Thracian Glossary.

• Thracian Language
• Sources
• Notes for Glossary
• Glossary
• More information

Sources:

1. Neroznak, V. Paleo-Balkan Languages. Moscow, 1978.

Notes for Glossary:

Note: The Glossary is partly reconstructed from hydronyms, place names and
other traces of Dacian and Thracian languages.
Glossary:

achel- ‘water (noun), water (adj.)’ [Lith. H Akele., Phryg. akala ‘water’].
aiz- ‘a goat’ [Armen. aic, Greek aix].
ala ‘current, stream’ [Latv. H Alaja, Lith. ale.ti ‘flooded’].
alonhon 'a spear'
alta(s) ‘current, stream’ [Illyrian RN Altus, Russ. (from Balt.) RN Al'ta].
an(a) ‘at, on’ [Avest. ana ‘along’, Greek aná ‘at, along’, Goth. ana ‘at,
towards’].
ang- ‘curved, twisting’ [Old-Ind. ancati ‘a curve’, Greek ankos ‘valley, abyss’].
ant(i) ‘against’ [Old-Ind. ánti ‘against, nearby, the Lith. ant ‘towards, against’,
Toch. ánt ‘through’, Greek antí ‘against’, etc.].
apa, aphus ‘water, river; a spring’ [Old-Pruss. ape ‘river’, apus ‘spring’, Old-
Ind. ap- ‘water’].
apsa ‘aspen’ [Altin apse ‘aspen’, Old-Pruss. abse, Pol. osa (from Proto-Slavic
*apsá), Old-HighGerman aspa ‘aspen’].
argilos - 'a mouse'
arma ‘swamp, bog’ [Lith. arma ‘bog, puddle’, armuo, -ens ‘the same’].
ars- ‘to flow; current, river’ [Old-Pruss. RN Arsio, Arse, Old-Ind. árs,ati ‘to
flow’, Hitt. arš- ‘the same’].
arta(s), arda(s) ‘current. river’ [Old-Ind. árdati ‘to flow’, Greek ardó ‘to
bedew’].
arzas ‘white’ [IE *arg'- (white, clear)].
asa(s) ‘stone’, as(a)m ‘stony’ [Old-Ind. as’man ‘stone; heaven’, Avest. asman-
‘the same’, Pelasg. asáminthos (stone) bath’, Lith. akmuo, -ens ‘stone’].
asa ‘colt’s foot (Tussilago farfara)’. That was its Bessian name according to
Dioskurides. It is related to the Lit. dial. asys ‘horse-tail, Equisetum’, Latv. aši,
ašas ‘horse-tail, sedge, rush’, which are probably related to the Latv. ašs, ass
‘sharp’, Old-Bulg. ostrý, Lit. aštrus ‘sharp’.
asn - 'I, me' , [IE *eg'hom, Lit. aš 'I, me'].
at ‘at, towards’ [IE *ad-, Latin ad 'to, towards', Latv. ad ‘at, towards’, Old-Icel.
at ‘at, opposite to’].
ath- ‘high, steep coast, a hill’ [Greek akté ‘steep coast, peninsula, cape’].
at(u) ‘current, stream’ [Latv. RN Adula, German Attel, Avest. adu- ‘current,
stream, channel’].
balios 'white', [IE *bhel-].
bebrus ‘beaver’ [Lith. bebrus ‘beaver’, Old-Pruss. bébrus, Bulg. VN Bebrovo,
Old-HighGerman bibar, etc.].
bend- ‘to bind’, marriage [Old-Ind. bándhana- ‘binding’, Avest. bandayaiti ‘to
bind’, Goth, Anglo-Saxon bindan, German binden ‘to bind’].
beras ‘brown, swarthy’ [Lith. be.ras ‘brown’, Latv. bers ‘the same’, Old-
HighGerman bero ‘a bear’ (initially ‘brown’)].
berga(s) ‘hill, bank’ [Old-Icel. berg ‘mountain’, Old-HighGerman berg, German
Berg ‘mountain’, Old-Bulg. breg@, New-Bulg. brjag ‘bank, coast’].
berza(s) ‘birch’ [IE *bherg'- 'a birch', Lith. bérz'as, Latv. berzs, Old-Pruss.
berse, Russ. ber'oza, Bulg. breza ‘birch’].
bolinthos ‘wild bull, bison’. The word is attested in Aristotle, according to
whom that animal lived in the Messapian mountain, which separated the
country of the Peonians from that of the Maideans (a Thracian tribe inhabiting
the middle course of Struma and upper course of Mesta), and that the
Peonians called it mónapos. Therefore, bolinthos was a Maidean, that is, a
Thracian word. It is compared to the German Bulle ‘bull’ and is derived from
the IE *bhun-ent.
bonassos 'a bull' [IE *gwou-, Latin bos, bovis 'a bull'].
bor- 'mountain' [in Huper-boreoi 'those living behind the mountain';
IE *Hegwr- 'hill, mountain'].
bredas ‘pasture-ground’ [Russ. bred, bredina ‘pasture’, bresti, bredu ‘to cross
by a ford’, Balt. (Zhemait.) RN Bred-upja].
brentas (brendas) ‘deer’ [Messap. bréndon ‘deer’].
bria ‘town’ (Strab.; Steph. Byz. under the word of Messembria). Both authors
state the word was Thracian. It is often found as a second component of
Thracian settlement names, for example: Messembria, Poltymbria, Sélymbria,
Skedabria, etc. The Thracian ‘bria’ is related to the Toch. A ri, B riye ‘town (a
refuge on a hill)’ – from the IE *wrijá.
brilón - 'a barber', [Slavic *briti 'to shave', Old-Ind. bhrinati 'he hurts', Persian
burridan 'to cut'].
brink- ‘to swell’ [Lith. brinkti [brinkstu) ‘to swell’, Pol. na-brekac' ‘the same’].
briza ‘spelt, rye’ (Gal. de alim. facult. 1, 13/6 p. 514. Kühn). The author
(Galen) saw this plant in Thracia and in Macedonia and concluded the word
was Thracian. It is very probable. There are several etymologies for this word,
that of A. Fick being the most acceptable one. A. Fick relates the Thracian
briza to the Old-Ind. vrihi-h, Pers. birinj, Afg. vriz'e ‘rice’, Greek orinda=óryza
‘rice’, from which the Bulg. oriz. There is an alternative interpretation: the
Thracian bryza is related to the Lith. brizdis ‘ling’, from the stem of the verb
brigzti ‘to be torn, to get unraveled’.
bruzas ‘quick’ [Lith. bruz'as ‘somebody who runs to and fro’, the Slavic
*b@rz@, Bulg. br@z].
brynchós ‘guitar for the Thracians’ (Hesych.). The word is related to the Pol.
brzek ‘a ringing, a tinkle’, Ukr. brjak ‘a ringing, a sound’.
brytos (masc.), bryton (neuter) ‘a kind of ale from barley, a beer’ (Archil.
Hecat. and others), brutos (Hesych.), bryttion (Herodian.). The word was used
by the Thracians, the Peonians and the Phrygians.
bur, buris (boris) ‘man’ [Alb. burrë ‘man’].
burt- (burd-) ‘a ford’ [Slavic *brod@, Bulg. brod ‘a ford’].
búzas ‘a goat’ [Avest. búza- ‘a goat’].
chalas ‘mud’ [Old-Bulg. kal@, New-Bulg. kal ‘mud’, Czech kal ‘swamp; mud.
soft soil’].
dama ‘settlement, place for settling’ [Old-Ind. dháman- ‘place for dwelling’,
Greek thaimós ‘house’].
daphas ‘a flood’ [Lith. dapas ‘a flood’, Norw. dial. dave ‘puddle, pool’].
darsas (dersas) ‘brave, courageous’ [Old-Pruss. dyrsos (pl.) ‘able, brave’,
Avest. daršyu- ‘brave, strong’].
datan (datas) ‘place, settlement’ [Alb. datë ‘place, settlement].
dava - 'a town'
dentu- ‘clan, tribe’ [Latv. gens ‘clan, tribe’].
dero, dur 'a stockade', [IE *dhwer- 'a door, a gate'].
desa(s), disa(s) ‘deity, god’ [IE *deiwo-, Greek théos ‘a god’].
-didzos, -didza 'to create' [Russ. so-zdat 'to create', Lith. z'iedz'iu 'I form, I
mould', Goth. deigan 'to puddle', Old-Ind. déhmi 'I plaster', Old-Pers. didá 'a
fort', Greek teikhos 'a wall', Latin fingo, fictus 'I puddle', Oscan feihúss 'walls'].
dinga ‘fertile ground’ [Latv. dinga ‘fertile place’, Old-Icel. dyngia ‘dunghill’].
diza ‘fortress’ [Avest. uz-daéza ‘a heaping, a fortification’, Old-Pers. didá,
New-Pers. diz, déz ‘fortress’].
dón ‘place, country(side)’ [Old-Ir. dú, Gen. don ‘place, country(side)’, Greek
chthón ‘soil, land’].
douro- 'strong' [Celt. *duro-].
drenis ‘deer’ [Alb. dre, dreni ‘deer’].
dul 'a house, a family'.
dumas ‘dark’ [Lith. dúmas ‘dark, dark brown (for cattle)’, Latv. dúms ‘dark
brown’].
dún- ‘hill, mountain’ [Celtic *dunum 'a hill', Anglo-Saxon dún hill, mountain’,
German Düne ‘dune’].
ebros 'a goat' [IE *kapro-, Gaulish gabro- 'a goat', Old Irish gabor 'a goat',
Irish gabhar].
e(i)b- ‘to flow, to drip’ [Pelasg. eibó ‘to drip, to flow (out)’].
ermas ‘fierce, mad’ [Alb. jerm ‘furious, mad’].
esko 'to eat' [IE *ed- 'to eat'].
esvas (ezvas), esb ‘a horse’ [IE *ekwo- 'a horse'].
gagila 'a jackdaw' [Slavic *gala 'a jackdaw'].
gaidrus ‘bright, clear’ [Lith. gaidrus ‘bright, clear (cloudless)’, Greek phaidrós
‘shining, bright, cheerful’].
gava(s) ‘county, countryside’ [Goth. gawi ‘county’, pre-Greek gaia, Att. gé
‘land, region’].
genton 'a piece of meat'.
germas ‘warm, hot’ [IE *gherm-, Old-Ind. gharmá- ‘heat’, Armen. j^erm’warm’,
Greek thermós ‘the same’].
gesa ‘stork kingfisher’ [Old-Pruss. geeyse ‘kingfisher’, Latv. dzése ‘heron,
kingfisher’].
gin- ‘to languish, to spoil, to dry out’ [Old-Kurian Ginulle (a stream), Latv.
g'nins ‘to spoil, to languish’].
haimos (-on), *saimas (-an) ‘ridge, mountain chain’ [Old-Ind. simán- ‘ridge,
boundary’, Irish sím ‘chain’].
heris 'a hand' [IE *khesro- 'a hand', Greek kheir 'a hand', Hittite keššar 'a
hand'].
ida (ide) ‘tree; forest’ [Old-Ir. fid, Gen. fedo ‘tree, trees, forest’].
iet(e)r (=jeter-) ‘quick, agile’ [Old-HighGerman átar ‘quick’, Latv. atrs ‘quick’].
iltea 'a chosen woman'.
íl(u)- ‘silt, mud’ [Greek ílys, -ýos ‘mud, silt’, Church Slavic il@ ‘the same’].
iúras (=júras) ‘water, river’ [Lith. júra ‘a sea’, Old-Nord. úr ‘drizzle’].
kaba(s) ‘bog, swamp’ [Engl. quab].
kalas ‘district, border region’ [Lith. galas ‘end, border of a field, meadow or
forest’, Latv. gals ‘neighbourhood’].
kalsas ‘dry, dried up’ [Latv. kálst (-stu, -tu) ‘to dry up, to wither’].
kamoles 'beloved'.
kapas ‘hill, slope’ [Latv. kapa, kape ‘long mountain strip, dune, slope’, Lith.
kopa ‘and hill, dune’].
kel(l)a ‘a spring’ [Old-HighGerman quella, German Quelle ‘a spring’].
kenthas ‘a child, descendant’ [Latv. re-cens ‘fresh, young, new’, with another
suffix in the New-Bulg chedo ‘a child’].
kersas ‘black’ [Lith. kéršas ‘on black and white spots’, Bulg. cheren ‘black’,
Old-Ind. krsná ‘black, dark’].
ketri-, ketre- ‘four’ [IE *kwetwores, Greek tetra ‘four’, Cymr. pedry- ‘four-fold’,
Lith. keturi, Latv. c'etri, Bulg. c'etiri ‘four’].
kik- ‘live, agile’ [Anglo-Saxon cwicu, Old-Nord. kvikr, kykr ‘live, agile’, Engl.
quick].
kiri- [or kira] ‘mountain’, ‘forest’ [Old-Ind. girí-h ‘mountain’, Avest. gairi- ‘the
same’, Lith. giria, gire ‘forest, wood’. Latv. dzira ‘forest’].
knisa(s) ‘eroded place’ [Lith. knisti ‘to dig’].
kupsela ‘a heap, a hillock’ [Lith. kupse.lis ‘heap, hillock’].
kurp- ‘to burrow’ [Lith. kurpti (-i?) ‘to burrow’, Russ. korpat’ ‘to burrow’].
kurta ‘groove, wood’ [Old-Pruss. korto ‘groove’ from the Baltic *kurtá].
laza (-as) ‘clearing (in forest), glade’ [Serbo-Croat läz ‘clearing’, Russ. laz
‘animal pathway to a river (lake)’, lazina 'clearing’].
lingas ‘depression, meadow’ [Lith. lénge ‘low land’, PN Linge, Bulg. long@
‘meadow’].
mandakes ‘a binder for sheaves’
marieus 'lime' [IE *mar- 'dirty, unclear'].
mar- ‘water, river, bog’ ["European" *mar- 'sea', Gaulish mor- 'sea', Anglo-
Saxon merisc ‘swamp’, Old-Icel. moerr ‘swampy country’].
marka ‘bog; swampy country’ [Lith. mark? ‘a pit for steeping flax or hemp’,
Ukrain. morokva ‘bog’].
melda(s) ‘marshy reed’ [Lith. melda, méldas ‘marsh reed’, Latv. meldi ‘reed’,
Old-HighGerman melta].
mér- ‘large, great’ [IE *mér-, Church Slavic personal name Vladi-mer@, Old-
HighGerman Volk-már, Hlodo-már, Old-Icel. már ‘big’].
mezéna ‘a horseman’ [Alb. mes, mezi ‘stallion’, Roman. (substrat) mînz
‘stallion’].
midne 'a settlement'.
muka ‘seed, clan, posterity’ [Iran. muka- in the Osset. mug? ‘family’, muggag
‘seed, clan’].
mukas ‘swampy country, a bog’ [Latv. muka ‘swamp, where one can sink’,
mukls ‘swampy’, Lith. RN Múke.].
musas ‘moss, mould’ [Old-HighGerman, Anglo-Saxon mos ‘moss, swamp’,
German Moss ‘moss’, Church-Slav. m@h@ ‘moss’, Lith. musai, pl. ‘mould on
yoghourt’].
neos 'new' [IE *newo- 'new'].
nest- ‘rumbling, roaring’ [Old-Ind. nádati ‘to rumlble, to roar’, nadi- ‘river,
current’].
niva 'snow' [IE *sneigwh- 'snow'].
óstas ‘river mouth’ [Lith. úostas, uosta ‘river mouth; a port’, Latv. uosts-, uosta
‘the same’, Latin óstium ‘river mouth’, Old-Bulg. uostije ‘the same’].
pa(i)vis ‘child, son’ [Greek Homer pavis, Att. paus, pais].
paisa(s) ‘soot’ [Lith. paišai ‘soot’].
pala ‘swamp, bog’ [Lith. palios, pl. ‘big swamp. bog’, Latv. pal,as, pal,i
‘swampy banks of a lake’, Latin palus ‘lake’].
palma ‘swamp, bog’ [from pala with the suffix -má].
pan(i) ‘swamp, quagmire, peat-bog’ [Old-Pruss. pannean ‘quagmire’, Goth.
fani ‘silt’, etc.].
para, phara ‘settlement, village’, marketplace [from the IE *(s)porá as
‘village’].
paurakis 'small' [Latin paucus 'small'].
pauta(s) ‘foam’ or ‘foaming’ [Old-Pruss. RN Pauta, Lith. puta ‘foam’, putóti ‘to
foam’, Latv. putas ‘foam’].
per ‘boy, son’ [Lat. puer ‘child, boy, son’].
per(u)- ‘a rock’ [Hett. peruna- ‘a rock’, Old-Ind. párvata- ‘mountain’].
pés ‘boy, child’ [Greek paus, pais ‘child’, Cypr. pas ‘the same’].
pi - 'beside, more'
pinon 'a drink' [IE *poi-, *pi- 'to drink', Latin pibo 'I drink', Slavic *piti 'to drink'].
pitye 'a treasure'
piza(s) ‘bog, meadow’ [Latv. písa ‘deep swamp’, Greek písea, pl. ‘damp
places, meadow’].
poltyn 'a fortress'
pras- (resp. *praus-) ‘to wash, to splash, to bedew’ [Lith. prausti ‘to wash, to
sprinkle’, Latv. prauslat ’to splash, to besprinkle’, Old-Ind. prusnó'ti ‘to splash’].
puis, pus, pys ‘child, son’ [-pu(i)s = Greek Att. paus ‘child, son’].
pupa ‘beans’ or ‘hill’ (?) [Lith. pupa ‘beans’ or Alb. pupë ‘hill’].
pura- ‘maize, spelt’ [Greek pyrós ‘maize’, Lith. púrai ‘winter maize’, Church
Slavic p@iro ‘spelt’].
purda ‘swampy, damp place’ [Latv. purdul,i ‘a snivel’, Greek pardakos ‘damp,
wet’].
puris, poris, por, pyris, pyros, pyr ‘son, boy’ [Latin pure ‘child, boy, son’ in
Latin PN Marci-por, Nae-por, óli-por, Etr. nei-pur, naei-purs].
pus, pys ‘child, son’ - see puis.
pusinas ‘spruce forest, pine forest’ [Lith. pušynas ‘spruce forest’ from pušis
‘pine, spruce’].
putras ‘bawler, squaller, babbler’ [Old-Latv. personal name Putre, Latv.
putruôt, putrât ‘to cry, to speak fast’].
raimas ‘motley’ [Lith. ráimas ‘motley, particoloured’].
raka(s) ‘eroded place, a gully’ [Lith. rakti ‘to burrow’].
ramus ‘quiet, calm’ [Lith. ramus ‘quiet’, Old-Ind. rámate ‘to stay quiet, to rest’].
raskus ‘quick, agile, live’ [Old-HighGerman rasc ‘quick’, German rasch ‘the
same’, Engl. rash].
rera ‘stones, stony ground’ (from an earlier *lera) [Alb. lerë, -a ‘stones, fallen
stones’].
rézas (resas) ‘king’ [Latin rex ‘king’, Old-Ind. raj- ‘the same’].
ring- (rink-) ‘quick, skillful’ [Old-HighGerman (ge)-ringi ‘light’, Middle-German
ge-ringi ‘light. quick’, Greek rhimpha ‘quickly, skillfully’].
romfea 'an arrow, a staff'
rudas ‘red, reddish’ [Lith. RN Rud-upe., adj. rudas ‘(red-) brown, reddish’,
Latv. ruds ‘reddish’].
rumba(s) ‘edge; rapids’ [Lith. rumbas ‘periphery’, Latv. rumba ‘waterfall,
rapids’].
rús-a (-as, -is) ‘a pit’ or rus- ‘slowly flowing’ [Old-Pruss. PN Russe (a village
and a swamp), Lith. rúsys (and rúsas) ‘potatoe’s pit; hut’, Latv. rúsa ‘pit; or the
Litv. ruse.ti ‘to flow slowly’].
sabazias ‘free’ [Old-Bulg. svobod' ‘free’].
saldas, saltas (instead of *zaldas) ‘golden’ [Old-Bulg. zlato (from the Proto-
Slavic *zalta) ‘gold (noun)’ , New-Bulg. zlato ‘gold’, zlaten ‘golden’].
sara ‘current, stream’ [Old-Ind. sará ‘river, stream’].
sartas ‘light-red’ [Lith. sartas ‘light-red (for horses)’, Latv. sarts ‘red’].
satras (satrus) ‘live, quick, agile’ (?) [Lith. šatrus ‘live, quick, agile, row’].
saut-is (-as) ‘lazy’ [Latv. sautis ‘lazy man, who sleeps all the time’].
sei(e)tuva ‘deep place in the river’ [Lith. sietuve. ‘deep place in the river’].
seina(s) ‘village, settlement’ [Armen. šén, Gen. sini ‘village’, Greek Rhod.
kroina ‘residence’].
sékas ‘grass, greenery; hay’ [Lith. še.kas ‘recently mowed down grass’, Old-
Ind. s'áka- ‘vegetable’].
sem(e)la (= zeml’a) ‘land, earth’ [Old-Bulg. zemlja, Russ. zemlja, Lith. zeme,
Latv. zeme].
serma, sermas ‘current, stream’ [Old-Ind. sárma-h ‘current’, Lith. RN
Sérmas].
siltas ‘warm, pleasant’ [Lith. šiltas ‘warm, pleasant’, Latv. silts ‘warm’, Cymr.
clyd ‘warm, warming’].
sind(u)- ‘river’ [Old-Ind. sindhu- ‘river’, Old-Pers. hindus ‘the same’].
singas ‘low land, depression’ [Goth. sigqan, Old-HighGerman sinkan,
German sinken ‘to sink, to collapse’].
siros 'a granary'
skaivas ‘left’ [Greek skaiós ‘left’, Latin scaevus ‘the same’].
skalme 'a sword'
skalp- ‘to beetle, to hit’ [Lith. skalbti (-biu, -biau) ‘to beetle, to dolly (for
laundry)’].
skaplis ‘axe’ [Lith. skaplis ‘axe’].
skapt- ‘to dig’ [Lith. skaptúoti ‘to cut, to carve (in wood)’, Greek skápto ‘to
dig’].
skaras (-is) ‘quick’ [Old-Bulg. skor@, Russ. skor@j ‘quick’, etc. (Proto-Slavic
*skar@)].
skarké 'a coin'
skarsas ‘transverse, slanting’ [the Greek en-kársios, epi-kársis ‘curved, bent,
transverse’, Lith. skersas ‘transverse, oblique].
skilas ‘quick, impetuous’ [Lith. skilti ‘set fire’ and ‘run mad’]
skreta ‘circle, circumference’ [Lith. skrete. ‘a (round) disk’, skrite.
‘circumference’].
skumbr-as (or -is) ‘hill, mountain’ [Lith. kumbrys, kumbris ‘hillock, hill,
mountain peak, small mountain’].
spinda(s) ‘clearing (in the forest)’ [Lith spindis ‘clearing in the forest’].
spinos 'coal'
stra (from an earlier *strava) ‘current, torrent’ [Lith. srava ‘current’, Latv.
strava ‘current, torrent’].
strambas ‘stubble-field’ [Old-Pruss. strambo ‘stubble-field’, the Latv. struobs
‘a spray, a stem, a straw’ ].
strumá, strumón ‘current, river’ [Old-HighGerman stroum, German Strom
‘current’ river’, Lith. sraumuo, -ens ‘fast current’, srúti (srúvu, dial. srúnu) ‘to fill
with water’ and ‘to flow, to outflow the banks (for a river)’].
strúna ‘current, river’ [Lith. sriti ‘to fill with water, to outflow’].
stur(ia) ‘country, countryside’ [Old-Bulg strana (Proto-Slavic *starná) ‘country’,
Bulg. pro-stor ‘expanse, space’].
suchis, sukis, suku(s) (-os) ‘girl’, resp. ‘boy, juvenile’ [Cymr. hogen ‘girl’,
hogyn ‘boy, lad’, Lith. súnus ‘son’, Old-Bulg. s@in ‘son’, etc.].
suka ‘a crack, a gorge, a pass’, [Lith. šuke. ‘a gap, a crack’].
sula ‘groove’ [Greek hýle ‘forest, groove’].
sunka ‘sap, fluid’ [Lith. sunka ‘sap (of a tree); fluid’].
sura (zura) ‘current, stream’ [Old-Ind. sirá ‘current. stream’].
suras ‘strong, brave; a hero’ [Old-Ind. súra-h ‘a hero, a warrior’, Avest. súra-
‘brave, courageous; a hero’].
suras ‘salty, bitter’ [Lith. súras ‘salty’, Latv. surs ‘salty, bitter, sour’].
svit- ‘to shine, to twinkle’ [Lith. švite.ti ‘to shine, to twinkle’, Old-Bulg. svüteti
sia) ‘to shine’].
tarpas, terpas ‘a gap, a crack’ [Lith. tárpas, térpü ‘an interstice, a crack’,
Proto-Slavic *tarp@ ‘a pit, a ditch’].
taru- ‘spear’ [Greek dóry ‘tree’ and ‘spear’, Hett. taru- ‘tree, trees’, Old-Ind.
dáru- ‘tree’].
therm 'a tribe'
thin- ‘to hold, to carry’ [Latin teneó, -ere ‘to hold’].
thurd- ‘to crash, to collapse’ [Old-HighGerman sturzen, German stürzen ‘to
overthrow, to fall’].
tirsas ‘thicket’ [Lith. tirštis ‘density, thickness’ and ‘thicket, brush-wood’, tiršti
(tirštu) ‘to thicken’].
titha ‘light, radiance’ [Greek titó' ‘morning glow; morning, day’, Alb. ditë ‘day’].
tón 'a present' [IE *dó- 'to give'].
tranas ‘rotting’ [Lith. RN Tranys, trene.ti ‘to rot, to decompose’].
traus- ‘to break, to crumble’ [Lith. traušti ‘to break, to crumble’, traušus ‘brittle’,
the Latv. trauss, trausls ‘brittle, fragile’, Old-Russ. troh@ ‘lazy; sad’].
tri 'three' [IE *treyes, *trí 'three'].
tund- 1. ‘to push, to knock’; 2. ‘river’ [1. Latin tundó, -ere ‘to push, to knock’,
Old-Ind. tundaté ‘to push’. 2. Old-Icel. ?und ‘river’].
tuntas ‘a flock, a flight; a heap’ [Lith. tuntas ‘a flock, a flight; a heap, a pile’].
turm- ‘a run, a flight’ [Old-Ind. drámati ‘to run’, Greek drómos ‘a run’].
udra(s) ‘otter’ [IE *wed-, *wod-, Old-Ind. udráh ‘water animal’, Avest. udra-
‘otter’, Greek hydros, Old-HighGerman ottar, Lith. údra, Bulg. vidra ‘otter’].
udrénas ‘water, aquatic’ [IE *wed-, *wod- 'water'].
úkas ‘mist; misty, turbid’ [Lith. úkas ‘a mist; clouding; fume, vapour’, úkanas
‘cloudy, turbid’].
upa ‘river’ [Lith. úpe. ‘river’, Latv. upe ‘river, stream’].
-upula 'apple?' [IE *amlu-, *samlu- 'apple'].
urda(s) ‘stream’ [Lith. urdulys ‘(mountain) stream, pool’, Latv. urdavin,a
‘stream’].
usku- ‘water; aquatic, marshy’ [Old-Ir. u(i)sce ‘water’, Old-Cymr uisc, Irish esc
‘water, bog, swamp’].
utos ‘water, river’ [IE *wed-, *wod-, Old-Ind. ud-án- ‘water’, Greek hydos ‘the
same’].
vair-as (-us) ‘spinning’ [Lith. vairus, vairas ‘spinning’, Swed. vírr ‘a spiral’].
varpasas ‘whirlpool’ [Latv. várpats ‘whirlpool’, the Lith. varpyti (-pau, -piau) ‘to
dig, to burrow’].
veger- (resp. *veker-) ‘damp; to bedew’ or ‘haymowing’ [Dutch wak ‘damp’,
Latv. vedzere etc.].
veleka(s) ‘place for washing’ [Lith. vele.kles ‘a place, used for washing’, vele.ti
‘to wash (with a paddle)’].
ver- ‘to spring, to issue’ [Lith. vírti (vérdu, viriau) ‘to boil, to bubble’, the Old-
Bulg. v'reti v'rion ‘to spring, to boil’].
verza(s) ‘a barrier used for fishing; dam’ [Latv. varza ‘dam’].
zalmos 'a skin'
zan 'a clan, a family' [IE *g'en- 'to give birth, a kin'].
zbel- (from an initial *zibel-) ‘shining; a thunderbolt, a lightning’ [Latv. zibele
‘shining’, zibelêt ‘to flash, to twinkle, to shine’].
zburul- ‘light (noun); shining’ [Lith. z'iburys ‘light’ (noun)’].
zeira 'a kind of chiton'.
zelas - 'wine'.
zelmis ‘an offspring, descendant’ [Lith. z'elmuo, -ens ‘plant’ and ‘an
offspring’].
zenis, zenés ‘born, born in’ [=genes in the Greek personal name of
Dio=génes, from the IE *g'en- ‘to give birth’ in the Old-Latin geno ‘to produce,
to give birth’].
zéri- (from an earlier *zvéri-) ‘an animal, a beast’ [Lith. z've.ris ‘a beast’, Old-
Bulg. zver@ ‘the same’, Greek thér].
zetraia 'a pot'.
zi- ‘god’ [shortened from ziu-, zia- and similar, IE *deiwo- 'sky god', Greek
Zeus].
zilas ‘grey, turned grey’ or ‘blue’ [Lith. z'ilas ‘grey-haired’, Latv. zils, zilš
‘blue’].
zilma(s) ‘greenery’ [Latv. zelme ‘green grass or wheat’].
zombros 'a bison?' [Slavic *zo.brü, Latv. subrs 'a bison', Old Prus. wissambris
'a bison', Old Icel. visundr 'a bison'].
zum-, zuml- ‘dragon’ [Old-Bulg zm'i ‘dragon’, zm'ia ‘snake’].
zvaka(s) ‘bright, white’ [Lith. z'vake. ‘light (noun)’].

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