THE EFFECT OF SOFT SOIL

STABILIZED USING LIME TO THE

CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO
6.53
(CBR) VALUE FOR SUBGRADE

Mohamad Afiq Amzar bin Mohd Khalid

2020898736
AGENDA
1. Background of Study 6. Literature Review
2. Problem statement 7. Methodology
3. Objectives 8. Expected Result
4. Scope of Study 9. References
5. Significant of Study
1. BACKGROUND OF
STUDY

In this study, the soft soil that used for subgrade is

stabilized with hydrated lime. The stabilized soil then
test with California Bearing Ratio (CBR) test to obtain
the CBR value. Where as, the test occur in two
condition which are soaked and unsoaked. From the
CBR value, the strength of soft soil mix with hydrated
lime can be observed and analyzed where it is
suitable for subgrade for pavement construction.

7/1/20XX Pitch deck title 3

2. PROBLEM STATEMENT
• The subgrade, which forms the basis of a pavement, is the
top 500 mm of the embankment directly beneath the
pavement's bottom. It is constructed of in-situ material,
select soil, or stabilized soil state by (IRC:37-2012).

• To stabilize soft soil, usage of lime as an additive to treat the

soft soil is chose to minimize and facilitate construction
work.

• To determine the strength of soft soil mix with hydrated

lime, the lime percentage influence the strength.

• CBR testing was used to get the %CBR value according to

road technique guideline standard which indicate the
strength value of soil.

7/1/20XX Pitch deck title 4

 3. OBJECTIVES

The objectives of this study are:

a) To evaluate the sample taken from selected location is a soft soil

type.
b) To determine the CBR value of soft soil mix with lime in soaked
and unsoaked condition.
c) To analyse the CBR value of soft soil mix with lime as a suitable
use of subgrade.

7/1/20XX Pitch deck title 5

 4. SCOPE OF STUDY
• The study focus on the CBR value of soil sample stabilized with hydrated lime content at 2%, 4% and
6%.

• The soil sample taken from Sijangkang area in Banting Selangor at west Peninsular Malaysia where
the properties of soft soil is proven from previous study.

• The test focus on California Bearing ratio (CBR) test to obtain the percentage of CBR value of soft
soil stabilized with hydrated lime at two condition which is soaked and unsoaked conditions.

• Additive used to stabilised the soft soil sample is using hydrated lime because it raised plastic limit
of soft soil.

7/1/20XX 6
 5. SIGNIFICANT OF STUDY
• By using California Bearing Ratio test is one of the highlights for this study. This is because it
provided data for soft soil strength in subgrade suitable for design of road pavement.

• The CBR test value can be used to for determination of thickness of pavement and component
pavement layer. It is used to evaluate the strength of subgrade for road, pavement, or foundation.

• This is because the chemistry of the pore fluid changes because of the addition of hydrated lime (Ca
(OH)2).

• The first reaction that occurs is a highly exothermic hydration event that results in the creation of
hydrated lime in the clay water system. This approach brings about a variety of changes in the soil
profile, particularly pozzolanic and cation exchange reactions.

7/1/20XX Pitch deck title 7

 LITERATURE REVIEW
Soft Soil & Subgrade

Author Year title Finding

Wang et al., 2019 Soft Soil and Related Geotechnical • Soft soil properties such as large void ratio, high water content, high
Engineering Practice compressibility, low shear strength, low permeability, and unusual
structural features require significant attention for study, construction,
and maintenance of geotechnical structures built on them.
Nur Masyitah Osman et al., 2013 The Engineering Properties of Soft Soils at • soft soils are a unique, interesting, and satisfying substance to work with.
Northern Region of Malaysia It has numerous engineering issues, and the designer must frequently
utilize very high safety factors, which can have a significant budgetary
impact on a project.
• The N-value is zero or one, as Terzaghi suggested for cohesive soils, the
soils can be categorized as being very soft, and the values of cu are 0
kN/m2 and 5.99 kN/m2.
Li et al., 2020 The California bearing ratio and pore • soil was gathered at Jiamusi, Heilongjiang Province, China is yellowish-
structure characteristics of weakly expansive brown and has a few black iron manganese nodules which have basic
soil in frozen areas physical properties were 43.8% liquid limit, 27.6% plastic limit, and 16.2%
plastic index.
Norazlan Khalid et al., 2016 Compaction characteristics of banting soft • Banting soft soil has physical properties classified as fine grain soil, with
soil subgrade stabilized using waste-paper 50.26% clay and 49.73% silt size. Meanwhile, the plastic limit is 22.63%
sludge ash (WPSA) and the liquid limit is 68.24% which were classed as slightly sandy clay of
moderate plasticity.
Bessaim et al., 2018 2018 Effect of quick lime on physicochemical • clayey soils exhibit undesirable qualities such as limited bearing capacity,
properties of clay soil excessive compressibility, and dispersive behavior. Such features create
many damages to construction erected on this type of soil.

7/1/20XX 8
Lime & Soil Stabilization

Author Year title Finding

Saied et al., 2012 A review on the lime and fly ash application • Lime shown to be a well-established strategy for creating plastic
in soil stabilization characteristics and cohesive soil strength, is one of the most employed
chemical stabilisation methods. According to lime research, among the
most evident benefits of lime stabilisation was improved soil resistivity.

Firoozi et al., 2017 Fundamentals of soil stabilization • Lime is manufactured in three different forms: quicklime (calcium oxide-
CaO), hydrated lime (calcium hydroxide-Ca [OH]2), and hydrated lime
slurry, each of which may be often used improve soil.
• lime move to the clay particles' surface and displace water and other
ions. It becomes more workable and compactable when the soil is friable
and granular
Kumar & Kumar, 2018 Soil Stabilization Using Lime And Quarry • Lime, in the strictest definition, is calcium oxide or calcium hydroxide. It is
Dust also the term of the naturally occurring mineral CaO, which occurs
because of coal seam fires and in altered lime stones xenoliths in
volcanic ejecta.
National Lime Association 2004 Lime-treated Soil Construction Manual Lime • Quicklime chemically reacts with water, it has the capability to dry moist
Stabilization & Lime Modification soils very effectively. Quicklime is more cost-effective than hydrated lime
because it has 20 to 24 percent higher "available" lime oxide
concentration.
Bessaim et al., 2018 Effect of quick lime on physicochemical • The presence of quicklime (CaO) also can cause a change in the pore
properties of clay soil fluid chemistry where the physicochemical properties of the quicklime.

7/1/20XX 9
California Bearing Ratio

Author Year title Finding

BS 1377 part 4 & Part 9 1990 British Standard methods of test for soils for • The California Bearing Ratio is defined as the ratio of applied force to
civil engineering purposes. standard force at penetration values, represented as a percentage (CBR).
When a cylindrical plunger of a standard cross-sectional area is made to
enter the soil at a certain rate, the principle is to discover the relationship
between force and penetration.
Livneh, Moshe 1989 Validation of Correlations Between a • The direct in situ CBR test results in significant scatter of data, which
number of Penetration Tests and In Situ could be as high as a coefficient of variation of 60%, resulting in lower
California Bearing Ratio Tests predictive value.

Eboukou & Manguet, 2022 California Bearing Ratio Test on the Bearing • The California Bearing Ratio (CBR) is an important geotechnical metric
Capacity of a Foundation in Unsaturated used to estimate the optimum thickness of a flexible pavement
Soil composed of subgrades.
• Compaction properties and the California Bearing Ratio CBR are
essential because they influence transportation building. Under a fixed
compaction energy, the relationship between water content and dry
density yields a bell curve with a maximum called Optimum Proctor
separating the dry and wet branches from left to right.

7/1/20XX 10
 METHODOLOGY

Sample Sample CBR Test Data Analysis

Collection Preparation

Sample is collected from Sample of soft soil is The CBR testing is The data taken from the
Sijangkang area in prepare by sieving perform in two condition CBR test is then
Banting. The sample process. Then, the which are soaked and tabulated and plot in
taken is disturbed sample is compacted unsoaked condition. graph.
sample. and mix with lime.

7/1/20XX Pitch deck title 11

 Sample is collected from Sijangkang area in Banting. The sample taken is disturbed sample. The
location is selected because according to ESDAC, the area is soft soil area. The method used to collect
Sample sample is by using trial pit method. The trial pit with 1m2 area marked with string and nail to divide the
Collection location. The first layer of marked area was excavated to 100mm depth to remove upper layer which
disturbed with other materials using shovel. After that, the sample taken preserve in polythene bag to
maintain it moisture content.

Soil that at least passing the No 200 sieve (74mm) with 25% is finer soil. Then, the grading sample need
to be mix with lime for soil stabilisation. Mix the hydrated lime into the soil using a mechanical mixer.
Sample The lime should be thoroughly mixed into the soil to ensure that it is evenly distributed. The hydrated
Preparation lime adds into the mixer according to propose percentages which are 0%, 2%, 4%, and 6% from the soil
sample where the soft soil used for each percent is around 7 kilograms. Then, the mix sample
compacted and insert into the CBR mould to ready for testing.

7/1/20XX Pitch deck title 12

 The CBR test have two conditions to be tested which are unsoaked condition and soaked
condition. The samples for each condition different where the soaked condition, samples need to
CBR Test be submerged in water while unsoaked condition used unsoaked sample. The test performs
according to (BS 1377-9: 1990).

The percentage of California Bearing Ratio (CBR) value, data taken will be compare the CBR value
to reference values or design criteria for soft soil according to Standard Specification for Road
work (2008) which the CBR value for subgrade of cohesive soil is at least compacted 95% of
maximum dry density. A higher CBR value indicates a stronger soil with a higher bearing capacity,
Data Analysis
while a lower CBR value indicates a weaker soil with a lower bearing capacity. The percentage of
CBR value is according to the penetration of 2.5mm and 5mm. the data is recorded and tabulated
in table and graph for soaked and unsoaked conditions.

7/1/20XX Pitch deck title 13

 Data Analysis

Sample soaked Unsoaked

Penetra Penetrati Penetra Penetra
tion of on of tion of tion of
2.5mm, 5mm, % 2.5mm, 5mm,
% % %
Soft soil
untreated
Soft soil +
2% hydrated
lime
Soft soil +
4% hydrated
lime
Soft soil +
6% hydrated
Graph of hydrated lime content against CBR value for different penetration
lime

The table for CBR value for lime

content and conditions

7/1/20XX Pitch deck title 14

 EXPECTED RESULT
• The result expected in the study is where the CBR value achieve the standard
specification. The expected value of CBR for hydrated lime content.
• The Soaked condition will have lower CBR value from Unsoaked condition.
This because the sample is submerged in water which increases the water
content of sample. Hence, the CBR value will be lower than the unsoaked
condition.
• The CBR value of samples for Unsoaked condition gradually increase
according to the hydrated lime content. This because the sample strength
increases as the percent of lime increase.
• The higher the CBR value means the strength of soil also high. Hence, if the
CBR value increase corelate to hydrated lime content.

7/1/20XX Pitch deck title 15

 REFERENCES
Asma Muhmed, A. M. (2013a). Effect of Lime Stabilisation on the Strength and Microstructure of Clay. IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering, 6(3), 87–94.
https://doi.org/10.9790/1684-638794
Bessaim, M. M., Bessaim, A., Missoum, H., & Bendani, K. (2018). Effect of quick lime on physicochemical properties of clay soil. MATEC Web of Conferences, 149, 02065.
https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201814902065
BS 1377-4: (1990). British Standard methods of test for soils for civil engineering purposes. (Vol. 4). British Standards Institution.
BS 1377-9: (1990). British Standard methods of test for soils for civil engineering purposes. (Vol. 9). British Standards Institution.
Che, R., & Jaafar, Ra. (2000). The Characteristics and Engineering Properties of Soft Soil at Cyberjaya. In Geological Society of Malaysia Annual Geological Conference.
Eboukou, R. C. D., & Manguet, D. E. N. (2022). California Bearing Ratio Test on the Bearing Capacity of a Foundation in Unsaturated Soil. Journal of Geoscience and
Environment Protection, 10(06), 12–25. https://doi.org/10.4236/gep.2022.106002
E/GD/09/104/A1. (2010). Materials & Workmanship Specification for Civil & Structural Works.
Firoozi, A. A., Guney Olgun, C., Firoozi, A. A., & Baghini, M. S. (2017). Fundamentals of soil stabilization. International Journal of Geo-Engineering, 8(1).
https://doi.org/10.1186/s40703-017-0064-9
IRC:37-2012. (2012). TENTATIVE GUIDELINES FOR THE DESIGN OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS. https://archive.org/details/govlawircy2012sp37_0
Jawad, I. T., Taha, M. R., Majeed, Z. H., & Khan, T. A. (2014). Soil stabilization using lime: Advantages, disadvantages and proposing a potential alternative. Research Journal of
Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology, 8(4), 510–520. https://doi.org/10.19026/rjaset.8.1000
JKR-Standard Specification For Roadwork. (2012). Standard Specification For Road Works KERAJAAN MALAYSIA JABATAN KERJA RAYA MALAYSIA STANDARD
SPECIFICATION FOR ROAD WORKS.
Kazemian, S., & Huat, B. B. K. (2010). Assessment of stabilization methods for soft soils by admixtures. CSSR 2010 - 2010 International Conference on Science and Social
Research, 118–121. https://doi.org/10.1109/CSSR.2010.5773714
Khalid, N., Mukri, M., Awang, H., Kamarudin, F., Ghani, A. H. A., & Hashim, S. (2016). Compaction characteristics of banting soft soil subgrade stabilized using waste paper
sludge ash (WPSA). AIP Conference Proceedings, 1774. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4965064
16
 REFERENCES
Kumar, P., & Kumar, N. V. (2018). SOIL STABILIZATION USING LIME AND QUARRY DUST. http://ijirs.in/
Li, T., Kong, L., & Liu, B. (2020). The California bearing ratio and pore structure characteristics of weakly expansive soil in frozen areas. Applied Sciences (Switzerland), 10(21), 1–
22. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10217576
Moffatt, Michael. (2017). Guide to pavement technology part 2 : pavement structural design. Austroads LTD.
Mohamad, N. O., Razali, C. E., Hadi, A. A. A., Som, P. P., Eng, B. C., Rusli, M. B., & Mohamad, F. R. (2016). Challenges in Construction over Soft Soil - Case Studies in Malaysia.
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 136(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/136/1/012002
National Lime Association. (2004). LIME-TREATED SOIL CONSTRUCTION MANUAL LIME STABILIZATION & LIME MODIFICATION.
Norazlan Khalid, Mohd Fadzli Arshad, Mazidah Mukri, & Faizah Kamarudin. (2014). The California bearing ratio (CBR) value for banting soft soil subgrade stabilized using lime-
pofa mixtures. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/286714424
Nur Masyitah Osman, Ahmad Syauqi Md Hasan, Adnan Derahman, Zulhafizal Othman, & Nurul Huda Abdullah. (2013). The Engineering Properties of Soft Soils at Northern
Region of Malaysia.
Saied, Amiralian, A., Chegenizadeh, Hamid, & Nikraz. (2012). A review on the lime and fly ash application in soil stabilization. International Journal of Biological, Ecological and
Environmental Sciences, 1(3), 124–126.
Wang, J.-H., Desai, C. S., & Zhang, L. (2019). Soft Soil and Related Geotechnical Engineering Practice. International Journal of Geomechanics, 19(11).
https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)gm.1943-5622.0001494
Zukri, A., & Ghani, N. A. A. A. (2014). A Study of Soil Stabilization by Hydrated Lime at Kampung Kedaik Asal, Rompin, Pahang, Malaysia. Applied Mechanics and Materials,
695, 738–741. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.695.738

17
 THANK YOU
Mohamad Afiq Amzar bin Mohd
Khalid
2020898736

7/1/20XX Pitch deck title 18