DEC40053 EMBEDDED SYSTEM APPLICATIONS

TOPIC 1
INTRODUCTION TO
EMBEDDED SYSTEM
Part 1: Concept of embedded system
LEARNING OUTCOMES 2

At the end of this chapter, student should

be able to:

1 Remember concept of embedded

system.

2 Remember C programming for PIC

microcontroller.
 3

CONCEPT OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM

Embedded System Definition 4

“Embedded Systems are electronic

systems that contain a microprocessor
or microcontroller, which are directly
interface with input and output device
designed to perform a particular task
through a specific program in real time.

“Embedded Systems are electronic systems that contain a

microprocessor or microcontroller, but we do not think of them as
computers – the computer is hidden or embedded in the system.”
- Todd D. Morton author of Embedded Microcontrollers
Application of E.S. in Automobile 5

E.S is widely used in automobile industries not only in the

development of automobiles but also in vehicles for achieving
various automated operations. Automobile sector uses the
embedded system in the following:

▪ Anti-lock Braking System (ABS)

▪ Electronic Stability Control
(ESC/ESP)
▪ Traction Control System (TCS)
▪ Automatic Four-Wheel Drive
▪ Air bags & Automatic braking
▪ Fuel Injection Control
▪ Car Entertainment systems
Application of E.S. in 6

telecommunication system
▪ Telecommunications
systems employ numerous
embedded systems
from telephone
switches for the network
to cell phones at the end-
user.

▪ Computer networking uses

dedicated routers and net
work bridges to route data.
 7

Application of E.S. in Consumer Electronics

Consumer electronics include personal digital

assistants (PDAs), mp3 players, mobile phones, videogame
consoles, digital cameras, DVD players, GPS receivers,
and printers

Household appliances, such as microwave ovens, washing

machines and dishwashers, include embedded systems to
provide flexibility, efficiency and features.
 8

Application of E.S. in Medical Equipment

Medical equipment uses embedded systems for vital signs monitoring, electronic
stethoscopes for amplifying sounds, and various medical imaging (PET, SPECT, CT, MRI)
for non-invasive internal inspections.

Blood Monitor MRI

- measures hematocrit and blood Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a method
oxygen saturation during surgery to of advanced imaging that allows doctors to look
ensure the patient's stability. at soft tissues such as muscles and nerves in fine
detail.
Application of E.S. in 9

Aviation & Aerospace

• New airplanes contain advanced avionics such as inertial guidance
systems and GPS . E.S also used in RADARs, guided Missile System,
automated guns and satellite phones.
“If you can
dream it you
can achieve it”
JOHN DOE
Application of E.S. in a 10

Personal Computer (PC)

A Personal Computer (PC) connected to
various embedded products such as the
keyboard, printer, modem, disk controller,
sound card, CD-ROM drive, mouse and so on.

Each or these peripheral has a

microcontroller inside it that performs only
one task.

For example, inside every mouse a

microcontroller performs the task of finding
the mouse’s position and sending it to the
PC.
Application of E.S. in 11

Educational Robot

“If you can

dream it you
can achieve it”
JOHN DOE
PROCESSOR 12

• Processor is the heart of an embedded

system.
• It is the basic unit that takes inputs and
produces an output after processing
the data.
• For an embedded system designer, it is
necessary to have the knowledge of
both microprocessors and
microcontrollers.
Microprocessor 13

Microprocessor is a programmable integrated circuit that can

perform any type of arithmetic or logical operation within a fraction
of second

The microprocessors contain no RAM, no ROM, and no I/O ports on

the chip itself. For this reason, they are commonly referred to as
general-purpose microprocessors.

It is also called as CPU or Central

Processing Unit

Application of microprocessor
includes Desktop PC’s, Laptops,
notepads etc.

Microprocessor chips
Microprocessor based system 14

A system designer using a general-purpose microprocessor

must add RAM, ROM, I/O ports, and timers externally to
make them functional.

The addition of RAM, ROM, I/O ports makes these system bulkier
and much more expensive..

The following block diagram shows basic component

required for microprocessor based system.
Microprocessor based system 15

Example : Computer motherboard

What is microcontroller? 16

▪ A microcontroller (sometimes abbreviated µC, uC or

MCU) is a single integrated circuit containing a processor
core, memory, and programmable input/output
peripherals.
▪ Also called computer in chip.
▪ It is an independent device that does not require any
other specific chip.
 17
What are the elements of a microcontroller?
Processor core (CPU) - A processor can be thought of as the brain
of the device. It processes and responds to various instructions that
direct the microcontroller's function.

Memory- is used to store the data that the processor receives.Two

type of memory:
a. Program memory (ROM) – store program instructions for
embedded system.
b. Data memory (RAM) - is required for temporary data
storage while the instructions are being executed.

Input/output (I/O) peripherals - interface for the processor to the

outside world.
Application of Microcontroller 18

The majority of microcontrollers in use today

are embedded in other machinery, such as
automobiles, telephones, appliances, and
peripherals for computer systems..

Microcontroller
chip

Microcontroller
chip
 19
Microcontroller vs Microprocessor

uc up
A microcontroller has a CPU (a The microprocessors contain no RAM, no
microprocessor) in addition of fixed ROM, and no I/O ports on the chip itself.
amount of RAM, ROM, I/O ports, and For this reason, they are commonly
timer all on a single chip. referred to as general-purpose
microprocessors.
Difference between Microcontroller & 20

Microprocessor based system

Dedicated to one specific task Can do many different task

Support devices are internal Support devices are external in a

for a microcontroller microprocessor based system

Microcontrollers offer Microprocessor based system fails

software protection to offer a protection system.

Time required to build the Time required to build the circuit will
circuit will be less, the size be more, the size will be more and
will be less and power power consumption will be more
consumption will be less
The Advantages of Microcontroller 21

Application

Use less space for system board (support devices are internal)

program is difficult to copy because of copy

protection functions and an emulator will be
required to copy it.

Many applications do not require as much computing power

Low power consumption

Reduced design cost

The disadvantages of 22

Microcontroller Application

Can only do a specific task

Limited amount of memory, I/O port and other internal

features such as timers.

Cannot add any external memory or I/O ports

Different manufacturer using different internal architecture of

microcontroller such as register and internal features.
Microcontroller available in market 23

 Today various types of microcontrollers are available in market with

different word lengths such as 4bit, 8bit, 64bit and 128bit microcontrollers.
 There are several microcontroller architectures and vendors including:

Vendor Example of microcontroller chip

ARM core processors (many ARM Cortex-M
vendors)
Atmel Atmel AVR (8-bit), AVR32 (32-bit),
and AT91SAM (32-bit)
Cypress Semiconductor PSoC (Programmable System-on-Chip)
Freescale Freescale ColdFire (32-bit) and S08 (8-bit)
Freescale 68HC11 (8-bit)
Intel Intel 8051
Microchip Technology PIC, (8-bit PIC16, PIC18, 16-bit dsPIC33 /
PIC24), (32-bit PIC32)
NXP Semiconductors LPC1000, LPC2000, LPC3000, LPC4000 (32-
bit), LPC900, LPC700 (8-bit)
 24

C PROGRAMMING FOR PIC

MICROCONTROLLER.
C Programming and compiler for PIC 25

▪ The microcontroller needs to be programmed to be capable of performing

anything useful.
▪ C language is used to write program for microcontroller since it's very
flexible and versatile, allowing maximum control with minimal commands.
▪ A special program called compiler is used to compile program into hex files
that we download into the ROM of the microcontroller.
▪ Many commercial compilers are available, in 2008, Microchip released
their own C compilers, C18 and C30, for the line of 18F 24F and 30/33F
processors.
▪ In 2013, Microchip offers their XC series of compilers, for use with MPLAB
X. Microchip will eventually phase out its older compilers, such as C18, and
recommends using their XC series compilers for new designs.
Basic Structure of C program 26

Figure 3
Data Type 27
Modified Integer Types 28

Modified Floating Point Types

Declaring Variable 29

The following are example of C statement used to

declare variable:

29
Data Format in C 30

 Data format is the way a value is being presented in C

language
 The following are methods to present value:

Radix Format Example

Binary 0bnumber or PORTB = 0b01010101;

0Bnumber
Octal Onumber or \number PORTB = O125;
Decimal number PORTB = 105;
Hexadecimal 0xnumber or PORTB = 0x55;
0Xnumber
ASCII ‘character’ PORTD= ‘K’
Activity 1 31

Refer the following C statement:

DATA =0b00001111;

Rewrite the given C statement in the following data

format:

a. Decimal b. Hexadecimal
C Operators 32

An operator is a symbol that tells the compiler to perform

specific mathematical or logical functions. C language is rich
in built-in operators and provides the following types of
operators −
1. Arithmetic Operators
2. Relational Operators
3. Logical Operators
4. Bitwise Operators
5. Assignment Operators
6. Misc Operators
Arithmetic Operators 33

The following table shows all the arithmetic operators

supported by the C language. Assume variable A holds 10
and variable B holds 20 then −
Relational Operators 34

The following table shows all the relational operators supported

by C. Assume variable A holds 10 and variable B holds 20 then:
Logical Operators 35

Following table shows all the logical operators supported by C

language. Assume variable A holds 1 and variable B holds 0, then −
Bitwise Operators 36

Bitwise operator works on bits and perform bit-by-bit

operation. The truth tables for &, |, and ^ is as follows :
Example 1 37

Assume A = 60 and B = 13 in binary format, they will be as

follows −
A = 0011 1100
B = 0000 1101
-----------------
A&B = 0000 1100
A|B = 0011 1101
A^B = 0011 0001
~A = 1100 0011
Example 2 38

Write C program code based on data in the following table.

Input Output
RB0 RB1 RB7
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1

Solution:

RB7= RB0 & RB1;

 39

References
1. Muhammad Ali Mazidi, Rollin D Mckinlay, Danny
Causey, PIC Microcontolller and Embedded System,
Pearson
2. https://www.quora.com/How-are-embedded-systems-
used-in-aerospace-applications
3. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcontrollerhttp://tec
h
4. forum4u.com/entry.php/4-Basic-Structure-Of-a-C-
Program
5. http://www.tutorialspoint.com/cprogramming/c_opera
tors.htmhttp://www.electronicshub.org/
6. https://internetofthingsagenda.techtarget.com/definiti
on/microcontroller