Image Processing

Given the following Image perform the transformations:

• Negative Transformation
• Power Law
• Logarithmic
2. Perform various filters:
• Average
• Gaussian
• Low Pass Filter
• Mean
• Max
• Min
30 28 26
9 11 12
8 6 10

Negative Transformation [ S = (L-1) - r]

L = 32

r S = (L-1) – r

6 S = 31 – 6 = 25
1 3 5
8 S = 31 – 8 = 23

9 S = 31 – 9 = 22
22 20 19
10 S = 31 – 10 = 21

11 S = 31 – 11 = 20
23 25 21
12 S = 31 – 12 = 19

26 S = 31 – 26 = 5

28 S = 31 – 28 = 3

30 S = 31 – 30 = 1
Power law, C = 0.8, ɣ = 0.5 [ S = C.r ɣ]

r S = C.r ɣ

6 S = 0.8(60.5) = 1.95 ≅ 2

8 S = 0.8(80.5) = 2.26 ≅ 2 4 4 3
9 S = 0.8(90.5) = 2.40 ≅ 2

10 S = 0.8(100.5) = 2.52 ≅ 3
2 3 3
11 S = 0.8(110.5) = 2.65 ≅ 3

12 S = 0.8(120.5) = 2.77 ≅ 3
2 2 3
26 S = 0.8(260.5) = 3.26 ≅ 3

28 S = 0.8(280.5) = 4.23 ≅ 4

30 S = 0.8(300.5) = 4.38 ≅ 4

Logarithmic = 0.76 [ S = C log(r-1)]

Given C = 0.8

r S = C log(r-1)

6 S = 0.8 log(6 – 1) = 0.55 ≅ 1

8 S = 0.8 log(8 – 1) = 0.67 ≅ 1
1 1 1
9 S = 0.8 log(9 – 1) = 0.72 ≅ 1

10 S = 0.8 log(10 – 1) = 0.76 ≅ 1

1 1 1
11 S = 0.8 log(11 – 1) = 0.8 ≅ 1

12 S = 0.8 log(12 – 1) = 0.83 ≅ 1

26 S = 0.8 log(26 – 1) = 1.11 ≅ 1 1 1 1

28 S = 0.8 log(28 – 1) = 1.14 ≅ 1

30 S = 0.8 log(30 – 1) = 1.16 ≅ 1

Order Static Filters:
Max [6,8,9,10,11,12,26,28,30]

30 30 30

30 30 30

30 30 30

Min [6,8,9,10,11,12,26,28,30]

6 6 6

6 6 6

6 6 6

Median [6,8,9,10,11,12,26,28,30]
 11 11 11

11 11 11

11 11 11

Average Filter, 3*3

1 1 1

1 1 1 X [1/9]

1 1 1

(30+28+26+9+11+12+8+6+10)/9 = 15.55 ≅ 16

Gaussian Filter,3*3

1 2 1

2 4 2
X [1/16]

1 2 1
(30+56+26+18+44+24+8+12+10)/16 = 14.25 ≅ 14

Low Average Filter,3*3

1 1 1 0 1 0

1 2 1 X [1/10] & [1/6] X 1 2 1

1 1 1 0 1 0

(30+28+26+9+22+12+8+6+10)/10 = 15.1 ≅ 15 & (0+28+0+9+22+8+0+6+0)/6 = 12.8 ≅ 13

Thresholding

r >= 4
L = 32

S = L-1 ; r >= 4
0 ; Otherwise

r S

6 31

8 31 31 31 31
9 31

10 31
31 31 31
11 31
12 31
31 31 31
26 31

28 31

30 31
Intensity level slicing with and without background, 3>=r>=5

Without Background
S = L-1 ; 3>=r>=5
0 ; Otherwise

L = 32

r S

6 0

8 0

9 0 0 0 0

10 0

11 0 0 0 0
12 0

26 0
0 0 0
28 0

30 0
 Intensity Level Slicing with Background

S = L-1 ; 3>=r>=5
r ; Otherwise

30 28 26
L = 32
r S
9 11 12
6 6

8 8

9 9 8 6 10

10 10

11 11

12 12
26 26

28 28

30 30
Histogram Stretching g(x,y) = [(f(x,y) - fmin)/(fmax – fmin)] * 2bpp

2bpp = 32
fmin = 6, fmax = 30

g(1,1) = [30 – 6) / (30 – 6)]*32 ≅ 31

g(1,2) = [(28 – 6) / (30 – 6)]*32 ≅ 31 31 31 31
g(1,3) = [(26 – 6) / (30 – 6)]*32 ≅ 31
g(2,1) = [(9 – 6) / (30 – 6)]*32 ≅ 31
31 31 31
g(2,2) = [(11 – 6) / (30 – 6)]*32 ≅ 31
g(2,3) = [(12 – 6) / (30 – 6)]*32 ≅ 31
g(3,1) = [(8 – 6) / (30 – 6)]*32 ≅ 31 31 31 31
g(3,2) = [(6 – 6) / (30 – 6)]*32 ≅ 31
g(3,3) = [(10 – 6) / (30 – 6)]*32 ≅ 31
-Perform following on the given Image:
Contrast Streching
Contrast Stretching

34 64 22 42

16 4 3 6

24 2 19 18

42 30 24 21

r1 =12 and r2 =30 , s1= 20 and s2=26

αr ; 0 <= r < 12
S = β(r – r1) + s1 ; 12 <= r < 30
ɣ(r – r2) + s2 ; 30 <= r <= 127

α = [(20 – 0)/(12 – 0)] = 1.66

β = [(26 – 20)/(30 – 12)] = 0.33
ɣ = [(127 – 26)/(127 – 30)] = 1.04
-Given the below frequency distribution perform Histogram Equivalization

r S
34 30
64 61
22 23
42 38 30 61 23 38
16 21
4 7 21 7 5 10
3 5
6 10 30 3 35 28
24 30
2 3 38 26 30 29
19 35
18 28
42 38
30 26
24 30
21 29

Histogram Equalisation:

(L-1) Freq
0 500
 1 600
2 450
3 300
4 200
5 560
6 290
7 300

(L-1) Freq PMF CDF CDF(L-1) Round off

0 500 0.15 0.15 1.05 1
1 600 0.18 0.33 2.31 2
2 450 0.14 0.47 3.29 3
3 300 0.09 0.56 3.92 4
4 200 0.06 0.63 4.41 4
5 560 0.17 0.81 5.67 6
6 290 0.09 0.91 6.23 6
7 300 0.09 1.00 7 7
3200

(L-1) NSK

0 0

1 500

2 600
3 450

4 300 + 200= 500

5 0

6 290 + 560 = 850

7 300