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Pozar - Microwave Engineering-690

This document introduces microwave systems and discusses how to calculate the noise temperature seen at the output of a receiver connected to an antenna by a lossy transmission line. It explains that the noise temperature has three contributions: noise from the antenna due to the background brightness temperature and internal noise, noise from the forward direction of the lossy line, and noise reflected from the antenna mismatch that is generated in the backward direction of the lossy line. An equation is provided to calculate the overall system noise temperature based on these three factors while accounting for effects of radiation efficiency, physical temperature, line loss, and reflection coefficient.

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197 views1 page

Pozar - Microwave Engineering-690

This document introduces microwave systems and discusses how to calculate the noise temperature seen at the output of a receiver connected to an antenna by a lossy transmission line. It explains that the noise temperature has three contributions: noise from the antenna due to the background brightness temperature and internal noise, noise from the forward direction of the lossy line, and noise reflected from the antenna mismatch that is generated in the backward direction of the lossy line. An equation is provided to calculate the overall system noise temperature based on these three factors while accounting for effects of radiation efficiency, physical temperature, line loss, and reflection coefficient.

Uploaded by

Owen CB
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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670 Chapter 14: Introduction to Microwave Systems

of unity:


2π π 1◦ ◦
30 ◦
90
TB (θ, φ)D(θ, φ) sin θdθ dφ 10 sin θ dθ + 0.1 sin θ dθ + sin θ dθ
φ=0 θ=0 θ=0 θ=1◦ θ=30◦
Tb = =

2π π 1◦ ◦
90
D(θ, φ) sin θdθdφ sin θ dθ + 0.01 sin θ dθ
φ=0 θ=0 θ=0 θ=1◦

◦ ◦ ◦
−10 cos θ |10 − 0.1 cos θ |30
1◦ − cos θ |30◦
90
0.00152 + 0.0134 + 0.866
= ◦ ◦ = = 86.4 K.
−cosθ |10 − 0.01 cos θ |90
1◦
0.0102

In this example most of the noise power is collected through the sidelobe region
of the antenna. ■

The more general problem of a receiver connected through a lossy transmission line to
an antenna viewing a background noise temperature distribution TB can be represented by
the system shown in Figure 14.8. The antenna is assumed to have a radiation efficiency ηrad ,
and the connecting transmission line has a power loss factor of L ≥ 1, with both at physical
temperature T p . We also include the effect of an impedance mismatch between the antenna
and the transmission line, represented by the reflection coefficient . The equivalent noise
temperature seen at the output terminals of the transmission line consists of three contri-
butions: noise power from the antenna due to internal noise and the background brightness
temperature, noise power generated from the lossy line in the forward direction, and noise
power generated by the lossy line in the backward direction and reflected from the antenna
mismatch toward the receiver. The noise due to the antenna is given by (14.18), but re-
duced by the loss factor of the line, 1/L, and the reflection mismatch factor, (1 − ||2 ).
The forward noise power from the lossy line is given by (10.15), after reduction by the loss
factor, 1/L. The contribution from the lossy line reflected from the mismatched antenna
is given by (10.15), after reduction by the power reflection coefficient, ||2 , and the loss
factor, 1/L 2 (since the reference point for the back-directed noise power from the lossy
line given by (10.15) is at the output terminals of the line). Thus the overall system noise
temperature seen at the input to the receiver is given by

TA Tp Tp
TS = (1 − ||2 ) + (L − 1) + (L − 1) 2 ||2
L L L
(1 − ||2 ) (L − 1) ||2
= [ηrad Tb + (1 − ηrad )T p ] + 1+ Tp . (14.19)
L L L

⌫
Background
temperature
TB (␪, ␾) Receiver
Lossy line
Antenna TP, ⌫
TA TS
TP, ␩rad

FIGURE 14.8 A receiving antenna connected to a receiver through a lossy transmission line. An
impedance mismatch exists between the antenna and the line.

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