i n t et"??

a,ti on «,1, perrr pectirre s

Corrrpuf;lng In
frietltcrrn: An As LO,n
Tiger in the /?ough
Professor f)octor Nsoc
is in charge of comput-
irg and telecommuni-
cations at the MinisHy of
Interior, r,vhich combines
the ftrnctions of the
French Gendarmerie,
the Soviet KGB and
Border Guards, and
the Ameri can FBI and
Secret Service. He
servecl throush the
entire 30-year war to
form the current
Vietnamese state, start-
inq in 1946 as a 1 3-
year-olcl cotrrier in the
Viet Minh, the nation-
alist front. formerl by
Irlo (lhi Minh to resist
the.|apanese cluring
World War II and the:
ir:r'warrl. I Iis
[,'rr:rtr:tr af
strbsequent career as
an intelligence officer
inclrrdecl over a decarle
in France rvhere he
earnecl three profès-
sional engineerins
rlt:tlrt:r:s anrl llvo rlrlr--
torates; another
clecarlr: in Sorrth
,\. 1:'. ffi ffi €psësyt{,se§ q'u\'('n I)irr lr Ng,lc trrrrl I)lrrrg Vicl n anr 2ls a pr()f essr)r', a spy frrr
I ltru \\,('l'('iuu()rru llrt' tlrr: N«rr llr, irrrrl r l;rnrlr:slirrr: "( (lrn-
{ ,.1. MsHæffisü st't't iot' t t'r'll n«ll«)Fi-), learlel's at tlre nlulricati«lr-rs consrrltant" to the
Iior rrl lr Inli rrrrrirlics \\'t.t:k r'« rr r[i'r-r.n('(, Natior-ral Libr:ration Front (Viet.
iul(l t:xlrilritiorr lrt:l«l irr I Io ( llri ( lorr,g); anrl zrs a secrlritl, ofTicer
I\{inh Oity, (t I(lNI(l) in Arrsrrsr af ter the cornmunist victory in
I{X).1, :llr r:\,clrt tlutt s\\,llrntt'tl tvitlt l\t75. Tlre 1967 vintage IRNI
t('t:nilu('l's, \,()ut)g lc« lrics, ltttrl 360/.1() rrsecl by his rlef'eated
lrtrsilrcrisrrr('n. Sorrth Vietnamese counterparts is
Sr:rr ior- ( ,ol« rrrt,l ( llr iuirrlicr') st ill rrserl in his rlirectorate tocla\,.

CC'}In/lU}'IC,I?TO}.§ OF T}IE ACII IT

intæn ational perlr ]rectirres lT ln vletnam Today
Vietnam shares serious problems
Now, Ngoc is more concerned their struggles and to hold on to with many other less developed
about international drug cartels highly cen tralized forms of power countries (LDCs): a large and
and Russian sex-ri.g "mafiLas" in than by their abilities to build growing population (48 million in
Vietnam than he is about Western -viable and prosperous modern 1977 , an estimated 75 million
imperialism. He participates in economies. today) that is overwhelmingly
international anticrime networks To date, the experience in rural and agrarian; an economy
operated under Interpol, and one Vietnam has been somewhat simi- based on a nonconvertible cur-
group in his directorate was even lar. For example, nearly 20 years rency; weak infrastructure in elec-
cited for cooperation with the after victory and unification, they trical power, transportatior,
U.S. DEA and FBI. He is an advo- have not yet built a first-class finance, health and telecommuni-
cate of the widespread use of highway, railroad or telecom sys- cations (e.9., in mid-1994 there
information technologies (IT), tem linking HCMC and Hanoi were 3.7 phones per 100 people
and an active member of which, since the country is long in Hanoi, 5 per 100 in HCMC,
Vietnamese technical societies. and narrow, would also link much and less than 1 per 100 nation-
of the rest of the nation. wide); and unclear and discourag-

D iiiiii;:i ï1,'ilf,:"
Ngoc, a member of the genera-
" "' But there is reason to be opti-
mistic. The Vietnamese have
demonstrated their tenacious
irg laws and regulations
governirg business compounded
by their sometimes capricious or
tions who struggled to create a competence at building appropriate corrupt applicatipn.
unified and independent and innovative infrastructure. For Since the late-1980s, the gov-
Vietnam. During the "American example, durirg the 194G1975 ernment has loosened constraints
'Wars"
he worked on the first wars, the communists were able to on the private sector and foreign
mainframe in North Vietnam a build and maintain communica- participation in the economy.
Soviet-made Minsk-zz doing- tions and transportation systems Vietnamese socieÿ appears to
-
structural analysis for bridges under incredibly difficult condi- have more food and consumer
being built along the Ho Chi tions, notably around Dien Bien goods than rnany of its current or
Minh Trail, and spent a year in Phu, in the Cu Chi tunnels, and former socialist brethren and
the field building those bridges. along the Ho Chi Minh Trail. other developing countries. But
He rode in on the heels of the They have also been more efforts to create a manufacturing
North Vietnamese victory in 1975 pragmatic in managing their industry have come to little, and
to "liberate" universities in South economy than most communist almost no sophisticated technolo-
Vietnam. nations. The many thousands of gy is produced in the coun§.
Today, Huu is head of the small, often family-based, enter- Most all consumer electronics and
Ministry of Science, Technology prises in the cities and villages computirg equipment is imported,
and Enüronment (MOSTE), and remained private, and efforts to with several officials at the
as such is the most senior person collectivize farming were aban- Ministry of Trade estimating that
in the country with full-time doned when it became clear they there were 40,000 PCs in the
responsibilities in these areas. He were not workjng. Vietnam is now county, and irnport duties are
also chairs the National Council a rice exporter. low: \Vo or less for microcomputers
for Science and Technology Vietnam's leaders still have a and peripherals.
Policy and the Steering chance to be an exception to the A small indigenous industry
Committee for the recently creat- legacies of other founding gener- and only a tiny fraction of existing
ed Agency for the National ations. Huu and Ngoc and others private enterprises are in any posi-
Program on IT (ANPIT). now seem to recognize the need tion to use IT effectively. These
Vietnam is unusual in that the for reform, restructuriflg, and limitations were eüdent at the
members of the fighting, found- - the infusion of technolosy. Fourth Informatics Week exhibi-
irg generations of the country are There is also an increasing tion where much of the domestic
still in charge. During much of appreciation that today's exter- industry and most interested for-
this century, such generations, nal world is politically and eco- eign companies could all fit into
especially in communist countries nomically very different from the 50-odd small booths [1]. (With
such as ChiDâ, Cuba and North one that existed only 10 years the end of the U.S. embargo, for
Korea, have been characterized âgo, that IT has had a prominent the first time participants included
rnore by their abilities to struggle place in fostering these changes, American companies: Cabletron,
and prevail against internal or and that Vietnam must somehow Compaq, Dell, Digital Equipment,
external enemies and by their come more in line with these HP, IBM, IDG.) Many of the
subsequent efforts- to canonize realities. enterprises that do use comput-

12 January 1995/Vo1.38, No.l corrurtGrrtort or tt r lcr

ing-the international airlines, share of the $ZO million (U.S. dol- Market pressures are resulting in
some hotels, and the embryonic lars) 1993 Vietnamese computing the creation of private schools
petroleum industry-have a siz- market. That's not much of a and universities. These help com-
able foreign component. Ngoc market for a country of 75 mil- panies obtain skilled employees
eslimates that abour 50 % of the lion, and we suspect that a sizable and provide technical educational
country's computing is within the portion of demand comes from opportunities for more students
government, while others esti- the Vietnamese government. But than can be accommodated in
mate as high as 80%.The a rapidly growirg domestic mar- the state universities, Lotus
colonel's ministry is generally ket has led the company to decide College (not affiliated with the
regarded as a relatively advanced to reopen its newly ,rpgraded U.S. sofnarare company) is a small
and high-priority user. From what screwdriver assembly plant to private two-year school for 350
we were able to see, use in most make 38&and 4SGbased PCs. full-time and 500 parr-rime sru-
other Eîovernmen t organization s IT education is minimal. There dents in "informatics" (mainly
is not,very extensive. Even the are no full-fleclgecl graduate CS, male) and "office management"

The Vietnamese few, rrect!«,

IT community lrcrs
crncl frcrgrnented conrrections uritlr
the rest of the urorld-
military has never been overly MIS, or computer engineering (mainly female). Lotus is partially
enamored or well endowed with programs at any of the universi- sponsored by u consortium of
high technology. Unlike some ties or polytechnics. The limited Vietnamese and foreign compa-
cleveloping countries, Vietnam undergraduate programs that do nies, who provide internships and
has no world-class port, canal, exist have plenry of students prospective employment. Another
petrochemical or tourism industry doing elementary programs on in the process of creation is Van
that provides at least one Z8&based PCs. But some real tal- Lang University, which is to have
demanding sector for IT. ent is there as eüdenced by prize- a focus on high-tech and business
One of the largest indigenous winning performances at the training, and is also partially spon-
computing companies, Gen International Mathematics and sored by industry.
Pacific, pointedly illusrrates rhe Computer Olympiads. There are
limitations and changes taking acute shortages of well-qualified If inally, the Vietnamese IT
place. Foundecl in 1988 as a joint instructors. One is Dong Thi Bich F .o**unity has suffered.
venture between the government's Thuy, director bf the Cômpurer from extensive isolation. This has
Ministry of Heavy Industry and an Science Center at HCMC been the result of larger national
unnamed French partner, it was University, and a rarity in at least circumstances (e.g., conflicts with
mainly a screwclriver assembly three ways: as one of fewer than a its nearest neighbors, a unique
plant for 5,000, 28&based pCs per dozen Ph.D.'s in Computer national language, ideological
year, almost all of which went tô Science or MIS in the country considerations), an economy
the Soviet Union as part of a bi- (she obtained hers in based on nonconvertible curreocÿ,
lateral government barter agree- . Switzerland); as one of the few and the U.S. embargo. The
ment (although another source "overseas Vietnamese" to return Vietnamese IT community has
claimed there were serious pro- permanently in a capacity other few, weak, and fragmented con-
duction problems, and that many than as an employee of a foreign nections with the rest of the
of the machines acrually shipped firm; and as one of the few world. These include straightfor-
\,vere built in Singapore). Both professional women in a male- ward. purchases of hardwaie from
the USSR and this agreemenr dis- dominated fîeld. More people other Asian countries, piracy of
appeared in 1991, and Gen like her will be needed if IT edu- American software, educational
Pacific had to scramble to find a cation at the university level is to links (mainly in the form of study
new French partner, the comput- be substantially improved. The sit- abroad) with France and the for-
er giant Bull, and a new main line uation is as bad or worse at the mer Soviet Union and Eastern
of rvork as a sofnvare developer pre-University levels, and almost Europe (now much decreased),
and systems integrator, often everything that exists is concen- and a mixed bag of connections
using Btrll harclware. Bui Qtrang trated in the three largest cities with overseas Vietnamese (which
Do, director general of the firm, (HCMC, Hanoi and DaNang). brings in hard currency from family
claims it has about a 25Vo market There are some bright spots. and friends living mostly in the

GOIIUr.I-t?toI. ot ?l.r tcr Jarruary 1995/Yrir.3ti, No. f l3

intæn ati onal trerlr lre ctirre s 4. International transf-er of
technology and cooperation
U.S., France, Canada and for obtaining aclvice and input 5. Capital-generation and
Australia) . Internatit-rrral network- lronr outsicle the governrnent expenditures
irg links are minimal, the rnost (the private sector, fbreign 6. The protection of
notable being an Australian- experts, the "overseas intellectual property
financed UUCP link via the Vietnarrlese"), we were assured
Australian National U niversity, that this has been clone extensively. The final level of detail generally
and a Vietnamese-funded gateway Input at the grass-roots level is lists more specific goals. For
via the Asian Institute of available through the Vietnamese example, under I.1 (Education
Technology in Bangkok, Association for Information and Training) there is an estimat-
Thailand. Processing (VAIP), an indepen- ed need for 20,000 IT profession-
dent professional society. als by the end of the decade, half
Planning National lT Policy Undeterred by the fitrstrations of of wholn would be programmers
Essentially by definition, a socialist the t-wo earlicr eflbrts, the inclc- ancl a qual'ter systenrs analysts.
government denies the possibility fatigable Dieu got a draft plan The education list also calls for
that the private sector can be written by August 1994 [4]. strengthening prograrns from
countecl on by itself to serve the The draf t plan calls fbr alrnost high schools to advanced university
overall interests of the wh«-»le everything the Steering training, the need to traill lrlore
nation, and therefore a great deal Committee has heard about from teachers, and so forth.
of government "guidance" is other developing countries, The draft document essentially
needed. Vietnam is a populous excepti.g the creation of a callsfor the .r.u[ion of a fairly
and poor country, and neither sophisticated hardware industry. cornplete IT establishment over
domestic nor foreign companies The proposed program is in a the next half dozen years quite
have the motivation nor where- three-level, top-down format with -
an ambitious plan for a large,
withal to deal with overall nation- the following top rwo levels [a]: poor, primarily agrarian country
al IT needs. If left entirely to starting with such a small and
private companies, it might be l.Buildirg Infrastructure for IT undeveloped IT base. This is not
argued that IT would become an 1. Education and training an operational plan that explicitly
elitist technology, serving a very 2. Research and development specifies means for attaining its
small and wealthy fraction of the 3. The development of an IT goals, nor one that explicitly rec-
population, which seems to be industry ognizes serious, specific limita-
the case so far. Guidance is going 4. Construction of a data com- tions on all forms of resources:
to take the form of the munications network time, expertise, existing infra-
Information Technology Program 5. Standards structure, and money. As FIuu,
of the Year 2000 ("IT 2000") to be Dieu and others realize, the next
developed under MOSTE as man- I l.Application of tT in State step will be much harder.
dated by Prime Minister Vo Van Management and
Kiet in August 1993 12,3). Socio-Economic Activities Moving Forward
Minister Huu chairs the 1. State rr)?lrlilgerr)errt A National IT plall nltrst setve
National lT Prograrn Steering 2. Nati«rnal security ancl broader national goals it is not
Committee (NITSC), and sub- defense an end in itself. So far, -the draft
stantial additional leadership and 3. Support. fbr activities in the National IT Program does not
energy is provided by the deputy market economy seem to have a clear role within a
chair, Phan Dinh Dieu, a Moscow- 4. Agro-industrial production larger vision of social and eco-
trained professor of mathematics branches nomic reform. Without such con-
who lead earlier, but essentially 5. Applications in other text, the argument for a
stillborn, government IT planning branches of the economy centralized, socialist plan is ques-
efforts in 1976 and 1984. Other and localities tionable.
NITSC members include senior In our view, it is important to
officials from the government l[.Policies
Encouraging the determine reasonable priorities,
bodies notably other min- Development and to deliver something appreciable
istries, -the PTT, and the State Application of IT fairly quickly to an expanded user
Planning Committee whose 1. The construction of communiry that will constructively
participation would be - necessary infrastructure use that something, and to sustain
to formulate, finance, and imple- 2. Training a program of deliverables that fits
ment any plan. Although there 3. The development of into a coherent longer term plan.
appears to be no formal structure networks Year 2000 is not far away, and the

l4 January 1995/V«r1.38, No. I corrurrcltrort o, îrr rcr

 qo\rernment needs to establish have imrnecliate bene{rt, artrl help Vietnarnese professors have been
sollle c-l'eclibili§, u'ith regarcl tcl seerl a llalanc.er[ IT' infi-astr"trc.trlre trainecl as researchers at major
discernible progress. snorvball. It n,oukl not necessarily, Etrropean trniversities and often
The \rietnantese plan discusses use orrtclalecl techn«ll{rg,, brrt in esoteric frelds (Ngoc ancl Dieu
applicution particrrlarly, in g«». nrthcr lx)\v(:r'lirl I'(ls unrl gralrlti«_irl- \vet-c trainecl as pure mathemati-
erltnlent clepartlltents as rt,ell ly c»-ienterl encl-user sclfirtaré clrs- cians). The same resoLlrces might
as infrastructure. This -is nattrral tontizecl f:rlr \/ietnanlese user-.s. f'his be better applied to obtaini.g
in that to date the governrnent nehl,rtrk nright fitrm ir contl)oltent practical i\{asters-level education
Iuts been tlre prirllurl, llsel- «lf' I'l', «rl' :t r)('t\r,ot,k oI' ttt()t'(f u(:ltt:ntl itrlilt. Ior ir lar-ger numtrer o{.people
rrncl eirc-h rtrinistr'\, has :r stall rvit lr tttirti«»r r.t:rrlt:t'li sil)l'clr(l :rr.r)urrrl tlrc rvlrr) \vorrlcl lte able to builcl the
idelts l'or altplicuti«lrrs tlle\r \\,orrlrl ('()ut'tlr-1, lo st:rt,t: llu'{rc Ilutltllr:r's o[' (:r r)crging in {iastnrr_ttrrc anrl
likc to i,,rlilcnrcrrr. \\,c tcét ir I'l' lt:rvc-lr«rls :rs is lt()\\/ llcing ('()ll- al)plicat"i«rns, anrl to trairr ()thers.
\\'()ulrl l)(' l'ltol'e t.{tli.«-t it,r: [«r r.ort- sirlt:r'crl lirr S«rrrllr i\{i ir':r I(;I ()ne key rlcflciency has been
celltrut(l ()ll brriItlir)e \\,irle11,/ trc(_os- I'l'r:«[uclrli«lrr ncc([s t«r llc l.ral- irrstrllicient invcstnrent in sof't-
sible, riarionalll, binàing ancecl rvith the rest of' the inl)-a- \\,are for local neecls, lvith sec-
infrastnlcture than btrreaucl-âc1,- stnrctrrre us n,ell. Histor-ically, onclart, effects such as too much
sen,ing applications, allolvirg
rninistries, school.s, btrsinessCs,
and other Llsers to clecide horv to
best trtilize the infrastrtrcture.
Of course, infrastrtrcture
should be thoughr of broadly
iloces dnd rointers
ir
-
j ,
j , ., ..,
.

includes computer Lrsers, techni-

, . . . ...
,-, .:... ,. .i

ietnamese names start with the family name, hut individu-

cians, nefirrorking hardlvare ancl
essed by ffieir given name, Thus --'
softu,are, the telepholte systern W'Phan"isthefamiIynameofProfessorPhan.DinhDieu,,hut.'
ancl other cotltnlunic:rtion links,
and l'Cs spreacl rrrorrncl the coulr-
tr)' [i-r]. The PTT nrrrsr plan firr-
iucreased capaci§, and set rates to
facilitate the achieverrrent of,
nirtional goztls, r'ather- than to seek
to rnaximize their re\rellue.
For exalnple, rr.ith a rveak
telecornnlunicatiolts systern anrl
pet'soltnel birse, \/ietrranr c:lltnot
inrnrc'cliirtely, aspire to a high-specrl
cligital TCP/[P netu,r-»r-k. At pr-tsenf
it is ctifllcrrlt to strstuin an interirc-
tive collnectior-r irt ?400ltps, evelt
on the lines in FI(li\,[C. At lcirst
until a lrtrrch rnore rnoclern, r-eli-
able ancl extensive telelth«lnc s1,5-
tem is established, it rnighr be
rlt()l'c al)l)l'()[l'i:rtc to hr:gin rl,itlr u
UUCP nenvork corlltectina- the 5i]
provincial capirals, trsins high-
qrralitl' nrodell]s ilncl sofirval-e tltirt
can cope u,ith variations in line
qtra1iq,. This rvotrlcl prortcle ernzril,
Lisenet Nen,s, ltrlrl lile tr":rnslèr"
usitrg the curl-ent phone s1,steln.
The cost \volrlcl be a PC, nrrtrlenr,
:tncl u tminerl I)el's()t) irr caclr
pnrr"ince. 'fhlrt ltersorl \vorrlcl l)irve
to install and opemte the
tutin lrsel's. arrrl lr«.111 tlrt'rn [irrrl
s1,stenr, Center for International Security and Arms Control
Galuez House, Stanford (Jnia ersity
\\,ltvs to rrsc tlrc sl,stcrtr. Srrt.lr lr rrct- Stanford, CA 94305
n,ork corrlcl be deploy,ecl quiclill,,
 I
I§
',#

intern ati onal pe rlr lrectirre s Acknowledgments

Much of this article is based on vis
emphasis on more tangible an opportunity to play impor- its to Vietnam inJuly-August 1994.
forms of IT (hardware), little -tant roles in this regard (e.g., in We would like to acknowledge the
value given to intellectual prop- developing and disseminating a assistance provided by Do Van
erÿ, and a lack of up-to-date first, class "killer app" Loc, Chu Hao, Diane Goodman,
technical information. Since the Vietnamese word processor on a Le Ba Quang, Ng*yen Huu Anh,
Vietnamese language is based windows platfonn). These needs Nguyen Minh Hung, Pham Thi
on Latin characters (augmented are much more important than Duong Nguyet, Edward Roche,
for such things as tonal sounds), 'George
the more fashionable quest to Sadowsky, Tran Ha Nam,
the necessary effort to develop an export-oriented soft- Tran Luu Chuong, Vu Dry Man,
"Vietn amize" computing for ware industry, v very competitive and especiallyJames Do. EI
large numbers of users is not as undertaking where Vietnam cur-
difficult as required for other rerttly has rnajor disadvantages. References
East Asian languages. In this Vietnam has barely begun 1. l'ourth Vietnant hrlbrnratics Confèrence
regard, solutions are also need- developing a modern IT infra- and Exhibiüon. Handbook'94.
ed that both meet indig-enous structure. At this time there is lit- Descriptions of participating
needs but also integrate well tle demand-pull for IT on a Vietnamese and foreign corrrpanies,
1994. In English and Vietnatnese.
with technology development in nationwicle basis, and there are
2. Government of Vietnam. Resolution of
the rest of the world. French limited incentives for the supply-
the government on the development of
and U.S. companies, and the pushers to push very hard. There
the information technology in the
Vietnamese government, have is a long way to go, but reasons to country during the 1990s. Resolution
be optimistic. No. 49lCP, Oflice of the Prirne
Vietnam has advantages over Minister, Hanoi, Aug. 4, 1993. English
many other LDCs. The extended translation by ANPIT.
GBADUATE PROGRAM IN family social net and basis for 3. Government of Vietnam. National
COMPUTEB SCIENCE much of eve ryday life is well estab- Information Technology Steering
lished and stable; and the govern- Conrmittee and National IT Prograrn
NORTH CAROLTNA STATE UHIVERSITY ment is in control (and not nearly Agency. Decision No. zlz/-[lfg, OfIice
Outstanding students are invited to apply to as repressively as in the past) and of the Prime Minister, Hanoi, Muy 6,
our graduate program (MS and PhD). widely regarded as legitimate, 1994. English summary provided by
Compeütive financial aid is available. Our
faculÿ specialize in: although it is questionable as if coMPAQ.
often the case in LDCs if the min- 4. Government of Vieuram. Steering
Sottware Systems Committee of the National Program on
Communications & Performance Analysis
istries and local authorities can
Information Technology. Development
Theory and Algorithms effectively implement the eco-
Computer Architecture and application of information
nomic policies of the central gov- technology in the national reconstrucüon
ernment. Thus, civil society and program (presentation of the informaüon
o lndusülal Assistantships with hlgh-tech
order are comparatively healthy, technologJ program of the year 2000).
the basic economy is more-or-less Draft document, Aug. 1994. English
selË sufficient, and many interna- translation by ANPIT.

fi'::;:::_":,,*mpus
Ü \ oExcellent computlng lacllltles
tional analysts predict that
Vietnam will be one of the next
5. Press, L. Developing networks in less
irrdustrialized nations . IEEE Computer.
- "'Asian Tigers." There also seems To be published.
a a o Abundance or hrsh-tech to be much foreign interest in 6. Wood, G.A., Goodman, S.E., and Roos,
investment. J. The information technologies in

lY':":;;":.:"
o
However, the most important
advantage may be a leadership
South Africa: Progress and problems.
IEFE Computer. To be published.
and, a people who have a proven
Sy Goodmon, a Fofessm of managmwnt infm-
history of hard work, flexibility,
lnlormatlon and appllcatlone are mntion systnrc and policy at the Uniaersity of
available via Mosaic at tenacity, and respect for educa-
Arizona and Carnegie Scimce Fellnw a, C/§A§
http :/lwww. c I c. n c I u.ed u. tion. Given the relatively strong Stanford Uniarsity, studies intemational darcl-
Or wtd nnil to gnQrqnm @ æ.ræu.edu form of government and the rec- opments in computing.
Urefur d GraûJde Prograns, Corngrter ognized need for "national recon-
Scienp Depù . NCSU..Ral€(7h, i,lC 2769$8206.
IJSA
structior," p.ople like FIuu, Ngoc Lorry Press is a professor of computer infonna-
and Dieu will necessarily play tion scinece at California State UniuersiA at
determining roles. There will be Dominguæ, Hilk.
worldwide interest in how well
they do. o ACM 0oo2-0782/e5/0100 $3.50

16 January 1995/Vo1.38, No.l corrurrGlrror. or tttr lcr