Design and Modeling of
DC-DC Converter Using Simulink", Master thesis,
Fig. 23: Output voltage during load variation Oklahoma State University, India, 2004.
XII. CONCLUSION [8] K. J. Astrom and R. M. Murray, "Feedback
Systems, An Introduction for Scientists and
This paper presented the design, simulation, and
Engineers", Princeton University Press, William
implementation of the DC-DC boost converter with PID
Street, USA , ISBN-13: 978-0-691-13576-2, 2009.
controller. First, the system has been simulated in
MATLAB software and gives efficient results when the [9] K. Ogata, "Modern Control Engineering", Prentice
sudden changes in the input voltage as well as in the load Hall, Fifth Edition, ISBN-10: 0-13-615673-8; 2010.
are made. After that, a practical design has been [10] "ATmega328P Data Sheet", Atmel Corporation,
constructed and tested for the same simulation 2009. pdf online:
conditions. The digital PID controller was executed http://www.atmel.com/images/atmel-8271-8-bit-
using Arduino microcontroller that has several on board avr-microcontroller-atmega48a-48pa-88a-88pa-
advantages. Experimental results exhibit a good 168a-168pa-328-328p_datasheet_complete.pdfdata
regulation performance for the output voltage under all sheet arduino.
test conditions. Thus the designed DC-DC Boost
converter can be used in PV system applications or other
fluctuations sources.

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