Telecom for Rural Areas
U. B. Desai
SPANN Lab Department of Electrical Engineering IIT-Bombay [email protected]
Data Communication Pyramid in India
Fiber to the curb Wireless access High speed connect.
Cab dem le mo , DSL
Cell Phones (115 to 384 kbps shared data connect)
50 mil phones ~ 1 mil PCOs)
GSM + 3G1x: 55 mil GPRS 172 kbps (shared) EDGE 384 kpbs (shared) 3G-1x -- 115 kbps (shared)
Land Line Phones (56.6 Kbps) (PCOs, Cyber Cafes)
Aug 4, 2005
Telecom
Back Bone: Fiber
Back bone will be fiber Very cost effective (except for the last mile) Various industries are laying fiber across India
(BSNL, MTNL, Reliance, Bharati, Tata-Tele, Shyam Telecom, etc.): In cities there will be fiber drop every 500 mts.
in cities we expect fiber to the curb technology, already there in parts of several metros thus last mile access will be from curb to building There is talk of fiber to home, but at present this is not cost effective
In rural areas there will be fiber drop every 25 kms.
BSNL fiber is available at every taluk in the country
Aug 4, 2005 Telecom 3
Urban Scenario for Fiber in the Loop Technology
Housing Complex B
Housing Complex A
6 1 3 2 4 5
Fiber drop
500 mts
Fiber drop
Road
Serves Bldg 1,2,3
Aug 4, 2005 Telecom
Serves Bldg 4,5,6
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Fiber Drop in India
Avg. Village
Area ~ 6 sq. km. Total of 650,000 villages in India About 100 villages per fiber drop Population per village: 500 to 1000
Optical Fiber Backbone
Domestically, 30,000 of BSNL's exchanges are connected by fiber an average of one exchange for 20 villages, not including the contribution of other operators. Aug 4, 2005 Telecom 5 Thus, almost unlimited bandwidth is already possible.
Around Each Fiber Drop
12.5 km
Approx. area covered by each fiber drop is 600 sq.kms. We assume each village occupies approx. 6 sq. kms. Approx. 100 villages covered by each fiber drop
Objective: Connect all villages to the Internet
Access Point connected to fiber drop Aug 4, 2005
Village node with pole/tower antenna Telecom
Fiber Drop 6
A Look at Access Technologies
Access Tech. LAN (Last Mile Prob)
Wireless (line of sight) Wired 10/100 Mbps WiFi 802.11b (Hot Spot) Dial-up (56.6 Kbps) DSL 802.11b Based Cable Modem Fiber in the Loop Cell Phones 802.16d,e Telecom based
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ISP
VSNL Satyam
corDECT
Aug 4, 2005
Data Rates for Copper based Last Mile Access
DSL (Digital Subscriber Line)
Provided by BSNL using DIAS 128 kbps always on connection on existing phone lines in 95 towns 6 Mbps downlink, 512 kbps uplink for 4 Kms or less Most copper links in India are 3 to 4 kms (from MTNL or BSNL exchange)
thus ADSL only possibility Problems due to poor copper links Most operators put their own cables
ADSL (Asynch. DSL)
Cable Modem
ADSL2+, VDSL (Very high data rate DSL)
30 MBPS downlink, 1 Mbps uplink for 700m
10 to 40 Mbps downlink and 512 to 1Mbps uplink (shared both ways) Most operators put a separate cable since the TV coax is of poor quality to support data
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Aug 4, 2005
Telecom
Wireless: GPRS, Edge, CorDECT,
CorDECT 70 kbps; developed by TeNet Grp of IITM; deployed in rural India EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution) Maximum possible data rate 384 kbps shared
Highest experienced download 82 kbps Highest experienced upload 32 kbps Vendor rated average speed 130 kbps
2.5G
3G-1x
115 kbps shared to all subs per sector
GPRS
172 kbps shared to all subscribers per sector
Aug 4, 2005
Telecom
Mobile Access: 3G - 3GPP in Europe (3rd Generation Partnership Program)
WCDMA
Recently deployed by Vodaphone in 13 countries in Europe. 5 MHz+5 MHz BW Approx. 2 Mbps shared by all users per sector Data rates drops drastically when you are at the periphery of the sector
HSDPA (High Speed Downlink Packet Access)
Data rates expected to go up to 8-10 Mbps (spectral efficiency of 1 bits/sec/Hz With MIMO, data rates can go up to 20 Mbps
In US 1xEVDO, data rate of 300-500 kbps, expected to go up to 2 Mbps
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Aug 4, 2005
Telecom
WiFi for Access
802.11b (WiFi, WLAN) ideally suited for hot spots
Access Tech. (Last Mile Prob.)
Of late extensive R and D to see if 802.11b can be used for access. Motivation: Expect 802.11b access to be cheaper, easy to deploy, and obviously broadband Operates in the unlicensed band
WiFi (802.11b)
Some believe it is not a good access technology since the data spectral efficiency is 0.15/bits/sec/Hz
Aug 4, 2005
Telecom
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HOTSPOT: Typical use of WiFi typically (Infrastructure Based)
Access Point (AP)
An AP acts like a bridge S1 S3 Si communicates to Sj via AP. All comm. via AP Every Si must be within the range of AP. Si need not be within the range of Sj
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S2
Aug 4, 2005
S4
Telecom
Manhattan area in NY 13707 unique nodes 9669 nodes not secure protected 4038 secured Nodes identified by probing using a 802.11b card from a car with GPS capability Case of Bryant Park community network
Aug 4, 2005 Telecom 13
802.11b based Ad Hoc Network
Basic Service Set (BSS): Stations communicate directly with each other.
Sometimes referred to as IBSS (Independent BSS)
S1 S3
station si must be in the range of station sj
S2
Aug 4, 2005
Telecom
S4
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Key Advantages
Open IEEE Standard Unlicensed Band:
802.11 operates in the unlicensed band (ISM Industrial Scientific and Medical band) ~ 3 such bands
Cordless Telephony: 902 to 928 MHz 802.11b: 2.4 to 2.483 GHz (opened up in India for indoor use and recently for outdoor use) 3rd ISM Band: 5.725 to 5.875 GHz 802.11a: 5.15 to 5.825 GHz (occupies part of 3rd ISM band) 802.16d: 2 to 11 GHz
Aug 4, 2005 Telecom 15
Salient Features of 802.11a, b, g, n
802.11a
Operates in 5.15-5.35 GHz, and 5.725-5.825 GHz 54 Mbps max data rate, 50mt range Total band of 240MHz 12 non-overlapping channels, each of 20 MHz BW OFDM (54 subcarriers) for the physical layer Same MAC layer for 802.11a b, and g Not (yet) unlicensed in India 802.11n: 100 Mbps WiFi expected sometime in 2005 Aug 4, 2005
802.11b
Operates in 2.4-2.483 GHz 11 Mbps max data rate Total band of 83 MHz 3 non-overlapping channels, each of 20 MHz DSSS for the physical layer Same MAC layer for 802.11a and b
802.11g 54 Mbps at 10mts range upto 100 mts at lower data rate OFDM, and 802.11b MAC
Telecom 16
Extended Service Set
BSS1 AP1 BSS2 AP2 BSS3 BSS4
AP3
AP4
Router
Aug 4, 2005 Internet
Distribution System
Telecom 17
2003
2004
2006
2010
Mobile
Degree of Mobility
2.5G
Portable
3G 802.16e
4G
Fixed
802.11b, a, g, n
0.1
1.0
10
100
Data Rate in Mbps
Aug 4, 2005 Telecom
From WiMax Forum
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802.16d --- WiMax Fixed Wireless
Physical Layer: (Does not use CDMA)
Designed to operate in the 2-11 GHz band NLOS: 10 km; LOS: 80 km
Physical Layer:
Single Carrier OFDM (256 carriers) OFDMA (2048 carries; subset of this allotted to different users)
o OFDM helps to better combat multipath interference o Higher data rates via higher level modulation (QPSK, 64QAM, etc.)
Optional: performance enhancement using MIMO (multi-input, multioutput) system and sophisticated equalization Uses various channel coding schemes: convolutional codes, ReedSolomon Codes, Turbo Codes (optional) Channel BW: 1.5MHz to 20 MHz, (802.11b has only 20MHz) Data rates at 20MHz can vary from 5 Mbps to 70Mbps
Aug 4, 2005 Telecom 19
802.16e Mobile Wireless Data Access
802.16e standard to be frozen by mid 2005 At present, several flavors of 802.16e Ahead in the race is the Korean standard WiBro deployment in 2006 Right behind is Intels 802.16e version Unlike GSM or CDMA (which are primarily for voice), 802.16e is primarily for data under mobile conditions. Voice will be using VoIP WiBro
Downlink: 18.4 Mbps Uplink: 6.1 Mbps At 60 Km/h: downlink - 512 kbps and uplink 128 kbps BW: 10 MHz Carrier at 2.3 GHz OFDMA Modulation: QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM Mobility: Midrange (less than 3G) Cell Coverage ~ 1 Km in urban areas Frequency reuse of 1
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Aug 4, 2005
Telecom
Possible Access Model using 802.11b, or 802.11a or 802.16d
Aug 4, 2005
Telecom
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CorDECT (IIT-M, TeNeT Group)
Earlier version guaranteed 70 kbps New version BB CorDECT 2 Mbps Always on, supports telephony
Aug 4, 2005
Telecom
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802.11b based Access
Directional Antennas Omni Antennas
.11b AP .11b .11b AP with Router .11b AP .11b .11b AP with Router
Housing Society 1 or Village 1
Aug 4, 2005
diff. channels for black, yellow and orange paths
802.11b AP with Router
ISP Connection via Fiber
Telecom
Housing Society 2 or Village 2
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802.11a based Access
Directional Antennas Omni Antennas
.11b AP .11b .11b AP with Router .11b AP .11b .11b AP with Router
Housing Society 1
Aug 4, 2005
diff. channels for black, yellow and orange paths
802.11a AP with Router
Housing Society 2 ISP Connection via Fiber Telecom
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Could use IEEE 802.16d (WiMax) for long links
802.16d ~ 2-11GHz 802.11b ~ 2.4GHz 11 Mbps
70 Mbps
.16a .11b AP .11b dual mode AP with Router .11b .16a .11b AP .11b dual mode AP with Router .11b
802.16d AP with Router
Aug 4, 2005
Fiber Telecom
Expect this to be popular in Western Countries and perhaps urban areas in developing nations 25
60 Sectoring
60 degree
Coverage Area ~ 300 sq. km. (50%) No. of villages in each sector ~ 15 Cost of 60 antenna ~ $1400
Channel1 Channel2 Channel3
Aug 4, 2005
Telecom
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120 Sectoring
Coverage Area ~ 600 sq. km. No. of villages in each sector ~ 30 Cost of 120 antenna ~ $1500
120 degree 120 degree
120 degree
Channel1 Channel2 Channel3
Aug 4, 2005
Telecom
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Antenna Assembly
Requirements: Weather proof Line of sight Tower (at base station) - for installing directional antennas at about 50 m height Pole (at village node) - for installing directional antennas at about 5 m height. May require a small tower at the village node depending on the terrain Cost Antenna (16 dBi directivity gain): 20 ~ $400, 60 ~ $1400, 120 ~ $1550 Antenna Connectors and cables ~ $150 Tower ~ $4000 Pole ~ $200
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Aug 4, 2005
Amortized cost over 45 villages
Cost per village kiosk for connectivity. Amortization includes cost for the base station, tower, antenna assembly, poles, and 802.11b solution. Does not include cost of PC, printer, battery back up, since these remain the same irrespective of the access technology.
1x for imported 2x for imported component components
802.11b Solution
$776
$1,102
Cisco Aironet Aug 4, 2005 Bridge
$1,729
Telecom
$3,290
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Some Remarks
Power consideration will make WiMax system heavy duty, and expensive WiMax has a complex physical layer (compared to .11b): Needs to support single carrier, OFDM, and OFDMA Multiple mandatory modulation options: QPSK, 16QAM on uplink as well as downlink BPSK for uplink 64 QAM for downlink QOS a must in WiMax Much more complex MAC Bet is on 802.16e as the future
Aug 4, 2005
Telecom
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