Statprob Q4 Module 6
Statprob Q4 Module 6
Mathematics
Fourth Quarter
Module 6: Hypothesis Testing
(Population Mean)
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11
Mathematics
Fourth Quarter
Module 6: Hypothesis Testing
(Population Mean)
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INTRODUCTION
With the different activities provided in this module, may you find this
material engaging and challenging as it develops your critical thinking skills.
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What I Need to Know
What I Know
To find out what you already know about the topic to be discussed in
this module, take the pre-test.
Directions: Solve the following problems. Choose your answer from the given
choices inside the box. Write only the letter of the correct
answer on your answer sheet. (4pts each)
A B C D
Step 1: Step 1: Step 1: Step 1:
𝐻0 : 𝜇 = 24 𝐻0 : 𝜇 = 18.2
𝐻a : 𝜇 ≠ 24 𝐻0 : 𝜇 = 360 𝐻0 : 𝜇 = 32 𝐻a : 𝜇 < 18.2
𝐻a : 𝜇 ≠ 360 𝐻a : 𝜇 < 32
Step 2: Step 2:
𝛼 = 0.5 Step 2: 𝛼 = 0.5
one-tailed Step 2: one-tailed
𝑧 = ±1.96 𝛼 = 0.01 𝛼 = 0.01 𝑧 = −1.65
𝑑𝑓 = 24
Step 3: 𝑑𝑓 = 24 one-tailed Step 3:
𝑧 = −0.86 𝑡0.01,24 = −2.492 𝑧 = −6.39
two-tailed
Step 4: Step 3: Step 4:
𝑡0.01,24 = ±2.797 𝑡 = −8.33
Accept 𝐻0 Reject 𝐻0
Step 3:
Step 4:
𝑡 = −2.78
Reject 𝐻0
Step 4:
Accept𝐻0
1. A manufacturing firm has been averaging 18.2 orders per week for
several years. However, during the recession, orders appear to have
slowed down. Suppose the firm’s production manager randomly
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selects 32 weeks and finds a sample mean of 15.6 orders, write a
sample standard deviation of 2.3 orders. Test to determine whether
the average number of orders is down by using 𝛼 = 0.05.
What's In
As what was discussed in the previous lesson, a null hypothesis
is a statement that there is no difference between a parameter and a
specific value; an alternative hypothesis is a statement that there
exists a difference between a parameter and a specific value; the level
of significance is the probability of committing Type I error; a Type I
error is committed when the null hypothesis is rejected when it is
true; and a Type II error is committed when the null hypothesis is
accepted when it is false. Also, the following steps in testing
hypothesis:
1. Formulate the null and alternative hypotheses on the
population mean.
2. Set the alpha value (level of significance) and identify the
rejection region.
3. Compute the test statistic.
4. Make the decision.
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What`s New
In all these three cases, the null hypothesis states that the population
mean 𝜇 is equal to a particular value.
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What Is It
CASE 1
To perform the z-test, you simply need to apply the formula, that is,
̅−𝝁
𝒙
𝒛= 𝝈 ,
√𝒏
Example 1:
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𝛼 = 0.01
−2.5752.575
3.5−4
𝑧 = 0.5 = −3
√9
𝑧 = −3
−2.5752.575
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null hypothesis is rejected. Otherwise, it will not be rejected. An
alternative to this method is the critical value approach, as in the example
above, in which the computed statistic is compared with the critical value of
the test statistic. When the absolute value of the computed statistic is
greater than the absolute critical value, the decision is to reject 𝑯𝟎 .
CASE 2
Example 2:
Solution: The z-test can be used since the situation complies with the
requirements of the central limit theorem.
The alpha value is 0.05 and since the test is right tailed, the
rejection region includes the range of values such that
𝑃(𝑍 > 𝑧) = 0.05. By linear interpolation, this corresponds to a
critical value of z which is 1.645. Therefore, reject the null
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hypothesis when the computed value of z-statistic is greater
than 1.645, i.e., 𝑧𝑐 > 1.645.
13 − 12
𝑧= 2.5
√30
𝑧 ≈ 2.19
Step 4: Make the decision.
Since 𝑧computed > 𝑧critical, i.e., 2.19 > 1.645, then reject the null
hypothesis.
CASE 3
A SMALL-SAMPLE TEST CONCERNING THE MEAN OF A POPULATION
WITH UNKNOWN VARIANCE
You have learned from the first two cases that the z-test is the
appropriate test procedure for the population mean when the variance is
known, or even when it is unknown provided that you are given a large
sample based on the central limit theorem. However, realistically speaking,
the population variance is usually unknown and there are only a few
observations, i.e., 𝑛 < 30. In this case, you should at least know the sample
variance or standard deviation, which can be computed easily from the
observed values, and use another test procedure called t-test.
The formula for the t-statistic is basically the same as the formula for
the z-statistic, the difference being only the replacement of the population
mean with the sample mean. Thus,
𝑥̅ − 𝜇
𝑡= 𝑠
√𝑛
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Recall that the z-distribution table will not apply in this case. Using
the critical value approach, you need another distribution table that gives
the critical values of the t-statistic according to what is called degree of
freedom. The degree of freedom is simply a measure of how many values can
vary in a sample statistic. For the t-test, and in most other cases, the degree
of freedom is simply 1 less than the sample size. Thus, 𝑑𝑓 = 𝑛 − 1.
The table that gives the critical values of the t-statistic at specific
levels of significance is given below. Again, finding the critical value of t
using the table is easy as it just involves finding the intersection of the
degree of freedom and the 𝛼 value, as discussed in the previous lesson. For
example, for a one-tailed test at 𝛼 = 0.05 and sample size of 10, the critical
value of t denoted as 𝑡0.05,9 is 1.833 if the test is right-tailed, or −1.833 if the
test if left-tailed. When the test is non-directional or two-tailed, the critical
values will be 𝑡0.025,9 = ±2.262.
T-distribution Table
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To illustrate how to use the t-statistic in hypothesis testing, study the
following examples.
Example 3
Solution: The t-test applies since the sample deviation is given, and 𝑛 < 30.
Step 1: State the hypotheses.
𝐻0 : 𝜇 = 100
𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 ≠ 100
Step 2: Set the alpha value (level of significance) and identify the
rejection region.
𝑡 = −1.7530𝑡 = 1.7530
The computed value of t falls within the rejection region on the left tail
since the computed value of t is less than −1.7530. Therefore, reject
the null hypothesis and conclude that based on the sample selected,
the group is significantly different from the regular population.
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Example 4:
Solution:
Step 2: Set the alpha value (level of significance) and identify the
rejection region. The test is right-tailed with 𝛼 = 0.01 and the degree of
freedom is 25 − 1 = 24.Thus, the critical value of 𝑡0.01,24 = 2.492. This
means that you reject the null hypothesis when 𝑡computed ≥ 2.492.
43 − 40
𝑡= 8
√25
𝑡 = 1.875
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What`s More
Directions: Determine the decision for each of the following given the
computed and critical value of the z or t. Write your answers in your activity
notebook.
1. 𝑧computed = 1.82 𝑧critical = 1.96
2. 𝑧computed = 2.54 𝑧critical = 2.33
3. 𝑡computed = 2.02 𝑡critical = 1.771
4. 𝑡computed = 2.24 𝑡critical = 2.552
▪ the test statistic or the formula for computing the test value of the t-
test of one sample mean is
𝑥̅ − 𝜇
𝑡= 𝑠
√𝑛
where
𝑥̅ = mean of the sample
𝜇 = mean of the population
𝑛 = size of the sample
𝑠 = standard deviation of the population
𝑑𝑓 = 𝑛 − 1
▪ the test statistic or the formula to compute the test value of z-test of
one sample mean is
𝑥̅ − 𝜇
𝑧= 𝜎
√𝑛
where
𝑥̅ = mean of the sample
𝜇 = mean of the population
𝑛 = size of the sample
𝜎 = standard deviation of the population
▪ the z-test is generally used when the population standard deviation is
known or given. If the population standard deviation is unknown or
not given, the z-test can still be used provided that the sample size is
large (𝑛 ≥ 30).
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What I Can Do
Directions: Find the critical value, draw the rejection regions, compute the
value of the test statistic, and make a decision whether to accept or reject
the null hypothesis in each of the following situations. Write your answer in
your activity notebook.
Test
Hypotheses Given Rejection Region Decision
Value
1. 𝐻0 : 𝜇 = 9.8 𝑥̅ = 10.0
𝐻a : 𝜇 > 9.8 𝑠 = 4.3
𝑛 = 50
𝛼 = 0.05
2. 𝐻0 : 𝜇 = 80 𝑥̅ = 75
𝐻a : 𝜇 < 80 𝑠 2 = 19
𝑛 = 50
𝛼 = 0.01
Assessment
Directions: Solve the following problems. Specify the details in each step in
the solution process. (4pts each)
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References:
Banigon, Ricardo Jr., et. al. Statistics & Probability for Senior High School.
Philippines: Educational Resources Corporation, 2016.
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