®®®1.Difference between Regression and retesting?

Regression Testing: Regression testing involves checking an entire software system to make sure that recent updates or
changes haven't caused previously working features to break. It's a way to ensure that new improvements don't
unintentionally cause problems.

Retesting: Retesting focuses on verifying that a specific issue or bug, which was previously identified and fixed, has indeed
been resolved after the fix. It's like double-checking to confirm that the problem is truly gone.

2.Difference between Smoke and Sanity Testing?

Smoke Testing: Smoke testing is an initial test done on software to ensure it's not completely broken. It's like a first check to
see if things are somewhat working before doing more detailed tests. If the software fails the smoke test, it's a sign that there
might be serious issues. Passing the smoke test means the software is stable enough to continue with more thorough testing.
It's a way to catch major problems early and save time in the long run.

Sanity Testing: Sanity testing is a focused testing approach that examines specific functionalities or areas of code after changes
or fixes. It's like making sure that fixing one leak in a pipe didn't create new leaks. If the sanity test fails, it suggests there might
be unexpected issues. Passing the sanity test means the recent changes haven't caused major problems. It's a focused test to
maintain overall stability after making changes to targeted updates.
3.Explain Defect Life Cycle?
The Defect Life Cycle, also known as the Bug Life Cycle or Issue Life Cycle, describes the stages that a software defect or issue
goes through from the moment it's identified until it's resolved and verified. This cycle helps teams manage and track the
progress of defect resolution within a software development or testing process. Here are the common stages of the Defect Life
Cycle:
1.New:
At this stage, a defect is identified by a tester or another team member. The defect is reported with detailed information, such
as the environment in which it occurred, steps to reproduce it, and any supporting documentation.
2. Assigned:
After reporting, the defect is assigned to the appropriate developer or development team responsible for fixing it. This
assignment may happen manually or through an automated defect tracking system.
3. Open:
Once the developer begins working on the defect, its status is marked as "Open." The developer investigates the issue,
confirms the problem, and starts working on a solution.
4. In Progress:
During this stage, the developer actively works on fixing the defect. This may involve analysing the code, making necessary
changes, and testing the proposed solution.
5. Fixed:
After implementing the solution, the developer marks the defect as "Fixed." The code changes are usually associated with
version control systems to track changes.
6. Pending Retest:
The defect is then assigned back to the testing team for verification. It's marked as "Pending Retest" to indicate that it's ready
for testing.
7. Retest:
Testers execute the same test cases that initially exposed the defect to validate whether the issue has been resolved. If the
defect is fixed, it moves to the next stage.
8. Verified:
If the retest is successful and the defect is no longer reproducible, the defect is marked as "Verified." It's considered resolved
and ready for final confirmation.
9. Closed:
The verified defect is closed by the testing team. This indicates that the defect is resolved, and the
code is ready for deployment or further testing.
10. Reopen: Sometimes, defects that were thought to be fixed may resurface after being verified.
In such cases, the defect is reopened, and the process starts again from the "In Progress" stage.

4.Explain SDLC?
SDLC, or Software Development Life Cycle, is a systematic process that outlines the steps involved in planning, creating,
testing, deploying, and maintaining software applications. It provides a structured framework to ensure the development of
high-quality software that meets user requirements. The SDLC consists of the following detailed phases:
1. Planning: In this initial phase, project goals, scope, constraints, and potential risks are identified. A project plan is
developed, outlining the tasks, timelines, and resource requirements.
2. System Design: Detailed planning of the software architecture, modules, databases, and user interfaces takes place. This
phase involves creating a blueprint that serves as a guide for the development team.
3. Implementation (Coding): The actual coding of the software takes place during this phase. Developers write and test the
code, integrate components, and perform unit testing to ensure individual units of code function correctly.
4. Testing: This phase involves rigorous testing to verify that the software meets the specified requirements. Test cases are
designed, executed, and any defects or discrepancies are identified, reported, and addressed.
5. Deployment: The software is released for public or internal use. Installation processes are carried out, end-user training
is provided, and the transition from development to regular operations occurs.
6. Maintenance and Support: Ongoing support is provided to address issues, fix defects, and make necessary
enhancements. This phase ensures that the software remains functional and meets changing user needs.
7. Closure: The project's completion is confirmed, and resources are released. Final documentation is completed, and
formal acceptance of the project is obtained.
The SDLC provides a structured and systematic approach to software development, ensuring the creation of software that is
not only functional but also maintainable and scalable over time.
4.Explain Testing Life Cycle?
STLC (Software Testing Life Cycle) is a structured process used to test software thoroughly. It encompasses various stages,
starting with planning where testing objectives and scope are defined. Next, test cases are designed based on requirements.
Then, these test cases are executed to identify any defects or issues in the software. The detected issues are reported, and the
development team fixes them. Re-testing and regression testing ensure that fixes haven't caused new problems. The final goal
of STLC is to ensure that the software is of high quality and functions as intended. Here's, a brief explanation of each phase:
1. Requirement Analysis: Understand and analyse the software requirements to determine testing scope, criteria, and
objectives.
2. Test Planning: Develop a comprehensive test plan that outlines the testing strategy, objectives, scope, resources,
schedules, and risks.
3. Test Design: Create detailed test cases and test scripts based on the software's functional and non-functional
requirements.
4. Test Environment Setup: Establish the testing environment with the necessary hardware, software, configurations, and
test data.
5. Test Execution: Execute the test cases, record results, and compare the actual outcomes with expected results.
6. Defect Reporting: Identify and document defects or discrepancies in the software's behavior. These issues are reported
to the development team for resolution.
7. Defect Re-Testing: After developers fix reported defects, re-test the affected areas to ensure the issues have been
addressed.
8. Regression Testing: Perform tests on modified code and other related areas to ensure that new changes haven't
introduced new defects elsewhere.
9. Test Closure: Evaluate whether testing goals have been achieved, summarize testing results, and prepare test closure
reports.
10.Test Cycle Evaluation: Review the testing process, identify areas for improvement, and gather lessons learned for future
testing cycles.
5.Explain Test Design Techniques?
Test Design Techniques:
A test design technique is a structured approach used by testers to create well-organized and effective test cases. It helps in
selecting the right inputs and conditions to test software comprehensively. Techniques like Boundary Value Analysis and
Equivalence Partitioning help in identifying critical testing scenarios, enhancing the overall quality of the testing process and
the software being tested.

Boundary Value Analysis (BVA):

BVA is a testing technique that focuses on testing values at the boundaries or edges of valid input domains. The rationale
behind this technique is that boundary values often lead to errors in software. BVA helps identify problems like off-by-one
errors, array index out-of-bounds errors, and more. In BVA, you test values that are just inside and just outside the specified
valid range.
Here's an example:
Suppose you have a function that accepts integers in the range 1 to 100 (inclusive). In BVA, you would test:
 Values just inside the boundary: 1 and 100
 Values just outside the boundary: 0 and 101
 Typical or valid values within the range: 2, 50, and 99
This ensures that you test the critical edge cases where errors are more likely to occur.

Equivalence Partitioning (EP):

Equivalence Partitioning is a testing technique that divides the input domain into equivalence classes, where each class
represents a group of similar inputs. Test cases are then chosen from each equivalence class. The idea is that if one input from
an equivalence class works correctly, others from the same class should also work.

Here's an example:
Suppose you have a function that takes an age as input and has three categories: "Child" (0-12 years), "Teenager" (13-19
years), and "Adult" (20+ years). In EP, you would create test cases for each equivalence class:

 Test cases for the "Child" category: 0, 6, 12 (inside the range)

 Test cases for the "Teenager" category: 13, 16, 19 (inside the range)
 Test cases for the "Adult" category: 20, 25, 30 (inside the range)
 Additionally, you may include invalid cases like -1, 120, or non-numeric inputs to ensure proper error handling.
This technique helps ensure that you test representative cases from each category, increasing the likelihood of finding defects.

6.What are levels of testing?

Unit Testing:
Unit testing is the foundational level of testing in software development. It involves testing individual components or functions
in isolation, typically at the code level.
The primary goal is to ensure that each unit of code, such as functions or methods, performs as intended and produces the
correct output for a given set of inputs.
Unit tests help identify and fix bugs early in the development process, promoting code reliability and maintainability.
Integration Testing:
Integration testing focuses on verifying the interactions and collaborations between different components or modules within a
software application.
It ensures that these components function together seamlessly and produce the expected results when integrated.
Integration testing can identify issues related to data flow, communication, and compatibility between modules, helping to
prevent integration-related defects.
System Testing:
System testing takes a broader perspective and examines the entire software system as a whole.
It verifies that all components, modules, and external dependencies work together to meet the specified requirements and
deliver the desired functionality.
System testing includes both functional and non-functional testing, such as performance, security, and usability testing, to
evaluate the system's overall quality.

User Acceptance Testing (UAT):

User Acceptance Testing is the final testing phase before a software product is released to end-users or customers.
Its primary purpose is to ensure that the software meets user or customer requirements and expectations.
UAT is typically conducted by end-users or a group of stakeholders who validate that the software meets their needs and
operates correctly in their real-world scenarios.
Successful UAT is often a critical milestone before software deployment.
7.Difference between Unit and Integration Testing?

Unit Testing: Testing individual parts (functions, methods) of a software in isolation to ensure they work correctly.

Integration Testing: Testing interactions between different parts of the software to ensure they cooperate and function well
together.
8.Define UAT?
User Acceptance Testing (UAT) is the final phase of testing where actual users validate software functionality. It ensures the
software meets user requirements and is ready for deployment. Any issues found during UAT are reported and resolved before
release. Successful UAT indicates the software is user-friendly and aligns with user needs.

9.What is Staging Environment and how it's different from QA environment?

A Staging Environment is a controlled and isolated platform where software is tested before being released to production. It's
like rehearsing a play before the actual performance. In the Staging Environment, the software is tested under conditions that
closely mimic the production environment, ensuring that everything works as expected.
On the other hand, the QA (Quality Assurance) Environment is where thorough testing takes place during the development
process. It's like inspecting ingredients before cooking. QA testing focuses on identifying and addressing issues early, while the
Staging Environment evaluates the software's readiness for release, checking if it performs well in a setting close to the actual
user experience.

10.What are the defect tracking tools used by your company?

Various companies use different defect tracking tools based on their specific needs and preferences. Some commonly used
defect tracking tools in the software industry include:

JIRA: A versatile tool by Atlassian that helps track issues, manage projects, and collaborate on software development.

Bugzilla: An open-source tool that allows teams to track bugs and defects, manage software development, and communicate
effectively.

Trello: A visual project management tool that can be adapted for defect tracking, offering a flexible and easy-to-use interface.

GitHub Issues: Integrated into GitHub, it allows teams to track issues and bugs directly within their version control repository.
GitLab Issues: Similar to GitHub Issues but offered within GitLab's ecosystem for issue tracking and project management.

11.What is the process for code deployment in projects and which tool is used for code deployment?
The process for code deployment in projects typically involves several steps:
1. Version Control: Developers use version control systems (e.g., Git) to manage code changes and collaborate effectively.
2. Build: The code is compiled, assembled, and packaged into deployable units.
3. Testing: The built code undergoes various testing phases, including unit, integration, and regression testing, to ensure its
quality and functionality.
4. Staging Environment: The code is deployed to a staging environment that mirrors the production environment.
Additional testing is performed here to catch any issues specific to this environment.
5. User Acceptance Testing (UAT): In some cases, a subset of users tests the code in the staging environment to verify that
it meets business requirements.
6. Approval: Relevant stakeholders review the tested code and approve it for deployment if it meets the criteria.
7. Deployment: The code is released to the production environment, making it accessible to users.
8. Monitoring: The deployed code is monitored to ensure its performance and stability. Any issues are promptly
addressed.
As for the tools used for code deployment, there are several options depending on the project's requirements and technology
stack:
 Jenkins: An open-source automation server used for continuous integration and continuous delivery (CI/CD).
 CircleCI: A cloud-based CI/CD platform that automates software builds, tests, and deployments.
 Travis CI: Another cloud-based CI/CD service that integrates with GitHub repositories.
 GitLab CI/CD: Part of GitLab, it offers CI/CD capabilities directly integrated with Git repositories.
 TeamCity: A CI/CD tool by JetBrains that supports building, testing, and deploying software.

12.Difference between Defect, Bug, and Error?

Defect, Bug, and Error:

Defect: A deviation from software specifications resulting in flaws that may affect the application's performance, behavior, or
output.
Bug: The difference between the actual result and the expected results in a software system.
Error: A mistake made during the development process that leads to a defect or bug in the software.

13.Project Explanation?
Ans. I’m involved in an e-commerce project encompassing a customer-focused website and an admin portal. The website
facilitates online shopping, allowing users to browse, add to cart, and purchase items. The admin portal manages product
inventory, orders, and customer data. My task involves optimizing user experience on the website and enhancing back-end
tools for efficient business operations. By refining product search, checkout, and admin functionalities, you contribute to a
seamless e-commerce process that benefits customers and the business alike.

14. what are the testing methodologies available?

Ans. There are 3 Testing methodologies
Black Box Testing: Focuses on testing the software's functionality without examining its internal code or logic. Testers assess
inputs and outputs to ensure the system behaves as expected.
White Box Testing: Involves testing the internal logic, code structure, and implementation details of the software. Testers have
knowledge of the code and design tests to assess its correctness.
Grey Box Testing: Combines elements of both black box and white box testing. Testers have partial knowledge of the internal
code, allowing them to design more focused tests based on that knowledge.
15.What are the types of testing?
Ans. There are Two types of testing
 Static
 Dynamic
Static Testing: Involves reviewing and analysing software artifacts without executing the code. Examples include code reviews,
walkthroughs, inspections, and static analysis tools that identify defects and issues early in the development process.
 Static Testing is a form of testing (is also known as Dry Run Testing) where the software is not actually used
 Syntax checking and manually reading the code to find errors are methods of static testing.
 This type of Testing is mostly used by the developers
 Static Testing can be done before compilation
 They do not necessarily involve either manual or automated execution of the product being tested.
 Examples include syntax checking, structured walkthroughs, and inspections.
 An inspection of a program occurs against a source code listing in which each code line is read line by line and discussed
Dynamic Testing:
Dynamic Testing involves working with the software, giving input values and checking the output is expected
Dynamic Testing takes place only after compilation
Dynamic testing techniques are time dependent and involve executing a specific sequence of instructions on paper or by the
computer.
Examples include structured walkthroughs, in which the program logic is simulated by walking through the code and verbally
describing it.
Boundary testing is a dynamic testing technique that requires the execution of test cases on the computer with a specific focus
on the boundary values associated with the inputs or outputs of the program.
16.What is functional testing and types of functional testing?
Ans. Functional testing is a type of software testing that verifies the functionality of the software application, it works
according to the requirements.
We can perform the following functional testing’s
Field Display Testing: Verifies that fields in the user interface are correctly displayed, labelled, and arranged, ensuring a user-
friendly interface.
Business Logic Positive Testing: Validates the correct execution of business rules and logic when the expected input and
conditions are met.
Business Logic Negative Testing: Tests the software's response when unexpected inputs or conditions that violate business
rules are encountered.
End-to-End Flow Happy Path Testing: Evaluates the complete workflow of the software under normal and expected
conditions, ensuring that all steps are executed smoothly.
End-to-End Non-Happy Path Testing: Tests the software's behavior when encountering unexpected or exceptional conditions
during the end-to-end flow, ensuring error handling and recovery mechanisms are effective.

17.What is Non-functional testing and types?

Ans. Non-functional testing is a type of software testing that checks things like how well the software works, how easy it is to
use, how safe it is from attacks, and other important qualities, apart from just what it does. This helps make sure the software
is good in all these aspects too.
Performance Testing: Assesses how well the software performs under different conditions, like load, stress, and
responsiveness.
Usability Testing: Evaluates user-friendliness, ease of navigation, accessibility, and overall user satisfaction with the software.
Security Testing: Validates the software's resistance to unauthorized access, data breaches, and malicious attacks.
Reliability Testing: Checks the software's stability and consistency, ensuring it functions reliably over time.
Scalability Testing: Determines how well the software can handle increased workloads and user demands without
performance degradation.
18.How many types of environments available in your project?
Ans. In a typical software development project, there are several types of environments that serve distinct purposes within
the development lifecycle. The primary environments include:
Development Environment: This is where developers write, test, and modify code. It's an isolated environment used for
building and refining software components.
Testing Environment: In this environment, software undergoes rigorous testing, including functional, integration, and
performance testing, to identify and rectify issues before moving to production.
Staging Environment: Also known as pre-production, this environment closely resembles the production environment. It's
used for final testing, ensuring that the software functions as intended and is ready for deployment.
Production Environment: This is the live environment where the software is accessible to end-users. It's crucial for ensuring
ongoing operations and providing a seamless experience to users.
Additionally, projects may include specialized environments like:
Pre-Production Environment: Used for last-minute checks before deployment, minimizing the risk of issues reaching the
production environment.
Sandbox Environment: A controlled space for experimentation, learning, and testing new features without affecting the main
development cycle.

Test Scenario ?
A precise and comprehensive description of a particular situation or condition that serves as a basis for creating detailed test
cases, outlining the context and criteria for testing software functionality.
19.What is test plan?
Ans. A test plan is a comprehensive document that outlines how software or a project will be tested. It details the testing
objectives, scope, resources, schedule, and methods. This plan ensures that testing is structured, systematic, and aligned with
the project's goals, ultimately leading to higher software quality and reliability.
20.what is test strategy?
Ans. A test strategy is a high-level plan that defines the approach, goals, and methods for testing a software project. It outlines
the overall testing direction, including the types of testing to be performed, the resources required, and the timelines. The test
strategy guides the development of detailed test plans and ensures that testing aligns with project objectives and quality
standards.

21.Difference between test plan and test strategy?

Ans. Test Plan:
A test plan is a detailed document that provides a comprehensive overview of how testing will be performed for a specific test
phase or cycle. It is derived from the test strategy but delves into the specifics of the testing activities. A test plan includes:
Test Scope: It defines the scope of testing for a specific phase, release, or cycle.
Test Objectives: The test plan outlines the specific goals and objectives of testing for that phase.
Test Approach: It details the methodologies, techniques, and strategies that will be used to conduct testing.
Test Environment Setup: This section provides specific details about the testing environment, including hardware, software,
configurations, and any dependencies.
Test Schedule: The plan includes a detailed timeline for testing activities, milestones, and deadlines.
Test Deliverables: It specifies the documents and artifacts that will be produced during testing, such as test cases, test scripts,
defect reports, and test summary reports.
Test Execution Strategy: This outline how the test cases will be executed, the order of execution, and any specific procedures
to follow.
Defect Management: The plan includes details about how defects will be logged, tracked, prioritized, and reported.
Roles and Responsibilities: It assigns responsibilities to team members and stakeholders involved in the testing process.
Risk Management: This section identifies risks associated with the specific testing phase and provides strategies to mitigate
them.
Test Strategy:
A test strategy is a high-level document that outlines the overall approach to testing for a particular project or software
application. It provides a roadmap for how testing will be carried out throughout the project's lifecycle. A test strategy
includes:
Scope and Objectives: It defines the scope of testing, what is to be tested, and what is not in scope. It also outlines the
objectives of testing, such as identifying defects, ensuring functionality, and validating requirements.
Test Levels and Types: It specifies the different levels of testing (unit, integration, system, acceptance, etc.) and the types of
testing (functional, performance, security, etc.) that will be conducted.
Entry and Exit Criteria: This outlines the conditions that must be met before testing can begin (entry criteria) and the
conditions that need to be satisfied for testing to be considered complete (exit criteria).
Test Environment: It describes the hardware, software, tools, and resources needed for testing. This includes details about the
testing environments and configurations.
Risks and Mitigation: The strategy identifies potential risks related to testing and outlines strategies to mitigate those risks.
Test Deliverables: It lists the documents and artifacts that will be produced during testing, such as test cases, test scripts, test
data, and test reports.
Scheduling and Resource Allocation: The strategy provides a high-level timeline for testing activities and allocates resources
like testers, tools, and environments.

22.Explain test case template?

Ans. A test case template is a standardized document used to outline the details of individual test cases during software
testing. It provides a structured framework for describing the test scenario, its expected outcomes, and the steps to execute
the test. This template helps testers create consistent and organized test cases, making the testing process more efficient and
manageable.

A typical test case template includes sections such as:

Test Case ID: A unique identifier for the test case.

Test Scenario: A brief description of the specific scenario being tested.
Preconditions: The conditions that must be met before the test can be executed.
Test Steps: Detailed step-by-step instructions for executing the test.
Expected Result: The anticipated outcome or response from the software after executing the test.
Actual Result: The actual outcome observed during test execution (filled in after testing).
Status: The pass/fail status of the test case (filled in after testing).
Notes: Any additional information or observations related to the test case.

23.What are Testing Principles?

Principle 1: Testing shows presence of defects

Testing can show that defects are present, but cannot prove that there are no defects. Testing reduces the probability of
undiscovered defects remaining in the software but, even if no defects are found, it is not a proof of correctness.
Principle 2: Exhaustive testing is impossible
Testing everything (all combinations of inputs and preconditions) is not feasible
except for trivial cases. Instead of exhaustive testing, we use risks and priorities to focus testing efforts.
Principle 3: Early Testing
Testing activities should start as early as possible in the software or system development life cycle and should be focused on
defined objectives.
Principle 4: Defect clustering
A small number of modules contain most of the defects discovered during prerelease testing or show the most operational
failures.
Principle 5: Pesticide paradox
If the same tests are repeated over and over again, eventually the same set of test cases will no longer find any new bugs. To
overcome this 'pesticide paradox', the test cases need to be regularly reviewed and revised, and new and different tests need
to be written to exercise different parts of the software or system to potentially find more defects.
Principle 6: Testing is context dependent
Testing is done differently in different contexts. For example, safety critical software is tested differently from an e-commerce
site.
Principle 7: Absence-of-errors fallacy
Finding and fixing defects does not help if the system built is unusable and does not fulfil the users' needs and expectations.

Exploratory Testing?
Exploratory Testing is a dynamic and spontaneous testing approach where skilled testers rely on their experience and intuition
to uncover software defects. Unlike scripted testing, it doesn't involve predefined test cases; instead, testers simultaneously
design and execute tests based on their observations during testing. This method allows for flexible exploration of the
software, making it highly effective in finding unexpected issues, usability problems, and edge cases. It encourages testers to
adapt to evolving conditions, prioritize critical areas, and simulate real-world user interactions. Exploratory Testing is
particularly valuable for agile development projects, where requirements may change frequently, as it complements traditional
testing methodologies by identifying issues that might be overlooked in structured testing processes.

1. Stakeholder Engagement: Testers collaborate closely with stakeholders, including product owners, business analysts,
and end-users, to gain a deep understanding of the software's purpose, functionality, and desired outcomes.
2. Elicitation Techniques: The process involves various techniques such as interviews, surveys, workshops, and reviews of
project documentation to extract and elicit detailed testing requirements.
3. Functional and Non-Functional Requirements: Testing requirements encompass both functional aspects (what the
software should do) and non-functional aspects (how well it should perform). This includes criteria like performance,
security, usability, and compatibility.
4. Documentation: Detailed testing requirements are documented in various artifacts, including Test Plans, Test Strategy
documents, Test Cases, and Traceability Matrices. These documents serve as a reference throughout the testing process.
5. Traceability: Traceability matrices establish links between requirements, test cases, and defects. This ensures
comprehensive test coverage and helps identify any gaps in testing.
6. Scope Definition: Clear boundaries for testing are defined to specify what will be tested and what won't, along with any
assumptions or constraints that may impact testing.
7. Risk-Based Prioritization: Test requirements are prioritized based on risk assessments, business impact, and criticality.
High-risk areas receive more extensive testing coverage.
8. Validation and Verification: Requirements undergo validation to ensure they accurately represent stakeholder
expectations and verification to confirm that they align with the software's actual functionality.
9. Change Management: As requirements inevitably change during the project lifecycle, a robust change management
process is in place to assess the impact on testing and make necessary adjustments.
10.Continuous Communication: Requirements gathering is an iterative process, and ongoing communication with
stakeholders ensures that testing remains aligned with evolving project needs and objectives.
Requirement Analysis and Verification?
Requirement Analysis: In this phase, gathered requirements are thoroughly examined, clarified, and refined. It involves a
detailed review of the requirements to ensure they are clear, complete, consistent, and feasible. During requirement analysis,
any ambiguities or inconsistencies are addressed, and additional information may be sought from stakeholders if needed. The
goal is to transform high-level requirements into detailed and unambiguous specifications that can serve as the basis for test
case design and development.

Verification: Verification is the process of confirming that the gathered and analyzed requirements accurately represent what
the stakeholders intend. It involves a formal review and validation of the requirements to ensure that they meet the project's
objectives and align with the desired functionality. Verification also includes confirming that the requirements comply with any
relevant standards, regulations, or industry best practices. This phase ensures that the requirements are "right" before
proceeding with testing, development, or further project activities.

Functional Requirements and Non-Functional Requirements?

Functional Requirements
In general, this describes the functions that the system needs to execute, statements of services the system should provide,
how the system should react to particular inputs and how the system should behave in particular situations. It depends on the
type of software, expected users and the type of system where the software is used. It can be further categorized as Business
Requirements, User Requirements, Functional Specifications, System Requirements and Business Rules.

Business Requirements – Business requirements represent high-level objectives of the organization or customer who requests
the system. They describe why the organization is implementing the system—the objectives the organization hopes to achieve,
the business objectives, scope of the project, business constraints and current business process. They are usually expressed in
terms of broad outcomes the business requires, rather than specific functions the system may perform. Example – ATM
should allow the withdrawal of given amount from the account with a cap on maximum amount and number of withdrawals.

User Requirements – User requirements describe the user goals, tasks or activities that the users must be able to perform with
the product and the flow of the system. It Functional Requirements Business Requirements User Requirements Functional
Specifications System Requirements Business Rules Non-Functional Requirements Quality Attributes Interoperability
Requirements Constraints conveys how the system should interact with the end user or to another system to achieve a specific
business goal. Common users are client managers, client QA team and system end users. They are usually represented in the
form of tables and diagrams. Example – The system shall complete a standard withdrawal from a personal account, from login
to cash, in less than two minutes for a first-time user.

System Requirements – System requirements describe the top-level requirements for a product that contains multiple
subsystems. It is a structured document having detailed description about the system. It is used by the system end users,
software developers and system architects. Example: a. The ATM shall communicate to the Bank via the Internet. b. The ATM
shall issue a printed receipt to the customer at the end of a successful session

Non-Functional Requirements:
In general, this refers to the constraints on the services offered by the system such as time constraints, constraints on the
development process, standards, etc. It defines the system properties and constraints e.g. reliability, response time, storage
requirements, scalability, usability, security. It can be further categorized as Quality Attributes, organizational, external
requirements.
Quality Attributes – These describe the system’s characteristics in various dimensions that are important either to users or to
developers and maintainers. Quality attributes of a system include availability, performance, usability, portability, integrity,
efficiency, robustness, and many others. These characteristics are referred to as quality factors or quality of service
requirements
Example – All displays shall be in white 14-point Arial text on black background. It must be able to perform in adverse
conditions like high/low temperature etc
Interoperability Requirements - These specify the interfaces between the system application and other applications, interface
between the system application and other hardware or devices like printers, bar code readers, interface to human users,
communication interfaces to exchange information
Example:
a. User Interfaces: The customer user interface should be intuitive, such that 99.9% of all new ATM users are able to complete
their banking transactions without any assistance b. Hardware Interfaces: The hardware should have following specifications:
Ability to read the ATM card Ability to count the currency notes

Test Case Design Process

1. Identifying the Test conditions
High Level Test Conditions -->Test Scenario's
Low Level Test Conditions -->Test Cases
2. Why we need to create Test Scenario's and Test cases? (Or) What are the Benefits of creating the Test cases?
 If we document test cases effectively then it helps in “Reusability”
 While retesting the defects
 While doing Regression if any changes happen
 Test cases are Reusable and Repeatable
 Test Case is a document which clearly describes what to be tested and how to be
 tested.
 What is the purpose of the test?
 How to Test it?
 What is the expected outcome?
 It saves Test Case execution Time
 Test Case design is a verification activity which helps to judge quality of
 requirements at earlier stages of the project to prevent the defects.
 It increases collaboration between dev/QA/BA team.
3. Explain Test Case design process in the project?
Step 1: We involve in KT process to understand project context, Modules, Business purpose and end user expectations
Step 2: We involve in Requirements Gathering, Requirement Analysis, Query discussions to understand the requirements
which are allocated by Test Lead according work Allocation Tracker
Step 3: Once after getting resolution to all the Queries we start identifying Test Scenario's based on the Test Approach
mentioned in the "Test Plan"

Test Scenario: A high level Test condition which explains what needs to be tested.
Ex: To Test Search Functionality
Note: Even Dev and BA also propose Test scenario's in BRD document and FRS document
Test Scenario's provides a high-level idea on what we have to test. In our project we are documenting Test Scenario's in
"Scenario Selection sheet"
Scenario selection sheet components:
 Scenario ID
 Scenario Desc
 Associated Requirement
 Scenario Priority
Step 4: Send list of Test scenarios to BA and Dev review. Add/modify Test scenario's if they propose any changes. Get signoff on
Test Scenario's.
Step 5: Now Breakdown Test scenarios into detailed Test cases
One Test scenario can be breakdown into N number of Test cases based on the complexity of the requirement
While writing the test cases cover both positive and Negative Test cases
Make sure each Test case is properly reviewed
Make sure we have created Test cases for all the requirements
We can write test cases in Test case template (Excel) or Test Management
tools like HP QC/JIRA/MTM/OTM/IBM RTM/Rally
Test Case: A detailed description of what conditions need to be tested and how to be tested with step-by-step approach.
Test Execution – An Introduction and Planning for Test Execution
Introduction
Test Execution is followed by the Test Design phase in the testing life cycle and verifies if the given system or application
behaves as expected.
For Example, in a Car manufacturing company, though every manufactured spare part is tested against its specifications, the
car has to be tested as a single unit once all the parts are assembled. Testing the car for functionalities after assembling all the
parts is very critical, as that will ensure the reliability and the stability of the product developed.

Test Execution Phase involves:

 Initial Planning for Test Execution
 Build Verification Process
 Test Case Execution
 Test Log Creation
 Defect Reporting and Tracking
 Defect Triaging
 Updating Traceability Matrix
 Re Testing of Defects
 Regression Testing
 Test Execution Status reporting
Test Execution is the process of executing a series of test cases as defined in the test plan and Test design phases, to validate if
the application meets the requirements.
The application is tested and the defects are reported to the development team. The fixes provided by the development team
are retested and ensured that they do not recur; the fix does not introduce any new defects.
Testing can be manually performed or it can be automated using software tools. Some of the automation tools are Quick Test
Professional (QTP), Win runner, Rational Robot, etc.

Planning for Test Execution

Before testing the application, it is always recommended to ensure that the pre-requisites and the necessary information for
Test execution are obtained. The below activities help us to be prepared before executing the test cases.
Test Cases
The Test Cases are prepared by the testing team and signed off by the customer by the end of the Test Design phase. The test
cases for each and every level and type of testing are identified and approved by the customer. Test Cycles The number of
rounds the testing will be conducted and the scope of testing at each level need to be identified in the Test Execution plan and
agreed upon by all the stake holders. Test Lab Set Up The methodology for deploying the build in the respective test
environment need to be devised and approved by the development, testing teams and the customer. Test Lab set up also
includes creation of a test suite with the test cases which need to be executed in a specific sequence.
The below activities are also taken care during the Test Lab Set up:
– Creation of cycles for each level of testing
– Identification of Smoke/Build verification test cases
– Identification of Test Suite (collection of test cases) per cycle
– Frequency of Build delivery per cycle
Task Allocation / Run Plan
For effective test execution, allocation of the test cases to be executed need to be done based on the skill set and the
availability of the testers.
The following factors need to be considered while creating a run plan and allocating the test cases to testers for execution:
 Interdependency of test cases in terms of functionality and period specificity
 Knowledge levels of the testers - Highly complex test cases are allocated to expert testers to make the execution quick
and efficient.
What is Agile Methodology?
Agile methodology is an iterative and incremental approach to software development that focuses on delivering value to
customers through continuous collaboration, flexibility, and customer feedback. It emerged as a response to traditional,
heavyweight, and plan-driven software development processes, aiming to address the challenges of rapidly changing
requirements and unpredictable market conditions.
Key Principles of Agile Methodology:
1. Customer Collaboration over Contract Negotiation:
Agile emphasizes close collaboration with customers and stakeholders throughout the development process to understand
their needs, gather feedback, and adapt the product accordingly.
2. Responding to Change over Following a Plan:
Agile embraces change as a natural part of the development process and encourages teams to be flexible and adapt to
evolving requirements, feedback, and priorities.
3. Working Software over Comprehensive Documentation:
Agile values the delivery of functional software over extensive documentation. While some documentation is necessary, the
focus is on producing working software that adds value to the customer.
4. Individuals and Interactions over Processes and Tools:
Agile recognizes the importance of motivated and empowered individuals who collaborate effectively to deliver quality
software, valuing their interactions more than rigid processes or tools.

Agile Frameworks and Practices:

Various Agile frameworks and methodologies have been developed, each with its specific practices and ceremonies. Some
popular Agile frameworks include:
1. Scrum: A widely-used Agile framework that organizes work into fixed-length iterations called Sprints. It defines roles
(Product Owner, Development Team, Scrum Master), events (Sprint Planning, Daily Standup, Sprint Review, Sprint
Retrospective), and artifacts (Product Backlog, Sprint Backlog, Increment) to facilitate product development.
2. Kanban: A visual management method that emphasizes continuous flow and limiting work in progress. Kanban boards are
used to visualize work items and their status, providing real-time visibility into the workflow.
3. Extreme Programming (XP): A development approach that emphasizes technical practices like test-driven development
(TDD), continuous integration, pair programming, and collective code ownership to ensure high-quality software.

Advantages of Agile Methodology:

- Flexibility: Agile allows teams to adapt to changing requirements and market conditions, improving the product's alignment
with customer needs.
- Faster Time-to-Market: Incremental and iterative development leads to regular product releases, providing quicker value
delivery.
- Continuous Improvement: Regular feedback and retrospectives promote continuous improvement of processes and
products.
- Customer-Centric: Agile prioritizes customer collaboration, ensuring that the software meets their needs effectively.

Disadvantages of Agile Methodology:

- Requires Active Customer Participation: Agile demands regular customer involvement, which may be challenging in some
projects.
- Initial Learning Curve: Transitioning to Agile may require a shift in mindset and practices for team members accustomed to
traditional methodologies.
Overall, Agile methodology provides a lightweight and adaptive approach to software development, emphasizing
collaboration, customer satisfaction, and continuous delivery of valuable software. It has gained significant popularity in the
software development industry due to its effectiveness in managing complex and dynamic projects.
What are Scrum Artifacts?
Scrum artifacts are essential components of the Scrum framework, serving as tools for transparency, inspection, and
adaptation throughout the project's lifecycle. These artifacts play a crucial role in facilitating communication and collaboration
within the Scrum team and with stakeholders.

The main Scrum artifacts are:

Product Backlog: The Product Backlog is a prioritized list of all the features, enhancements, and fixes that need to be
addressed in the project. It is the responsibility of the Product Owner to maintain this list, ensuring that it reflects the current
understanding of the product's requirements and priorities. The items in the Product Backlog are often described as User
Stories or other manageable units of work.

Sprint Backlog: The Sprint Backlog is a subset of items from the Product Backlog that the development team commits to
completing during a specific time frame known as a Sprint (usually 2-4 weeks). The Sprint Backlog includes the detailed tasks
and user stories that the team plans to work on during that Sprint. It is created collaboratively during the Sprint Planning
meeting.

Increment: The Increment is the sum of all the completed and potentially shippable product increments at the end of each
Sprint. It represents the work completed during that Sprint and should be in a releasable state. Over time, the Increment
grows, providing a clear measure of progress and delivering value to the customer.

Definition of Done (DoD): The Definition of Done is a clear and agreed-upon set of criteria that define when a product backlog
item or an increment is considered "done" and ready for release. It typically includes criteria related to coding, testing,
documentation, and quality assurance. The DoD ensures that there is a common understanding of what it means for work to
be complete.

These artifacts work together to provide visibility into the project's progress, help the Scrum Team make informed decisions,
and maintain alignment with the product's goals and customer needs. They are dynamic and subject to change as the project
evolves and new insights are gained. The regular ceremonies in Scrum, such as Sprint Planning, Daily Standup, Sprint Review,
and Sprint Retrospective, help in the management and refinement of these artifacts throughout the project's lifecycle.

What is Scrum Framework?

The Scrum Framework
Scrum is a highly effective Agile methodology utilized in software development and various project-based activities. It offers a
structured and iterative approach to project management, with a strong focus on collaboration, adaptability, and continuous
improvement. Scrum is designed to empower teams to deliver top-quality products while effectively responding to changing
requirements.

Key Components of the Scrum Framework

Scrum Team:
The Scrum Team comprises three crucial roles: Product Owner, Scrum Master, and Development Team.
Product Owner: Serves as the voice of the customer, defines the product backlog, and establishes development priorities.
Scrum Master: Acts as the team's facilitator, coach, and obstacle remover, ensuring the smooth flow of the Scrum process.
Development Team: A cross-functional, self-organizing group responsible for delivering increments of the product.

Product Backlog:
The Product Backlog is a dynamic, prioritized list containing features, user stories, and tasks awaiting development.
The Product Owner manages and maintains the backlog, refining and estimating items to prepare them for upcoming sprints.
Sprints:
Sprints are time-bound iterations, typically lasting 1 to 4 weeks, during which the Development Team focuses on a set of
backlog items.
Each sprint concludes with the delivery of a potentially shippable product increment, offering value to stakeholders.

Sprint Planning:
At the start of each sprint, the Scrum Team engages in a Sprint Planning meeting to select backlog items for the sprint.
A Sprint Goal is established, and the team defines the tasks necessary to achieve it.
Daily Standup (Daily Scrum):
A brief daily meeting where Development Team members report progress, discuss what they accomplished the previous day,
outline today's tasks, and highlight any obstacles they're encountering.
The Daily Standup promotes team alignment and helps identify potential impediments.

Sprint Review:
At the end of each sprint, the Scrum Team conducts a Sprint Review meeting to showcase completed work to stakeholders and
collect feedback.
The Product Owner assesses progress toward the product's goals and updates the Product Backlog based on received
feedback.

Sprint Retrospective:
Also held at the end of each sprint, the Sprint Retrospective serves as a reflective meeting where the Scrum Team discusses
successes and areas for improvement.
The team identifies actions for ongoing enhancement in the upcoming sprint.

Benefits of the Scrum Framework:

Customer-Centric Approach: Emphasizes customer collaboration and feedback, ensuring that the product meets user needs
effectively.
Adaptability: Offers enhanced flexibility to accommodate changing requirements, fostering resilience in dynamic project
environments.
Productivity and Accountability: Improves team productivity and accountability by creating clear roles and responsibilities.
Incremental Delivery: Enables incremental product delivery, resulting in faster time-to-market and the ability to gather user
feedback early.
Transparency: Increases transparency and visibility into project progress through regular meetings and the use of the Product
Backlog.
The Scrum framework has emerged as one of the most widely adopted Agile methodologies, extending its influence beyond
software development to various industries seeking adaptive project management approaches for complex endeavours. Its
core principles and practices empower teams to consistently deliver value while promoting continuous improvement and
customer satisfaction.
What is severity and levels of severity?
Severity in software testing refers to the measure of the impact or seriousness of a defect or issue identified during testing. It
helps prioritize the resolution of defects by indicating how much they can potentially affect the functionality or usability of the
software. Severity levels are typically used to classify defects based on their impact, allowing the development team to focus
on fixing the most critical issues first.

Severity levels in testing are often categorized as follows, though the exact names and definitions can vary between
organizations:
Critical Severity (S1):
 Defects classified as critical have the most severe impact on the software. They render the software unusable or could
lead to data corruption, security breaches, or other catastrophic failures.
 Critical defects can lead to the immediate rejection of a software release.
High Severity (S2):
 High-severity defects have a significant impact on the software's functionality, but they may not render the software
completely unusable.
 These issues are serious and need to be addressed urgently but may not be as catastrophic as critical defects.

Medium Severity (S3):

 Medium-severity defects have a moderate impact on the software's functionality.
 They are not critical, but they should still be fixed before releasing the software to ensure a satisfactory user experience.

Low Severity (S4):

 Low-severity defects have a minor impact on the software. They typically represent cosmetic issues or minor
inconveniences.
 These defects are often low-priority and may not need to be fixed immediately but should still be addressed at some
point.

Enhancement or Cosmetic (S5):

 Some organizations include an additional severity level for enhancement or cosmetic issues.
 These are not defects but rather suggestions for improving the software's user experience or adding new features.
The assignment of severity levels is usually determined by the testing team or the quality assurance (QA) team based on the
impact of the defect. Different organizations may have their own criteria for categorizing defects, so it's important to follow
the guidelines established within your specific project or company.

What is priority and levels of Priority?

Priority in software testing refers to the importance or urgency with which a defect or issue should be addressed and fixed.
While severity focuses on the impact of a defect on the software's functionality, priority focuses on the order in which defects
should be resolved. Priority levels are used to prioritize defect fixes and guide the development team in allocating their
resources effectively.
The priority levels for defects can vary from one organization or project to another, but they typically include the following:

Critical Priority (P1):

 Defects with critical priority require immediate attention and resolution.
 These defects may have a severe impact on the business, pose significant risks, or affect a large number of users.

High Priority (P2):

 High-priority defects are important and need to be addressed promptly.
 While they may not be as urgent as critical defects, they still have a notable impact on the software or the user
experience.
Medium Priority (P3):
 Medium-priority defects are important but can wait for resolution until higher-priority issues are addressed.
 They may affect certain functionalities or specific user groups but are not as critical as high or critical priority issues.

Low Priority (P4):

 Low-priority defects are less urgent and can be scheduled for resolution after higher-priority defects are fixed.
 These issues have minimal impact on the software's overall functionality or are only minor inconveniences.

Deferred Priority (P5):

 Some organizations use a deferred priority level for issues that can be postponed indefinitely or are intentionally not
addressed.
 These could be enhancements, feature requests, or issues that have been deemed low priority and may never be fixed.
The assignment of priority levels is typically determined by the testing team or the quality assurance (QA) team in
collaboration with project stakeholders. It takes into account factors such as business impact, user expectations, project
timelines, and available resources. Priority levels help project managers and development teams decide which defects to
tackle first, ensuring that the most critical issues are addressed promptly to meet project goals and user expectations.

Give one example for each of these

 High Severity and High Priority
 High Severity and Low Priority
 High Priority and Low Severity
 Low Severity and Low Priority

High Severity and High Priority:

Imagine you are testing an e-commerce website, and you discover that during the checkout process, when a user enters their
payment information and clicks "Confirm Purchase," the system deducts the money from the user's account, but it doesn't
update the order status or send a confirmation email. This is a high-severity issue because it can result in financial transactions
without providing the expected service, and it's also high priority because it affects the core functionality of the system and
has a direct impact on user satisfaction and the business's revenue.

High Severity and Low Priority:

In the same e-commerce website scenario, suppose you find a spelling mistake in a product description on one of the product
pages. The spelling mistake doesn't prevent users from making purchases, and it doesn't affect the website's core functionality
or security. However, it is a high-severity issue because it negatively impacts the professionalism and image of the website.
Despite the high severity, it might be considered low priority because fixing this issue doesn't have an immediate, critical
impact on the website's functionality, and other more critical defects may need attention first.

High Priority and Low Severity

Imagine you are testing an e-commerce website, and you notice that the company logo on the homepage is slightly off-centre.
This misalignment doesn't prevent users from browsing products, adding items to their cart, or making purchases (low
severity). However, the marketing team has an upcoming promotional campaign, and they plan to feature the homepage
prominently (high priority). In this case, the issue of the off-centre logo is considered high priority due to its impact on the
imminent marketing campaign, despite its low severity in terms of functionality or usability.
Low Severity and Low Priority:
Imagine you are testing a word processing software, and you discover that in a rarely used feature, the spell checker
occasionally fails to highlight a correctly spelled word as it should. This is a low-severity issue because it doesn't prevent users
from completing their tasks or using the core features of the software. Additionally, it's a low-priority issue because it affects a
relatively obscure feature, and there are no critical implications for the user experience or the software's functionality. It's a
minor inconvenience but not a pressing concern compared to other defects that might have a higher impact on users.
Who will give you the requirements?
Certainly, here is a simplified list of who may provide requirements to a tester:
1. Business Analysts
2. Product Managers
3. Developers
4. Designers
5. Quality Assurance (QA) Leads/Managers

What are the Scrum Events?

Scrum is a popular framework for agile project management, and it consists of several key events that help teams plan, track
progress, and continuously improve their work. These events are:
Sprint: A Sprint is a time-boxed iteration, typically lasting 2-4 weeks, during which a cross-functional Scrum team works to
complete a set of prioritized work items from the product backlog.
Sprint Planning: At the beginning of each Sprint, the Scrum team conducts a Sprint Planning meeting. During this event, the
team decides which backlog items to work on and creates a Sprint Goal, outlining what they aim to achieve during the Sprint.
Daily Scrum (Daily Standup): This is a daily 15-minute meeting where team members synchronize their work. Each team
member answers three key questions: What did I do yesterday? What will I do today? Are there any impediments blocking my
progress?
Sprint Review: At the end of each Sprint, the Scrum team holds a Sprint Review meeting to demonstrate the work completed
during the Sprint to stakeholders and gather feedback. It's an opportunity to inspect the product and adapt the backlog based
on feedback.
Sprint Retrospective: Also held at the end of each Sprint, the Sprint Retrospective is a meeting where the Scrum team reflects
on their process and identifies ways to improve. They discuss what went well, what didn't, and create actionable items for
improvement in the next Sprint.
Backlog Refinement (Grooming): Although not always considered a formal event, backlog refinement involves regularly
reviewing and refining the product backlog to ensure that it contains well-defined, prioritized items that are ready for the next
Sprint Planning meeting.

Explain positive and negative scenarios you have given in your recent retrospective meeting?

Positive Scenarios:
Improved Collaboration: Team members have been more open and collaborative during the Sprint, resulting in better
communication and increased knowledge sharing.
Increased Velocity: The team consistently completed more user stories or tasks in the Sprint, indicating improved productivity
and efficiency.
Effective Process Changes: Positive changes were implemented during the Sprint, such as the adoption of a new tool or
process, and these changes have led to better results.
Fewer Bugs or Defects: The number of bugs or defects in the product decreased significantly, demonstrating higher product
quality.
Customer Satisfaction: Feedback from customers or stakeholders has been positive, indicating that the team is delivering
value that meets their needs.

Negative Scenarios:
Missed Deadlines: The team consistently failed to meet Sprint goals or deadlines, leading to unfinished work and potential
delays in the project.
Communication Issues: There were communication breakdowns within the team, resulting in misunderstandings or missed
requirements.
Scope Creep: Uncontrolled changes to the project scope occurred during the Sprint, causing disruptions and making it
challenging to complete the planned work.
Quality Issues: The product had an increase in the number of bugs or defects, indicating a decline in product quality.
Team Conflict: There were unresolved conflicts or tension within the team that negatively impacted collaboration and
productivity.
Stakeholder Dissatisfaction: Stakeholders expressed dissatisfaction with the delivered product, citing issues like functionality
gaps or usability problems.

In a retrospective meeting, these scenarios would be discussed to identify the root causes behind them and to determine
action items for improvement. The goal is to build on the positive aspects and address the negative ones to make continuous
improvements in the team's processes and performance.

What is the biggest challenge you have faced while implementing the user stories?
Some of the most common challenges include:
Incomplete or Unclear Requirements: User stories may lack sufficient detail or have unclear acceptance criteria, making it
difficult for the development team to understand what needs to be done.
Changing Priorities: Frequent changes in project priorities or scope can disrupt the implementation of user stories, leading to
delays or confusion.
Resource Constraints: Limited availability of team members or resources can slow down the implementation of user stories.
Technical Debt: Accumulated technical debt, such as outdated code or unresolved issues, can make it challenging to
implement new user stories efficiently.
Dependencies: User stories that rely on external dependencies or components may be delayed if those dependencies are not
met or are themselves delayed.
Testing Challenges: Ensuring thorough testing of user stories, especially when they interact with existing functionality, can be
time-consuming and complex.
Scope Creep: Uncontrolled changes or additions to user stories during development can lead to scope creep, causing delays
and potentially compromising the Sprint's goals.
Lack of Clarity in Acceptance Criteria: Ambiguous or vague acceptance criteria can lead to misunderstandings about what
constitutes a successful implementation.
Communication Issues: Poor communication within the team or with stakeholders can result in misaligned expectations and
difficulties in implementing user stories effectively.
Estimation Accuracy: Inaccurate estimation of user story complexity and effort can lead to overcommitting or underdelivering
during a Sprint.

To address these challenges, agile teams often emphasize the importance of clear and well-defined user stories, effective
communication, and regular collaboration among team members, stakeholders, and Product Owners. Retrospective meetings
are also used to reflect on challenges and find ways to improve the implementation process in future Sprints.

What is the escalation process in your project?

The escalation process in a project refers to the procedure followed when issues, challenges, or conflicts cannot be resolved at
the team level and need to be escalated to higher levels of management or authority for resolution. The specific escalation
process can vary from one organization to another and from one project to another, but here's a general outline of how it
might work:

1. Issue Identification: The first step in the escalation process is identifying the issue or challenge that cannot be resolved
within the team's capacity. This might be a technical problem, a conflict between team members, resource constraints, or any
other issue that threatens the project's progress or quality.
2. Team-Level Resolution: Initially, the issue should be addressed at the team level. Team members and relevant stakeholders
collaborate to find a solution. This might involve brainstorming, problem-solving discussions, or seeking advice from subject
matter experts within the team.
3. Escalation to the Product Owner or Scrum Master: If the issue persists or cannot be resolved within the team, it is
escalated to the Product Owner (in Scrum) or Scrum Master. They are responsible for removing impediments and facilitating
the team's progress. They may work with the team to find a resolution or escalate the issue further if necessary.
4. Escalation to Management: If the Product Owner or Scrum Master is unable to resolve the issue or if it is of a larger
organizational nature, it may be escalated to higher levels of management. This could include project managers, department
heads, or executives depending on the severity and impact of the issue.
5. Escalation to a Steering Committee or Sponsor: In some cases, particularly for significant project-related issues or if there
are disputes about project goals and priorities, the escalation may go all the way up to a steering committee or project
sponsor. These are typically individuals with the authority to make decisions at the highest level.
6. Resolution and Communication: Once the issue is resolved or a decision is made, it's crucial to communicate the outcome
to all relevant stakeholders. This ensures transparency and alignment on how the issue was addressed.

7. Documentation: Throughout the escalation process, it's important to maintain documentation of the issue, the steps taken
to address it, and the final resolution. This documentation can be valuable for learning from past experiences and for project
audits.
8. Continuous Improvement: After the issue is resolved, it's important to conduct a retrospective or post-incident review to
identify opportunities for process improvement and prevent similar issues in the future.

The key to a successful escalation process is clear communication, defined roles and responsibilities, and a focus on resolving
issues as quickly and effectively as possible to minimize disruption to the project's progress. The specific steps and individuals
involved can vary depending on the project's structure and the organization's policies.

What is test closure and explain the process followed in your project?
Test Closure:
Test closure is a crucial phase in the software testing process. It involves formally ending the testing activities for a specific
testing phase or the entire testing effort for a project. The primary objectives of test closure are to ensure that all testing
activities are completed, assess the quality of the testing process, and generate relevant documentation. Here is a typical
process for test closure:

Test Execution Completion: Ensure that all planned test cases have been executed, and any defects identified have been
resolved and retested.
Test Log and Test Summary Report: Prepare a test log, which records all test activities and results. Additionally, generate a Test
Summary Report summarizing the testing effort, including test coverage, pass/fail statistics, and defect metrics.
Test Artifacts Review: Review all test artifacts, including test plans, test cases, and test scripts, to ensure they are up to date
and accurate.
Defect Closure: Verify that all reported defects have been fixed, retested, and closed. Any remaining open defects should be
evaluated for their impact on the project.
Metrics and Analysis: Analyze testing metrics to assess the quality of the software and the effectiveness of the testing process.
Identify any areas that require improvement.
Documentation: Update and archive all test documentation, including test plans, test cases, and test scripts. Ensure that these
documents are available for future reference.
Formal Sign-Off: Obtain formal sign-off from stakeholders, including the project manager, development team, and product
owner, indicating that testing activities are complete and satisfactory.
Lessons Learned: Conduct a test retrospective or lessons-learned meeting to capture insights and improvements for future
testing efforts.
Test Closure Report: Generate a Test Closure Report summarizing the overall testing effort, results, and any outstanding issues
or risks.
Handover: If applicable, hand over the test deliverables and documentation to the maintenance or support team.

How is the internal communication going on in your project?

Internal Communication:
The effectiveness of internal communication in a project can greatly impact its success. In a typical project, the following
communication practices are often followed:
Regular Team Meetings: Teams hold regular meetings to discuss progress, issues, and plans. This includes daily stand-up
meetings for agile teams and periodic status meetings for larger projects.
Collaboration Tools: Teams use collaboration tools such as project management software, instant messaging apps, and video
conferencing to facilitate communication, especially in distributed or remote teams.
Status Reporting: Team members provide regular status updates to project managers or team leads. These updates help track
progress and identify any obstacles.

Email Communication: Email is used for formal communication, including sharing reports, documentation, and important
decisions.
Document Sharing: Teams use shared repositories or document management systems to store and share project-related
documents and artifacts.
Issue Tracking: Issue tracking tools are employed to log and manage project-related issues, including bugs, change requests,
and risks.
Change Management: Communication channels are established to handle change requests, ensuring that changes are
evaluated, approved, and communicated effectively.
Feedback Loops: Teams encourage feedback from team members and stakeholders to continuously improve processes and
outcomes.
Project Dashboards: Project dashboards or visual management boards may be used to provide a visual overview of project
status and key metrics.
Risk Communication: Risks are identified and communicated to the relevant parties, along with mitigation plans.

Effective internal communication is essential for keeping all project stakeholders informed, aligned, and engaged throughout
the project's lifecycle. It helps prevent misunderstandings, reduces risks, and fosters collaboration among team members.

If you have any requirement related clarification to whom you address first?
In a project or team setting, if you have any requirements-related clarification, you should typically address it to the project's
Product Owner or Business Analyst, depending on the project's structure and roles. These individuals are responsible for
gathering, documenting, and clarifying requirements on behalf of the stakeholders and ensuring that the development team
understands and can effectively implement them.

If you are facing any production issue, what is the process for addressing it?
Addressing production issues effectively is critical to minimizing downtime and ensuring the stability and performance of a
system or application. The specific process for addressing production issues can vary depending on your organization's
procedures, but here's a general outline of steps typically involved:
1. Detection and Triage:
 Detection: The first step is detecting the production issue. This can happen through automated monitoring
systems, user reports, or alerts.
 Triage: The issue is triaged to assess its severity and impact. It's assigned a priority level based on how critical it is
to the operation of the system.
2. Issue Logging and Tracking:
 The issue is logged in an issue tracking system or incident management tool. This creates a record of the problem,
which is essential for tracking progress and documenting the resolution.
3. Notification and Escalation:
 The relevant teams and stakeholders are notified about the issue. Depending on its severity, this could involve
immediate notifications or notifications during regular working hours.
 If necessary, the issue is escalated to higher-level support or management teams.
4. Isolation and Diagnosis:
  Teams work to isolate the problem to determine its root cause. This may involve reviewing logs, analyzing system
behavior, and conducting tests in a controlled environment.
 A diagnosis is made to understand why the issue occurred. This step may require collaboration among different
teams, including developers, system administrators, and database administrators.
5. Temporary Workarounds:
 If possible, temporary workarounds are implemented to restore system functionality or mitigate the issue's
impact while a permanent fix is developed.
6. Permanent Fix Development:
 Developers work on creating a permanent fix for the issue. This involves coding, testing, and quality assurance to
ensure that the fix doesn't introduce new problems.
7. Testing:
 The fix is thoroughly tested in a staging or pre-production environment to verify that it resolves the issue without
causing regression or new defects.
8. Deployment:
 Once the fix has been verified, it is deployed to the production environment. This may involve a scheduled
maintenance window or a coordinated deployment process to minimize disruption.
9. Validation:
 After deployment, the system is thoroughly tested in the production environment to confirm that the issue has
been resolved.
10.Communication:
 Throughout the process, clear and transparent communication with stakeholders is essential. Updates are
provided to keep them informed about the progress and resolution of the issue.
11.Post-Incident Review:
 After the issue is resolved, a post-incident review or retrospective is conducted to analyze what happened,
identify lessons learned, and determine if any process improvements or preventive measures are needed to avoid
similar issues in the future.
12.Documentation:
 All details of the incident, including the problem, diagnosis, fix, and resolution, are documented for future
reference. This information can be valuable for training, audits, and preventing recurring issues.
Effective incident management processes are crucial for maintaining system reliability and minimizing the impact of production
issues on users and the business. Continuous improvement based on lessons learned from incidents is a key aspect of this
process.

What is bug leakage?

Bug leakage refers to a situation in software testing where defects or bugs that should have been detected during the testing
phase "leak" into the production or live environment and are discovered by end-users or customers. In other words, it's a
scenario where some software issues go undetected by the testing team and make their way into the released or deployed
software.
Bug leakage can occur for several reasons:
1. Incomplete Testing: If testing is not exhaustive or if certain test cases are not executed, defects may remain undetected.
2. Poor Test Coverage: If the test coverage is insufficient, it means that certain parts or functionalities of the software have
not been adequately tested, leaving room for bugs to go unnoticed.
3. Human Error: Testers may miss defects due to oversight, misinterpretation of requirements, or other human errors.
4. Environment Differences: Differences between the testing environment and the production environment, such as
hardware, software, or configuration variations, can lead to bugs not being detected in the testing phase.
5. Timing Issues: Some defects may be triggered only under specific conditions that were not encountered during testing
but are encountered by users in the real world.
6. Regression Bugs: Changes made to fix one issue can inadvertently introduce new defects or regressions that were not
previously present.
Bug leakage is generally considered a quality issue because it means that end-users are likely to encounter problems or issues
with the software, which can lead to customer dissatisfaction, increased support costs, and a tarnished reputation for the
software or the organization responsible for it.
To mitigate bug leakage, software development teams should focus on comprehensive testing, including thorough test case
coverage, regression testing, and continuous monitoring and feedback from users once the software is deployed. Additionally,
implementing robust quality assurance processes, automated testing, and regular code reviews can help catch and prevent
defects early in the development lifecycle, reducing the likelihood of bug leakage.

What is difference between product backlog and sprint backlog?

Product Backlog:
The Product Backlog is a prioritized and dynamic list of all the features, user stories, enhancements, bug fixes, and other items
that represent the requirements and work needed for a product. It serves as the master list of work to be done throughout the
product's lifecycle. The Product Backlog is maintained and owned by the Product Owner, who is responsible for:
1. Prioritization: Ordering items in the backlog based on their value to the product and stakeholders.
2. Detailing: Ensuring that items are described sufficiently to provide a clear understanding of what needs to be achieved.
3. Refinement: Continuously refining and updating the backlog based on feedback, changing requirements, and market
conditions.
4. Alignment: Ensuring that the backlog items align with the overall product vision and strategy.
The Product Backlog is a flexible document that evolves as the product and project progress. It serves as the primary source of
work for the development team, helping them understand what needs to be delivered in the future.
Sprint Backlog:
The Sprint Backlog is a subset of items from the Product Backlog that are selected for implementation during a specific sprint,
which is a time-boxed iteration of typically 2 to 4 weeks. The Sprint Backlog represents the work that the development team
commits to completing during that sprint. Key characteristics of the Sprint Backlog include:
1. Selection: The development team selects a set of items from the Product Backlog based on their capacity and
commitment for the upcoming sprint. These items are chosen to achieve the sprint goal.
2. Detail: Items in the Sprint Backlog are further broken down into smaller, actionable tasks or sub-tasks with well-defined
acceptance criteria to guide implementation.
3. Ownership: The Sprint Backlog is owned and managed by the development team. They have the autonomy to decide
how to implement the selected items and are responsible for delivering them by the end of the sprint.
4. Fixed Scope: The Sprint Backlog is relatively fixed once a sprint begins. Changes to the scope are discouraged during the
sprint to maintain focus and stability. Any changes are typically considered only for exceptional circumstances.
In summary, the Product Backlog encompasses all the work needed for a product's development and is continuously refined
and reprioritized. The Sprint Backlog, on the other hand, represents the specific, committed work for a single sprint and is
owned by the development team. It provides the team with a clear plan for the sprint's duration and is expected to be
completed within that time frame.

How you can write test cases in your project?

Writing test cases is a crucial part of software development to ensure that your project meets its requirements and functions
correctly. Here's a general process for writing test cases in your project:
1. Understand Requirements:
 First, make sure you have a clear understanding of the project's requirements, including functional and non-
functional specifications.
2. Identify Test Scenarios:
 Break down the requirements into testable scenarios. Each scenario represents a specific aspect or functionality
of the project that needs to be tested.
3. Define Test Objectives:
 For each test scenario, define clear and concise objectives. What are you trying to verify or validate with this test
case?
 4. Create Test Data:
 Prepare the necessary test data and inputs required to execute the test cases. This might include sample user
data, configurations, or any other data relevant to the test.
5. Write Test Cases:
 Create test cases for each test scenario. A test case typically includes the following components:
 Test Case ID: A unique identifier for the test case.
 Test Scenario Description: A brief description of the scenario being tested.
 Preconditions: Any specific conditions that must be met before the test can be executed.
 Test Steps: Detailed step-by-step instructions on how to perform the test.
 Expected Results: The expected outcome or behavior that should be observed if the system functions
correctly.
 Actual Results: A space to record the actual outcome when the test is executed.
 Pass/Fail Criteria: Criteria for determining whether the test case passed or failed.
6. Prioritize Test Cases:
 Assign priorities to test cases based on their importance and relevance. Not all test cases are equally critical, so
prioritize them accordingly.
7. Review and Validate:
 Have the test cases reviewed by team members or stakeholders to ensure they are complete, accurate, and
aligned with the project's requirements.
8. Execute Test Cases:
 Execute the test cases in a testing environment, following the defined test steps and using the prepared test data.
9. Record Test Results:
 Document the actual results of each test case. If the actual results match the expected results, mark the test case
as "Pass." If there are discrepancies, mark it as "Fail."
10.Defect Reporting:
 If a test case fails, create a defect report that includes details about the failure, steps to reproduce it, and any
additional information that may help developers identify and fix the issue.
11.Regression Testing:
 After defects are fixed, re-run the failed test cases to ensure that the changes did not introduce new issues and
that the problem is resolved.
12.Update and Maintain Test Cases:
 As the project evolves, update test cases to reflect any changes in requirements or functionality. Test cases should
remain aligned with the project's current state.
13.Automate Test Cases (Optional):
 Depending on the project's size and complexity, consider automating repetitive or critical test cases to streamline
the testing process and ensure consistent results.
Remember that effective testing is an iterative process, and test cases may need to be refined or expanded as the project
progresses. The goal is to ensure that the software meets its intended quality standards and functions correctly throughout its
development and maintenance lifecycle.

What is the difference between test scenario & Test case?

Test scenarios and test cases are both essential elements of the software testing process, but they serve distinct purposes and
have different levels of granularity. Here's a medium-length explanation of the key differences between them:
Test Scenario:
A test scenario is a high-level description or a broad outline of what needs to be tested in a particular feature or functionality
of the software. It represents a holistic view of a testing situation, typically focusing on a specific business or user goal. Test
scenarios are primarily used for test planning and to provide an overall understanding of what aspects of the software need to
be evaluated. Here are some characteristics of test scenarios:
 1. Scope: Test scenarios encompass a wide range of functionalities and user interactions related to a particular feature or
component of the software. They provide a big-picture view of what needs to be tested.
2. Business-Centric: Test scenarios are often expressed in business or user-centric terms. They describe the core
functionalities or business processes that the software should support.
3. Abstract: Test scenarios are relatively abstract and do not contain detailed step-by-step instructions or specific inputs
and expected outputs. They provide a context for testing but do not get into the nitty-gritty of individual test cases.
4. Examples: Examples of test scenarios could include "User registration process," "Payment gateway integration," or
"Search functionality."

Test Case:
A test case, on the other hand, is a detailed set of instructions that specifies the step-by-step actions to be taken, along with
the expected outcomes, to verify a specific aspect or behavior of the software. Test cases are concrete, specific, and
executable, making them the primary building blocks of actual testing. Here are some characteristics of test cases:
1. Granularity: Test cases are highly granular and specific. They break down the testing process into individual steps that a
tester can follow precisely.
2. Actionable: Test cases provide explicit instructions on what to do, what inputs to provide, and what results to expect.
They guide testers in executing tests systematically.
3. Objective: Test cases are objective and leave no room for ambiguity. They define clear criteria for determining whether a
particular test has passed or failed.
4. Examples: Examples of test cases for a "User registration process" scenario could include steps like "Enter a valid email
address," "Set a strong password," and "Verify successful registration message is displayed."
In summary, test scenarios are high-level, abstract descriptions of what needs to be tested, focusing on business or user goals,
while test cases are detailed, concrete instructions for executing specific tests, providing step-by-step guidance for testers. Test
scenarios help in test planning and provide a holistic view, while test cases are essential for the actual testing process, ensuring
thorough and systematic evaluation of the software. Both are crucial components of a comprehensive testing strategy.

What are the responsibilities of a Scrum Master?

The Scrum Master is responsible for:

 Facilitating Scrum events.

 Ensuring Scrum practices are followed.
 Removing impediments for the team.
 Providing servant leadership and support.
 Coaching and mentoring the team.
 Managing stakeholder communication.
 Assisting with Product Backlog management.
 Maintaining transparency and metrics.
 Resolving conflicts.
 Promoting Agile values.

Explain role of Product Owner in your project (Ecommerce)?

1. Defines Product Vision: Sets a clear direction for the e-commerce platform, defining what the product aims to achieve.
2. Prioritizes the Product Backlog: Organizes and ranks the list of features and improvements based on their importance
and value.
3. Defines User Stories and Acceptance Criteria: Breaks down features into user stories with clear criteria for successful
implementation.
4. Facilitates Communication: Acts as a liaison between the development team and stakeholders, ensuring everyone
understands the requirements and goals.
5. Makes Decisions: Has the authority to decide which features are worked on in each sprint and can make trade-off
decisions.
 6. Validates and Tests: Participates in product demos and reviews to verify that the delivered work aligns with
requirements.
7. Adapts to Change: Remains flexible and open to adjusting the product's direction based on feedback and market shifts.
8. Maximizes Value Delivery: Ensures that the development team focuses on delivering the most valuable features to
meet business objectives.

If you have a situation like need to execute all test cases under the project for regression before release, how you
can manage the situation?
To manage the situation of executing all test cases for regression before a release, follow these key points:
1. Test Planning: Plan regression testing well in advance, defining objectives, scope, and timelines.
2. Test Case Selection: Identify critical test cases that cover core functionalities and past issues.
3. Test Environment Setup: Ensure a stable and representative test environment mirroring the production environment.
4. Test Automation: Automate repetitive regression test cases to speed up execution and reduce human error.
5. Test Prioritization: Prioritize test cases based on risk, impact, and frequency of code changes.
6. Continuous Integration (CI): Integrate regression testing into CI/CD pipelines for automatic execution on code changes.
7. Parallel Testing: Execute test cases in parallel to save time and resources.
8. Test Data Management: Prepare and manage test data to support various scenarios.
9. Traceability: Maintain traceability between test cases and requirements/user stories.
10.Defect Tracking: Report and manage defects effectively, ensuring they are fixed before release.
11.Regression Test Reporting: Document and communicate test results and coverage to stakeholders.
12.Regression Test Maintenance: Keep regression test suites up-to-date as the application evolves.
13.Regression Test Execution: Execute test cases, analyze results, and ensure all issues are resolved.
14.Repetitive Cycles: Repeat regression testing after each code change or at a defined frequency until release criteria are
met.
15.Release Decision: Make an informed release decision based on regression test results, risk assessment, and business
priorities.
By following these key points, you can effectively manage regression testing to ensure a high-quality release.
Advantages of Manual Testing?
Manual testing, despite the rise of automated testing, still offers several advantages in various situations:
1. Exploratory Testing: Human testers can think creatively and explore the application intuitively, identifying unexpected
issues that automated scripts may miss.
2. Usability Testing: Manual testers can assess the user-friendliness, aesthetics, and overall user experience, providing
valuable feedback.
3. Ad Hoc Testing: Testers can perform ad-hoc tests quickly without predefined scripts, allowing them to investigate
emerging issues.
4. Early Testing: Manual testing can start even before the software is fully developed, such as in the case of exploratory
testing during requirements analysis.
5. User Perspective: Testers can mimic real user interactions more accurately, simulating various user profiles, roles, and
scenarios.
6. Small Projects: Manual testing is often more cost-effective for small projects or projects with frequent changes, where
the effort to automate tests may outweigh the benefits.
7. Non-Functional Testing: For aspects like subjective assessments of performance, security, and accessibility, manual
testing is essential.
8. User Feedback Validation: Manual testers can validate user-reported issues and verify that they are indeed problems in
the software.
What is the typical requirement you have tested in your project (Ecommerce)?
Certainly! Assuming an e-commerce website that sells all types of electronic devices, here are some typical requirements that
would need to be tested:
1. User Registration and Login:
 Users should be able to create accounts with valid information.
 Registered users should be able to log in with their credentials.
 Password recovery/reset functionality should work as expected.
2. Product Browsing:
 Users can browse and search for electronic devices by category, brand, or keyword.
 Product pages should display detailed information, including images, specifications, and pricing.
 Filtering and sorting options should work correctly.
3. Shopping Cart:
 Users can add and remove products from the cart.
 The cart should accurately calculate the total price, including taxes and shipping.
 Users can proceed to checkout from the cart.
4. Checkout Process:
 Users can provide shipping and billing information.
 Multiple payment methods (credit card, PayPal, etc.) should be supported.
 Shipping options and costs should be displayed accurately.
 Orders should be confirmed and users should receive order confirmation emails.
5. User Reviews and Ratings:
 Users can leave reviews and ratings for products.
 Reviews and ratings should be displayed on product pages.
 Moderation and validation of reviews if required.
6. User Account Management:
 Users can update their profile information.
 Users can view their order history.
 Password changes and account deletion should work as expected.
7. Inventory Management:
 Products should accurately reflect their availability (in stock, out of stock, pre-order, etc.).
 Out-of-stock products should be clearly marked.
8. Security and Privacy:
 User data should be securely stored and transmitted.
 Payment information should be handled securely.
 Ensure compliance with data privacy regulations (e.g., GDPR).
9. Performance and Scalability:
 The website should handle a large number of concurrent users during peak times.
 Page load times should be reasonable even with a high number of products.
10.Cross-Browser and Cross-Device Compatibility:
 The website should work correctly on various web browsers and devices (desktop, mobile, tablet).
These requirements represent a comprehensive set of functionalities that would need to be tested to ensure the smooth
operation of an e-commerce website selling electronic devices. Testing would encompass various testing types, including
functional, usability, security, performance, and compatibility testing, among others.

Explain system Testing?

System testing is a crucial phase in the software development lifecycle, aimed at evaluating the overall functionality and
performance of a software system as a whole. It is conducted after integration testing and before the software is released to
users. The primary goal of system testing is to ensure that all the integrated components and modules of the software interact
correctly and that the system as a whole meets its specified requirements. During this phase, testers validate the software
against its functional and non-functional requirements, such as usability, security, reliability, and scalability. System testing
encompasses various types of tests, including functional testing, regression testing, performance testing, and stress testing,
among others. It identifies defects, inconsistencies, and deviations from the expected behavior, helping developers and
stakeholders to make informed decisions regarding the software's readiness for deployment.
System testing involves a comprehensive approach to assess the software's behavior under different scenarios and conditions,
simulating real-world usage. Testers use test cases and scenarios to verify that the system functions correctly, data flows as
intended, and that it can handle a variety of inputs and situations gracefully. This phase ensures that the software is stable,
reliable, and capable of delivering the expected value to end-users. Additionally, system testing helps in uncovering any
integration issues, interoperability problems, or performance bottlenecks that might arise when different modules or
components interact. Overall, it plays a vital role in assuring the quality and reliability of the software system before it is
deployed into production environments.

Difference between Verification & Validation?

Verification and validation are two essential processes in quality assurance and testing, often used in the context of software
development but applicable in various industries. They serve distinct purposes and are carried out at different stages of a
project. Here's the key difference between verification and validation:
1. Verification:
 Verification focuses on checking whether the product or system is being built correctly according to the specified
requirements and design.
 It is a process-oriented activity that ensures that each step of the development process aligns with the planned
activities and adheres to the predefined standards and guidelines.
 Verification activities include reviews, inspections, walkthroughs, and static analysis. These methods are used to
examine documents, code, and other artifacts to identify discrepancies, inconsistencies, or deviations from
standards.
 The primary goal of verification is to confirm that the development process is on track and that the work products
(e.g., design documents, code) meet the specified criteria without necessarily evaluating whether the product
meets the user's needs.
2. Validation:
 Validation, on the other hand, focuses on checking whether the end product or system meets the actual needs
and expectations of the customer or end-user.
 It is a product-oriented activity that assesses the functionality, performance, and behavior of the system to ensure
it satisfies the intended use and requirements in real-world scenarios.
 Validation activities include testing, such as functional testing, user acceptance testing (UAT), performance testing,
and usability testing. These activities involve running the software and evaluating its behavior against user
expectations and requirements.
 The primary goal of validation is to confirm that the end product or system meets the customer's needs, is fit for
its intended purpose, and performs as expected in the intended environment.
In summary, verification checks whether you are building the product correctly according to the defined processes and
standards, while validation checks whether you are building the right product that meets the user's actual requirements and
expectations. Both verification and validation are critical for ensuring the quality and success of a project, and they
complement each other throughout the development lifecycle.
What is Agile and how it is different from Water fall model?
Agile:
 Iterative and Incremental: Breaks projects into short, adaptable cycles.
 Customer-Centric: Involves customers in development, values their feedback.
 Flexibility: Welcomes changing requirements, adapts easily.
 Cross-Functional Teams: Small teams with diverse skills collaborate.
 Continuous Testing/Integration: Ongoing testing and integration.
 Early Delivery: Aims to deliver working software pieces early and frequently.
Waterfall Model:
 Sequential Phases: Progresses through distinct phases in sequence.
 Minimal Customer Involvement: Customer input mainly in the beginning.
 Rigid and Predictive: Best for well-defined, stable projects.
 Testing Late: Testing mainly after development completion.
 Longer Delivery: Longer project timeline with fewer early deliverables.

What is RTM and purpose of using it?

An RTM, or Requirements Traceability Matrix, is a structured document used in project management and software
development to map and track each requirement from its origin through various project phases. Its primary purpose is to
ensure alignment between project requirements and their implementation and verification. RTMs serve several key purposes:
1. Requirement Tracking: RTMs help ensure that all project requirements are captured, tracked, and understood
throughout the project's lifecycle.
2. Change Management: They provide a clear way to assess the impact of requirement changes, helping stakeholders
make informed decisions about modifications.
3. Testing Coverage: RTMs enable comprehensive testing by linking test cases to specific requirements, ensuring that all
requirements are adequately tested.
4. Risk Management: By identifying dependencies and potential risks early, RTMs aid in risk mitigation and project
planning.
5. Documentation and Accountability: RTMs enhance transparency and accountability by assigning responsibility for each
requirement and tracking its progress.
6. Quality Assurance: They contribute to project quality by ensuring that requirements are correctly implemented and
validated, reducing misunderstandings and defects.
In summary, an RTM is a valuable tool that helps manage requirements throughout a project, ensuring they are properly
addressed, tested, and validated to meet stakeholder expectations.
Explain your workflow in your project?
1. Project Initiation:
 Define the purpose and objectives of the e-commerce app, such as what products it will sell, target audience, and
business goals.
 Create a project charter and assemble a project team, including developers, designers, product managers, and
stakeholders.
2. Requirements Gathering and Analysis:
 Identify and document detailed requirements, including product listings, user registration, shopping cart
functionality, payment processing, and order management.
 Analyze market trends and competition to refine the app's features and unique selling points.
3. Design:
 Create wireframes and prototypes of the app's user interface (UI) to plan its layout, navigation, and user
experience (UX).
 Develop the app's architecture, including the database structure, server setup, and security measures.
4. Development:
 Write the front-end and back-end code for the app, following the design and technical specifications.
 Implement features such as product search, user registration, shopping cart, and secure payment processing.
5. Testing:
 Conduct various types of testing, including functional testing to ensure features work correctly, usability testing to
assess the user experience, and security testing to protect user data.
 Test the app across different devices and browsers to ensure compatibility.
6. Deployment:
 Deploy the e-commerce app to a production server or cloud platform.
 Configure domain names, SSL certificates, and other necessary infrastructure elements.
 Ensure the app's performance and security in the live environment.
7. Monitoring and Maintenance:
 Continuously monitor the app's performance, server uptime, and user feedback.
 Regularly update the app to fix bugs, improve performance, and add new features.
 Provide customer support and address user inquiries and issues.
8. Marketing and Promotion:
 Develop a marketing strategy to promote the e-commerce app through various channels, such as social media,
email marketing, and online advertising.
 Track user engagement and sales metrics to refine the marketing approach.
9. Scaling and Growth:
 As the app gains users and sales, plan for scalability by optimizing server infrastructure and database
performance.
 Explore opportunities for expanding the product range, improving user engagement, and entering new markets.
10.Project Closure:
 Conduct a final project review to evaluate the app's performance and alignment with project objectives.
 Archive project documentation and assets.
 Plan for ongoing updates and improvements based on user feedback and market changes.
This workflow provides a high-level overview of the stages involved in developing an e-commerce app, but the specific details
and steps may vary based on the app's complexity, technology stack, and business goals.
What is Exploratory testing? And how it’s different from Adhoc?
Exploratory Testing: Exploratory testing is a dynamic and unscripted approach to software testing in which the tester actively
explores the software application without relying on pre-defined test cases or scripts. Testers use their domain knowledge,
intuition, and experience to interact with the software as an end-user would, seeking to uncover defects, issues, and
unexpected behavior. Exploratory testing is often used to discover usability problems, defects that might be difficult to
anticipate, and to gain a deeper understanding of the software's functionality. It is a flexible and creative approach to testing
and can be particularly effective in identifying issues that scripted tests might miss.
Ad Hoc Testing: Ad hoc testing, on the other hand, is a type of testing that is performed without any specific plan or formal
test cases. It is typically unstructured and random in nature. Testers conducting ad hoc testing do not follow a predefined test
strategy or set of test scenarios. Instead, they rely on their personal knowledge, intuition, and experience to test the software
based on their understanding of the system. Ad hoc testing can be performed at any stage of the development process and is
often used for quick, informal checks to find issues or assess the software's behavior in specific situations.
Key Differences:
1. Structure vs. Unstructure: Exploratory testing, while not following predefined test cases, still has a structure and a goal.
Testers plan their exploration based on a broad understanding of the application. Ad hoc testing lacks this structure and
is more spontaneous.
2. Intentionality: Exploratory testing is intentional and systematic exploration, guided by the tester's knowledge and
experience. Ad hoc testing is more impromptu and can be random in nature.
3. Documentation: Exploratory testing can be documented as it occurs, with testers taking notes about their actions and
findings. Ad hoc testing is often less formal and might not involve detailed documentation.
4. Depth of Testing: Exploratory testing aims to dive deep into specific areas of the software to discover issues
comprehensively. Ad hoc testing is often surface-level and might not cover as much ground.
5. Purpose: Exploratory testing is used to understand the software, find defects, and provide valuable feedback for test
case creation. Ad hoc testing is often used for quick checks or informal assessments.
In summary, exploratory testing is a more systematic and structured form of testing that relies on tester expertise, while ad
hoc testing is more informal and spontaneous, often used for quick assessments or informal checks. Both approaches have
their place in software testing, and the choice between them depends on the testing objectives and context.

What is Adhoc testing?

Ad hoc testing is an informal and unstructured approach to software testing in which testers execute test cases
without predefined test plans or documentation. Unlike traditional scripted testing, where test cases are carefully
planned and documented in advance, ad hoc testing is more spontaneous and exploratory. Testers rely on their
experience, intuition, and domain knowledge to uncover defects and issues in the software without following a
predefined script.
Key characteristics of ad hoc testing include:
1. Lack of Formal Test Cases: Ad hoc testing doesn't rely on prewritten test cases or test scripts. Testers decide
which actions to perform and what areas of the software to explore based on their judgment.
2. Exploratory Nature: Testers explore the software application freely, trying different inputs, interactions, and
scenarios to identify defects and assess its behavior.
3. No Detailed Test Plans: There is no extensive test planning or documentation associated with ad hoc testing.
Testers typically don't create detailed test plans or follow predefined testing strategies.
4. Real-World Simulation: Testers aim to simulate real-world usage of the software, mimicking how end-users
might interact with it to discover usability issues, defects, and unexpected behavior.
5. Informal Reporting: Defects and issues found during ad hoc testing are often informally reported as they are
discovered. Formal defect tracking may not be as rigorous as in scripted testing.
6. Quick Checks: Ad hoc testing is often used for quick checks, initial assessments, or when there is limited time or
information available for formal test case creation.
Ad hoc testing can be a valuable complement to structured testing methods, as it allows testers to take a fresh,
unscripted approach to discover issues that scripted tests might miss. However, it is essential to balance ad hoc testing
with more structured testing approaches to ensure comprehensive test coverage and thorough defect identification.

When you should stop the testing process?

Deciding when to stop the testing process is a crucial aspect of software development. To determine the appropriate stopping
point, consider the following factors:
1. Completion of Test Cases: Stop testing when all planned test cases have been executed and the software meets
predefined acceptance criteria.
2. Bug Resolution: If all critical and high-priority bugs are fixed, and remaining issues are low-priority or non-impactful, it
may signal the end of testing.
3. Coverage Criteria: Set and meet specific code or test coverage goals (e.g., statement coverage) before considering
testing complete.
4. Acceptance Criteria: Cease testing when the software satisfies predefined acceptance criteria and stakeholder
requirements.
5. Risk-Based Testing: Prioritize testing in high-risk areas and stop when critical components are thoroughly tested and
issues addressed.
6. Time and Budget Constraints: Respect project constraints and focus testing efforts accordingly within these limitations.
7. Statistical Testing: For performance testing, stop when performance metrics meet predetermined thresholds.
8. Regression Testing: After implementing changes, conclude testing when it's confirmed that no critical defects were
introduced.
9. User Feedback: User satisfaction and positive feedback can indicate an appropriate time to end testing.
10.Risk Tolerance: Consider the organization's risk tolerance and stop when residual risk is acceptable.
11.Continuous Integration/Deployment: In CI/CD environments, testing continues, but you may halt testing for a specific
release when it passes automated tests and meets deployment criteria.
The decision to stop testing should be collaborative, considering project goals, constraints, and risk levels. Effective
communication among testing, development, and stakeholders is key to making an informed decision.

What is meant by Test coverage?

Test coverage is a metric used in software testing to measure the extent to which a set of test cases or test scenarios covers
the functionality and code of a software application. It provides insights into how much of the code or system has been
exercised or tested by the selected test cases. Test coverage helps assess the thoroughness of testing efforts and identifies
areas that may require additional testing.
Here are some key aspects of test coverage:
1. Code Coverage: Code coverage is one of the most common types of test coverage. It measures which portions of the
source code have been executed during testing. There are several levels of code coverage, including:
 Statement Coverage: Measures the number of individual code statements that have been executed.
 Branch Coverage: Evaluates whether both true and false branches of conditional statements (e.g., if-else) have
been tested.
 Path Coverage: Examines the unique paths through a program's control flow, considering all possible
combinations of branch decisions.
2. Functional Coverage: This type of coverage focuses on ensuring that all functional requirements, features, and use cases
specified in the requirements documentation have been tested. It checks whether the software performs the intended
functions correctly.
3. Requirements Coverage: Similar to functional coverage, this metric assesses the extent to which test cases cover the
specified requirements. It helps ensure that each requirement has associated test cases.
4. Boundary Coverage: Focuses on testing values near the boundaries of input domains. This helps identify potential issues
related to edge cases and limits.
5. Error Handling Coverage: Evaluates how well the system handles error conditions and exceptions. It ensures that error-
handling mechanisms are tested thoroughly.
 6. Interface Coverage: Assesses whether all interfaces, APIs, and communication points between software components
have been tested.
7. Use Case Coverage: Specifically for user-centric applications, it verifies that all user interactions and scenarios have been
tested.
Test coverage is a valuable quality assurance tool as it helps in:
 Identifying untested or under-tested parts of the software.
 Enhancing the overall quality of testing by providing a structured way to track progress.
 Identifying areas of the code that may be prone to defects.
 Demonstrating testing completeness to stakeholders.
 Guiding additional testing efforts to improve software reliability.
It's important to note that achieving 100% coverage in all categories may not always be practical or necessary. The goal is to
achieve sufficient coverage based on project priorities, risks, and resource constraints, ensuring that critical functionality and
high-risk areas receive the most attention during testing.

What is meant by Test coverage?

Test coverage refers to a metric used in software testing to measure the extent to which a set of test cases covers or exercises
the functionality of a software application. It helps assess the quality of testing by indicating how much of the code or system
has been tested. Here are the main points in brief:
1. Code Coverage: Measures how much code is tested, usually as a percentage.
2. Functional Coverage: Ensures all software functions are adequately tested.
3. Statement Coverage: Tracks executed lines of code.
4. Branch Coverage: Tests all possible branches (e.g., if-else statements).
5. Path Coverage: Considers all code paths, including loops and conditionals.
6. Boundary Coverage: Tests input value boundaries.
7. Integration and System Coverage: Focuses on component interactions and system testing.
8. Risk-Based Coverage: Prioritizes testing based on identified risks.
9. Automation and Manual Coverage: Tracks both automated and manual tests.
10.Continuous Monitoring: Keeps coverage up-to-date during development.
11.Code Quality: High coverage improves code quality and reliability.
Why testing is required?
Testing is necessary for various reasons:
1. Quality Assurance: Ensures that software meets quality standards and functions as expected.
2. Bug Detection: Identifies and fixes defects, preventing issues in production.
3. Risk Mitigation: Reduces the risk of software failures and data breaches.
4. User Satisfaction: Provides a reliable and user-friendly experience.
5. Compliance: Ensures software complies with industry regulations and standards.
6. Cost Savings: Early bug detection reduces development and maintenance costs.
7. Reputation: Maintains a positive brand image by delivering reliable software.
8. Security: Identifies vulnerabilities and safeguards against attacks.
9. Scalability: Validates software can handle increased loads.
10.Documentation: Acts as a living documentation for system behavior.
In summary, testing is essential for delivering reliable, secure, and high-quality software while minimizing risks and costs.
What is test bed?
A test bed is a controlled environment or setup used in software testing to simulate real-world conditions for evaluating the
performance, functionality, and compatibility of software applications or components. It provides a platform where tests can
be conducted in a controlled and predictable manner. Here are key points about a test bed:
1. Simulated Environment: Replicates the target production environment.
2. Isolation: Shields the software from external influences.
3. Configuration Management: Configured with specific hardware, software, and data.
4. Testing Types: Supports various testing, including performance and compatibility.
5. Control and Monitoring: Allows engineers to control and observe software behavior.
6. Reproducibility: Enables issue reproduction and verification.
7. Scalability: Can simulate different loads and conditions.
8. Validation: Ensures software meets requirements before deployment.
9. Research and Development: Used for experimentation and innovation.
In summary, a test bed provides a controlled platform for comprehensive software testing and validation in environments that
resemble real-world scenarios.

What is test data?

Test data refers to the specific inputs, conditions, and scenarios that are used during software testing to evaluate the
performance, functionality, and behavior of a software application or system. Here's a brief breakdown:
 Inputs: Data and values used to test the software.
 Scenarios: Different situations tested for functionality.
 Expected Outcomes: Anticipated results for each test case.
 Variations: Includes valid, invalid, boundary, and extreme values.
 Generation: Created manually or automatically.
 Independence: Shouldn't rely on the development environment.
 Reusability: Can be reused for regression testing.
 Privacy: Must avoid sensitive or confidential data.

What is defect density?

Defect density in software testing is a key quality metric that measures the number of defects found in relation to a specific
unit of measurement, such as lines of code, function points, test cases, or person-hours.
The formula is simple: Defect Density = Number of Defects / Size or Effort
 Number of Defects: This is the total count of issues or bugs discovered during testing.
 Size or Effort: The denominator can vary; it's typically the size of the software (e.g., lines of code) or the testing effort
(e.g., person-hours).
Defect density is used throughout the software development lifecycle to gauge software quality. A higher defect density
suggests lower quality, while a lower defect density implies higher quality. It helps identify areas that may need further
attention and improvement. Remember that acceptable defect density varies depending on project goals and requirements.
What is critical bug?

A critical bug, in software development and testing, refers to a severe and high-priority defect or issue within a software
application or system that has a significant impact on its functionality, security, or performance. Here's a concise explanation:
Critical Bug: A critical bug is a severe and top-priority defect that seriously impairs the software's functionality, security, or
performance, making it unusable or posing substantial risks to users or the system. It demands immediate attention and
resolution to ensure the software's reliability and safety.

What is use case testing?

Use case testing is a software testing technique that focuses on evaluating a system's functionality by testing it against various
scenarios or "use cases" that represent real-world interactions and transactions between users and the system. It is primarily
associated with testing the behavior of a software application from an end-user perspective and ensuring that it meets the
specified requirements and functions correctly in different situations.
1. Purpose: Use case testing verifies if a software system functions as intended by testing real-world user interactions.
2. Use Cases: Detailed descriptions of how users interact with the software to achieve specific goals.
3. Test Scenarios: Derived from use cases, they represent different user paths within the software.
4. Test Cases: Specific test scripts outlining input, expected outcomes, and steps to verify functionality.
5. Positive and Negative Testing: Includes testing both expected and unexpected user actions.
6. Coverage: Aims to test all critical functionality and different user flows.
7. Traceability: Links use cases, scenarios, and test cases for effective tracking.
8. Realistic Data: Uses data that closely resembles real-world scenarios.
9. Automation: Automated scripts can be created for repetitive tests.
10.Regression Testing: Ensures that new updates don't introduce defects into previously tested scenarios.

What is structure-based testing?

Structure-based testing, also known as white-box testing, is a software testing technique that focuses on evaluating the
internal structures and code of a software application. This method involves testing the software with knowledge of its internal
logic, structure, and codebase. Here are the key points to understand structure-based testing briefly:
1. Objective: Evaluates internal code structures and logic for defects.
2. White-Box Testing: Tests with knowledge of the software's internal workings.
3. Coverage Criteria: Employs metrics like statement, branch, and path coverage.
4. Unit and Integration Testing: Used at both unit and module/component levels.
5. Test Inputs: Selects inputs to exercise different code paths.
6. Logical Flows: Validates code's logical flows and decision points.
7. Aim: Identifies coding errors and logical flaws.
8. Automation: Often automated for efficiency and code coverage analysis.

What is end to end testing?

End-to-end testing is a comprehensive software testing technique that evaluates the entire software system, including all its
components and subsystems, to ensure that it functions correctly from start to finish and meets the desired business
requirements. This type of testing aims to simulate real-world scenarios and user interactions, verifying that data and
processes flow seamlessly across the entire system. Here are the key points to understand end-to-end testing:
1. Scope: It tests the entire software system, including all components and external integrations.
2. Real-World Scenarios: Simulates realistic user interactions and usage scenarios.
3. Integration: Ensures that different system parts work together seamlessly.
4. Data Flow: Checks the correctness of data processing and transfers within the system.
5. External Dependencies: Tests interactions with external systems and services.
6. End-User Perspective: Focuses on verifying user tasks can be completed without errors.
7. Complex Scenarios: Addresses intricate situations like authentication, transactions, and error handling.
8. Regression Testing: Verifies new features don't break existing functionality.
9. Automation: Often automated for efficiency.
 10.Performance Testing: May include evaluating system performance under various loads.
11.User Acceptance Testing: May lead to user validation of software against business requirements.
12.Quality Assurance: Crucial for ensuring overall software quality, reliability, and usability.
What is usability testing?
Usability testing is a research method used in user experience (UX) design and product development to evaluate the ease of
use and overall user-friendliness of a product, website, or application. It involves observing real users as they interact with a
system and gathering their feedback to identify usability issues and make improvements. Usability testing typically follows
these key points:
1. Purpose: Usability testing is done to evaluate the user-friendliness of a product or system.
2. Participants: Real users are selected to interact with the product.
3. Scenarios: Specific tasks are defined to simulate real-world usage.
4. Moderator: A facilitator guides participants and encourages them to provide feedback.
5. Observation: Users' actions and feedback are observed and recorded.
6. Data: Data is collected through various means, including notes and recordings.
7. Feedback: Participants share their thoughts and opinions after the test.
8. Analysis: Data is analyzed to identify usability issues.
9. Reporting: Findings are summarized in a report with recommendations.
10.Iteration: Feedback informs iterative improvements.
11.Quantitative and Qualitative: Both types of data are used for a comprehensive evaluation.
12.Iterative Process: Testing is often repeated to refine usability.

What is risk in testing?

Risk in testing refers to the likelihood and potential impact of issues or defects occurring in a software application during the
testing process or after its release. Identifying and managing testing risks is crucial for ensuring the quality and reliability of the
software. Here are some key points to consider about risk in testing:
1. Risk Definition: Risk in testing refers to the likelihood and potential impact of issues or defects in software.
2. Types of Risks: There are product risks (related to software quality), project risks (related to project management), and
business risks (related to business impact).
3. Identifying Risks: Risks are identified through various methods like brainstorming, document reviews, and historical data
analysis.
4. Assessing Risks: Risks are assessed based on their likelihood and impact to prioritize them.
5. Mitigation and Contingency: Strategies are developed to mitigate risks, and contingency plans are prepared in case they
materialize.
6. Monitoring Risks: Risks are continually monitored and reassessed throughout the testing process.
7. Communication: Effective communication of risks to stakeholders is crucial.
8. Documentation: Maintain records of identified risks and actions taken to address them.
9. Regression Testing: Regular regression testing helps detect new risks introduced by changes.
10.Risk-Based Testing: Prioritize test cases based on the identified risks.
11.Post-Release Monitoring: Continue monitoring in production to identify and address post-release risks.

What is risk-based testing?

Risk-based testing is an approach in software testing that prioritizes testing efforts based on the perceived risks associated with
different parts of the software. It involves identifying and categorizing potential risks, focusing testing resources on high-risk
areas, and adapting testing strategies as needed to address these risks. This approach optimizes testing efforts, saves time and
resources, and ensures that critical aspects of the software receive the most attention. Risk-based testing is an approach
where testing efforts are concentrated on parts of the software that pose the highest risk of defects or have the greatest
potential impact on the project. Key points include identifying and prioritizing risks, planning tests around these risks,
optimizing testing resources, and adapting the strategy as the project evolves. This approach helps in efficient defect detection
and cost-effective testing.