THE PUNDITS

THE PUNDITS
STATIC GK SERIES
3. FAIRS & FESTIVALS OF INDIA

(Along-with All Imp PYQs & Festivals in

NEWS in Bilingual Format)

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New Years of Different States

1) Bohag Bihu or Rongali Bihu – Assam

2) Sajibu Cheiraoba - Manipur

3) Gudi Padwa - Maharashtra, Goa

4) Jude Sheetal – Bihar, Jharkhand

5) Losar – Arunachal Pradesh (Tibetan new year by

Monpa Tribe)

6) Losoong – Sikkim

7) Navreh – Kashmir

8) Pana Sankranti – Odisha

9) Pohela Boishakh – West Bengal, Tripura

10) Puthandu or Varusha Pirappu – TamiNadu

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11) Ugadi – Karnataka, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh

12) Vaisakhi/ Baisakhi - Punjab

13) Vishu – Kerala

14) Hijri – Islamic New Year (on 1st day of Muharram

15) Navroj – Persian new year (introduced by Balban). It

is of Zoroastrian Origin.

16) Nootan Varsh or Bestu Varas – Gujarat

17) Cheti Chand - Sindhi

18) Chaitra Navaratri – Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh,

Bihar, Chhatisgarh, Jharkhand

19) Buisu – Tripura

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Makar Sankranti

It is a harvest festival which falls on 14 January (also

known as Kite Festival).

It’s name in different states are as follows :

1) Magh Bihu – Assam

2) Maghi – Punjab

3) Uttarain – Jammu

4) Sakrat – Haryana

5) Sakraat – Rajsthan

6) Pongal – Tamil Nadu

7) Uttarayan – Gujarat,Uttar Pradesh

8) Ghughuti – Uttarakhand

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Kumbh Mela
The Kumbh Mela is held once in 3 years at 4 places :

1) Prayagraj – at Sangam (confluence of Ganga,

Yamuna & Sarasvati Rivers)
2) Haridwar – at Ganges (on the bank of Ganga River)
3) Nashik – at the bank of Godavari River
4) Ujjain – at the bank of Shipra River

Ardha Kumbh Mela

The Ardha Kumbh Mela is organised once in 6 years at
2 places only - Haridwar and Prayagraj (Sangam).

Purna Kumbh Mela

• The Purna Kumbh takes place once in 12 years based
on certain planetary positions.
• The congregation is held at Prayagraj only.

Maha Kumbh Mela

• The Maha Kumbh Mela is held once in 144 years

(upon the completion of 12 Purna Kumbh).
• It is held only at the Sangam Ghat in Prayagraj.
• The last Maha Kumbh was held in 2013 and the next
will be held after 144 years.

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Some Important Festivals of INDIA

Arunachal Pradesh

1) Mopin – by Galo Tribe 2) Solung

Assam

1) Majuli 2) Baishagu

3) Ambubasi (Ambubachi) Festival - At Kamakhya

Temple, Guwahati. It is also called as Mahakumbh of
East.

4) Ali-Aye-Ligang - Spring Festival by Mishing/Miri

Tribe
5) Jon Beel Mela – Barter system is used

6) Me-Dam-me-Phi – by Ahom People on 31st January. It

is for ancestor worship in memory of departed.

7) Bihu – It has 3 types :

• Rongali or Bohag Bihu – in April.
• Kangali or Kati Bihu – in October (It is celebrated
by lighting a lamp in front of a Tulsi tree).
• Bhogali or Magh Bihu – in January.

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Bihar

1) Chhath Pooja – dedicated to Sun God & his wife Usha

Chattisgarh

1) Madai – dedicated to Kesharpal Kesharpallin Devi

2) Gaura Gauri Puja 3) Hareli

Dadra Nagar Haveli & Daman & Diu

1) Tarpa Festival

Goa

1) Sao Joao – Catholic Festival

2) Shigmotsav/Shigmo – in Month of Phalguna (march)

Gujarat

1) Tarnetar Fair
2) Vautha Mela – For Animal trading
3) Madhavpur Mela – dedicated to Lord Krishna &
Rukmini
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Haryana

1) Surajkund international Crafts Fair

Himachal Pradesh

1) Minjar Mela
2) Nalwari Fair (also known as Cattle Fair)

Jharkhand

1) Sarhul
2) Bhagta Parab – worship of Budha Baba
3) Jawa – by Unmarried tribal Girls for fertility and
better fortune

Karnataka

1) Karaga (oldest festival)

2) Kaveri Sankramana
3) Puttari – harvest festival by Kodava in Coorg
4) Kailpodh – worship of weapon by Kodava in Coorg

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Kerala

1) Onam – harvest Festival : Boat Race (Vallam Kali) held

during this time.
2)Sundareswara Festival

3) Arthunkal & Vettukad are Church Festival

4) Makaravilakku – on Makar Sankranti at Shrine of

Sabrimala)

5) Soorya Festival – at Thiruvananthapuram

Ladakh

1) Hemis – on 10th day of Tibetan Lunar month, it is

dedicated to Lord Padmasambhave.

Madhya Pradesh

1) Dhamoni Urs Fair – At shrine of Mastan Shah Vali

2) Tansen Samaroh – at Gwalior
3) Bhagoriya Festival – by Bhil Tribe at Maharashtra &
Madhya Pradesh

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Maharashtra

1) Banganga 2) Ganesh Chaturthi

Manipur

1) Lai Haraoba – Mary making of the Gods

2) Yaoshang Sngai 3) Senegal Festival

Meghalaya

1) Wangala - by Garo Tribes

Mizoram

1) Chapchar Kut – in March 2) Anthurium

Nagaland

1) Hornbill Festival 2) Tsokum Samai

3) Mong Mong 4) Moatsu – by Ao Tribe
5) Sekhrenyi – By Angami Nagas Tribe in Feb.

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Odisha

1) Bali Tritiya 2) Baliyatra – at Cuttack

3) Eco Retreat 4) Nabakalebara

5) Nuakai – one day after Ganesh Chaturthi

6) Raja Parba – Celebrated onset of monsoon and earth’s

womanhood

7) Dhanu Yatra – by Bargarh Community devoted to

Lord Krishna

8) Rath Yatra – For Lord Jagannath

Puducherry

1) Bastille Day Festival – also known as French National

day.

Punjab

1) Lohri – Harvest Festival (Sugarcane Harvest),

2) Teeyan – Monsoon Festival

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Rajasthan

1) Pushkar Mela – also known as Kartik Mela or Pushkar

Camel Fair . It is for Camel Trading.
2) Elephant Festival – at Jaipur during Holi

Sikkim

1) Saga Dawa/ Triple Blessed Festival – It is Biggest

Buddhist Festival.
It is Celebrated for birthday, enlightment & Death of
Gautama Buddha.

2) Vesak/ Buddha day is same as Saga Dawa it is

celebrated slightly earlier than Saga Dawa

3) Bumchu Festival

4) Drupka Tsechi – associated with Lord Buddha

5) Sakewa – For Kirat Khambu Rai community. Chandi

Puja or Bhoomi Pooja is done in it.

Tamil Nadu

1) Theemithi – in honour of Draupadi. Fire Walking

Festival held at this time.

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2) Thaipusam – Dedicated to Lord Muruga

3) Float Festival – at Madurai, Kanthuri Utsav

4) Valvil Ori Vizha – In August Month

5) Jallikattu – Traditional Bull Taming Sport Part of
Pongal Festival

Telangana

1) Bathukamma 2) Bonalu

Uttar Pradesh

1) Lathmar Holi - at Barsana & Nandgaon

Uttarakhand

1) Nanda Devi Fair – at Almora in September Month

West Bengal

1) Durga Pooja
2) Keduli Fair – on Makar Sankranti

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Some Important Previous Year Questions

1) Which Festival is known as Phagwa? – Holi

2) Which Festival is dedicated to Goddess Durga & her

nine avtars? – Navratri

3) Eid-ul-Fitr is celebrated on 1st day of Shawwal month,

which number month is it in Islamic Calendar? - 10th

4) Paryushan is important Festival of which community?

– Jain, celebrated for 8 days by Shvetambar
Community & 10 days as Dasalakshan Parva by
Digambar Community.

5) Which festival UNESCO has inscribed on

representative list of Intangible Cultural Heritage of
Humanity? – Kumbh Mela

6) Kartik Purnima in India is called as - Hunter’s Moon

in the West.

7) Gurpurab is celebrated by which community – Sikh,

at month of Kartik

8) Hemis Tsechu Festival Commemorates Birth of - Guru

Padmasambhava

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9) Pola Festival is celebrated in which states? –

Ashtrayshtra, Chattisgarh : In this Bullocks and Other
Cattle used for Agriculture are Worshipped.

10) 10th day of Sharad Navratri is Celebrated as –

Dussehra or Vijayadashmi.

11) Navanna Festival held in which Country- Bangladesh

12) Papeti is Festival of which community - Parsis

13) Puthari Festival is celebrated by which tribe -

Kodava

14) All Souls day is festival of which community -

Christian

15) Milad-un-Nabi is celebrated to commemorate - Birth

Anniversary of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH).

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Festivals in News (2022)

1. Spituk Gustor Festival 2022 - Ladakh

2. Torgya Festival - Arunachal Pradesh (tawang

Monastery)

3. Mandu Festival -Madhya Pradesh (Dhar District)

4. Kanchoth festival - J&K

5. Maru Mahotsav : A Desert Festival - Rajasthan

6. Medaram Jathara - Telangana

7. Khajuraho Dance Festival –Madhya Pradesh

(inaugurated by governor Mangubhai Patel)

8. Weeklong Kharchi Festival – Begins in Tripura

9. Bonalu - Telangana (The festival involves the worship

of Kali in her various forms)

10. India’s First Lavender Festival - Bhaderwah-J&K

11. Baikho Festival -Assam (for Good Harvest and Rain)

12. Piyush Goyal inaugurates ‘Mango Festival’ in

Belgium

13. J&K Is Organizing Its First Ever Bird Festival

14. Shirui Lily Festival - Manipur

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15. Nature Festival ‘Sarhul’ - Jharkhand (verbal

meaning of Sarhul is “worship of the Sal tree)

16. Gangaur Festival Celebrated Across Rajasthan (1st

day of the month of Chaitra)

17. Losar Festival’ - Ladakh (it is ‘the traditional new

year of Tibetan Buddhist celebrated at the onset of the
New Year in traditional schedule of Tibetan Buddhism.)

18. Losoong/Namsoong Festival - Sikkim (it is

annually celebrated across the Indian State of Sikkim on
the 18th day of the 10th month of the Tibetan Lunar
Calendar, which also marks the beginning of the harvest
season.

19. The 9th Edition of North East Festival - Guwahati

20. Herath Festival - Kashmir (Herath or the ‘Night of

Hara(Shiva)’, generally known as Maha Shivratri)

21. ‘Dol Utsav’ - West Bengal (to Welcome Spring

Season Lord Krishna and Radha)

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विविन्न राज्यों का नया साल

1) बोहाग वबहू या रोंगाली वबहू – असम
2) साविबू चेराओबा - मणिपरु
3) गुडी पडिा - महाराष्ट्र, गोवा
4) िूड शीतल – णिहार, झारखंड
5) लोसर – अरुिाचल प्रदेश (णिब्ििी नव वर्ष मोनपा जनजाणि द्वारा)
6) लोसूूंग – णसणकिम
7) निरेह – िश्मीर
8) पाना सूंक्ाूंवत – ओणडशा
9) पोहेला बैशाख – पणिम िंगाल, णिपरु ा
10) पुथाूंडु या िरुषा वपराप्पू – िणमलनाडु
11) उगादी – िनाषटि, िेलंगाना, आंध्र प्रदेश
12) िैसाखी/बैसाखी - पंजाि
13) विशु – िे रल
14) वहिरी - इस्लामी नव वर्ष (महु रष म िे 1 णदन)
15) निरोि - फारसी नव वर्ष (िलिन द्वारा पेश णिया गया) । यह पारसी मल
ू िा है।
16) नूतन िषष या बेस्टू िारस – गजु राि
17) चेटी चूंद - णसंधी
18) चैत्र निरावत्र – उत्तर प्रदेश, मध्य प्रदेश, णिहार, छत्तीसगढ़, झारखंड
19) बुइसु – णिपरु ा

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मकर सूंक्ाूंवत
यह एि फसल िा त्योहार है जो 14 जनवरी िो पड़िा है (णजसे पिंग
महोत्सव िे रूप में भी जाना जािा है)।

णवणभन्न राज्यों में इसिे नाम इस प्रिार हैं:

1) माघ वबहू – असम

2) माघी – पंजाि

3) उत्तरायण – जम्मू

4) सकरात – हररयािा

5) सकरात – राजस्थान

6) पोंगल – िणमलनाडु

7) उत्तरायण – गजु राि, उत्तर प्रदेश

8) घुघुटी – उत्तराखंड

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कुूंि मेला
िंु भ मेला 3 साल में एक बार 4 स्थानों पर आयोणजि णिया जािा है:
1) प्रयागराि – गंगा, यमनु ा और सरस्विी नणदयााँ िे संगम पर
2) हररद्वार – गंगा नदी िे िट पर
3) नावसक – गोदावरी नदी िे िट पर
4) उज्िैन – णशप्रा नदी िे िट पर
अर्द्षकुूंि मेला
अर्द्षिंु भ मेला 6 साल में एक बार िे वल 2 स्थानों पर आयोणजि णिया जािा है -
हररद्वार और प्रयागराि (संगम)

पूणष कुूंि मेला

1. पिू ष िंु भ िुछ ग्रहों िी णस्थणि िे आधार पर 12 िषों में एक बार होिा है।
2. यह प्रयागराि में ही होिी है ।

महाकुूंि मेला
1. महािंु भ मेला 144 िषों में एक बार (12 पिू ष िंु भ िे परू ा होने पर)
आयोणजि णिया जािा है।
2. यह िे वल प्रयागराि के सगूं म घाट पर आयोणजि णिया जािा है।
3. णपछला महािंु भ 2013 में आयोणजि णिया गया था और अगला िंु भ 144
साल िाद आयोणजि णिया जाएगा।

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िारत के कुछ महत्िपूणष त्यौहार

अरुणाचल प्रदेश
1) मोणपन – गैलो जनजाणि द्वारा 2) सोलंगु

असम
1) माजल
ु ी 2) िैशागु

3) अूंबबु ासी (अूंबबु ाची) महोत्सि - िामाख्या मणं दर, गवु ाहाटी में । इसे परू ि िा
महािंु भ भी िहा जािा है।
4) अली-ऐ-वलगाूंग - णमणशंग / णमरी जनजाणि द्वारा णस्प्रंग फे णस्टवल
5) िॉन बील मेला - वस्िु णवणनमय प्रिाली िा उपयोग णिया जािा है
6) मी-डैम-मी-फी – अहोम पीपल द्वारा 31 जनवरी को । यह णदवंगि पवू षजों िी
स्मृणि में पजू ा िे णलए है।
7) वबहू – इसिे 3 प्रिार हैं:
• रोंगाली या बोहाग वबहू - अप्रैल में।
• कूंगली या कटी वबहू - अकटूिर में (यह िल
ु सी िे पेड़ िे सामने दीपि जलािर
मनाया जािा है)।.
• िोगली या माघ वबहू - जनवरी में।

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वबहार
1) छठ पूिा – सयू ष देव और उनिी पत्नी उर्ा िो समणपषि

छत्तीसगढ़
1) मडई – िे शरपाल िे शरपल्लीन देवी िो समणपषि
2) गौरा गौरी पजू ा 3) हरे ली

दादरा नगर हिेली और दमन और दीि

1) िारपा महोत्सव

गोिा
1) साओ िोआओ - िै थोणलि महोत्सव
2) वशगमोत्सि/वशग्मो - फाल्गनु िे महीने में (माचष)

गुिरात
1) तरणेतर मेला
2) िौथा मेला – पशु व्यापार िे णलए
3) माधिपरु मेला – भगवान िृ ष्ट्ि और रुणकमिी िो समणपषि

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हररयाणा
1) सरू जिंु ड अंिराषष्ट्रीय णशल्प मेला

वहमाचल प्रदेश
1) ममिंजर मेला
2) नलिाडी मेला (णजसे मवेशी मेला भी िहा जािा है)

झारखडूं
1) सरहुल
2) िगता परब - िर्द्
ु िािा िी पजू ा
3) िािा – प्रजनन क्षमिा और िेहिर भाग्य िे णलए अणववाणहि आणदवासी लड़णियों
द्वारा

कनाषटक
1) िरगा (सिसे परु ाना त्यौहार)
2) कावेरी संक्रामण
3) पट्टु ारी - िुगष में िोडावा द्वारा फसल त्योहार
4) कै लपोध - िुगष में िोडवा द्वारा शस्त्र िी पजू ा

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के रल
1) ओणम – फसल महोत्सव: इस दौरान िोट रे स (वल्लम िाली) आयोणजि
2) संदु रेश्वर महोत्सव
3) अथुंि
ु ल और वेट्टुिड चचष फे णस्टवल हैं
4) मकरविलक्कू – मिर संक्ाणं ि पर सिरीमाला िे मंणदर में
5) सयू ष महोत्सि – णिरुवनिं परु म में

लद्दाख
1) हेवमस - णिब्ििी चंद्र मास िे 10वें णदन, यह भगवान पद्मसभं वे िो समणपषि है।

मध्य प्रदेश
1) धमोनी उसष मेला – मस्िान शाह वाली िी दरगाह पर
2) तानसेन समारोह – ग्वाणलयर में
3) िगोररया महोत्सि – महाराष्ट्र और मध्य प्रदेश में भील जनजाणि द्वारा

महाराष्ट्र
1) िािगगं ा 2) गिेश चिथु ी

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मवणपरु
1) लाई हराओबा - देवताओ ं का आमोद-प्रमोद
2) याओशांग संगई 3) सेनेगल महोत्सव

मेघालय
1) वांगला - गारो जनजाणियों द्वारा

वमिोरम
1) चपचर िुट – 2 माचष िो 2)) एंथरु रयम

नागालैंड
1) हॉनषणिल फे णस्टवल 2) त्सोिुम समाई
3) मोंग मोंग 4) मोत्सु - एओ जनजाणि द्वारा
5) सेकेरनेई - फरवरी में अगं ामी नागा जनजाणि द्वारा।

ओवडशा
1) िाली िृिीया 2) िणलयािा – िटि में
3) इिो रररीट 4) नििलेिारा

5) नुआखाई - गिेश चिथु ी िे एि णदन िाद

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6) रािा परबा - मानसनू और पृथ्वी िे नारीत्व िी शरुु आि िा जश्न मनाया जािा है

7) धनु यात्रा – िारगढ़ समदु ाय द्वारा भगवान श्रीिृ ष्ट्ि िो समणपषि

8) रथ यात्रा – भगवान जगन्नाथ िे णलए

पुडुचेरी
1) िैणस्टल डे फे णस्टवल - णजसे फ्रेंच नेशनल डे िे रूप में भी जाना जािा है।

पि
ूं ाब
1) लोहड़ी - हावेस्ट फे णस्टवल (गन्ना फसल),
2) िीयां – मानसनू महोत्सव
रािस्थान
1) पुष्ट्कर मेला - णजसे िाणिषि मेला या पष्ट्ु िर ऊंट मेला भी िहा जािा है। यह िै मल
रेणडंग िे णलए है।
2) हाथी महोत्सि – होली िे दौरान जयपरु में

वसवक्कम
1) सागा दािा/ वरपल धन्य त्यौहार – यह सिसे िड़ा िौर्द् महोत्सव है। यह गौिम
िर्द्
ु िे जन्मणदन, ज्ञान और मृत्यु िे णलए मनाया जािा है।
2) िैशाख/बुर्द् णदवस सागा दावा िे समान है। यह सागा दावा से थोड़ा पहले मनाया
जािा है

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3) िमु चू महोत्सव
4) द्रुपका त्सेची - भगवान िर्द्
ु से जड़ु ा हुआ
5) साके िा - िीरि खंिू राय समदु ाय िे णलए।

तवमलनाडु

1) वथवमथी - द्रौपदी िे सम्मान में आयोणजि णिया जािा है ।

2) थाईपस
ु म - भगवान मरुु गा िो समणपषि
3) फ्लोट फे वस्टिल – मदरु ै, िंथरु ी उत्सव में

4) िावविल ओरी विझा – अगस्ि महीने में

5) िवलीकट्टू – पोंगल महोत्सव ,पारंपररि िल

ु टैणमगं स्पोटष िा णहस्सा

तेलगूं ाना
1) िथि
ु म्मा 2) िोनालु

उत्तर प्रदेश
1) लट्ठमार होली - िरसाना और नंदगांव में

उत्तराखडूं
1) नूंदा देिी मेला – णसिंिर महीने में अल्मोड़ा में
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पविम बगूं ाल
1) दगु ाष पजू ा
2) के दुली मेला – मिर संक्ांणि पर

वपछले वर्षों के कुछ महत्िपूणष प्रश्न

1) णिस पवष िो फगवा िे नाम से जाना जािा है? - होली

2) िौन सा त्यौहार देवी दगु ाष और उनिे नौ अविारों िो समणपषि है? - निरावत्र
3) ईद-उल-णफिर शव्वाल महीने िे 1 णदन मनाई जािी है, इस्लामी िै लेंडर में यह
णिस नंिर िा महीना है? - 10िाूं
4) पयषर्ू ि णिस समदु ाय िा महत्वपिू ष त्योहार है? - िैन, श्वेताूंबर समुदाय द्वारा 8
वदनों और वदगबूं र समदु ाय द्वारा 10 वदनों तक दशालक्षण पिष के रूप में मनाया
िाता है।
5) यनू ेस्िो ने णिस त्यौहार िो मानविा िी अमिू ष सांस्िृ णिि णवरासि िी प्रणिणनणध
सचू ी में अणं िि णिया है? - कुूंि मेला
6) भारि में िाणिषि पणू िषमा िो िहा जािा है - पविम में हूंटर का चूंद्रमा
7) गरुु पवष णिस समदु ाय द्वारा मनाया जािा है – वसख, कावतषक के महीने में
8) हेणमस त्सेचु महोत्सव जन्म होिा है - गरुु पद्मसि
ूं ि
9) पोला महोत्सव णिन राज्यों में मनाया जािा है? - छत्तीसगढ़ - इसमें िृ णर् िे णलए
उपयोग णिए जाने वाले िैलों और अन्य मवेणशयों िी पजू ा िी जािी है।

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10वां
10) शरद नवराणि िा णदन इस प्रिार मनाया जािा है - दशहरा या
विियादशमी।
11) णिस देश में आयोणजि नवन्ना महोत्सव- बाूंग्लादेश
12) पपेटी णिस समदु ाय िा त्योहार है - पारसी
13) पथु री महोत्सव णिस जनजाणि द्वारा मनाया जािा है - कोडिा
14) ऑल सोल्स डे णिस समदु ाय िा त्योहार है - ईसाई
15) णमलाद-उन-निी पैगूंबर मुहम्मद की ियूंती मनाने के णलए मनाया जािा है।

समाचार में त्यौहार (2022)

1. वस्पतुक गस्टर फे वस्टिल 2022 - लद्दाख

2. तोरग्या महोत्सि - अरुिाचल प्रदेश (िवांग)

3. माूंडू महोत्सि -मध्य प्रदेश (धार णजला)

4. कूंचोथ त्यौहार - जम्मू और िश्मीर

5. मारू महोत्सि : एि रे णगस्िान महोत्सव - राजस्थान

6. मेदाराम िथारा - िेलंगाना

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7. खिरु ाहो नत्ृ य महोत्सि -मध्य प्रदेश (राज्यपाल मगं भू ाई पटेल द्वारा उद्घाटन)

8. सप्ताह िर चलने िाला खारची महोत्सि - णिपरु ा में शरू

ु हुआ

9. बोनालु - िेलंगाना

10. िारत का पहला लैिेंडर महोत्सि - भद्रवाह-जम्म-ू िश्मीर

11. बैको महोत्सि -असम (अच्छी फसल और िाररश िे णलए)

12. पीयर्ू गोयल ने िेणल्जयम में 'मैंगो फे वस्टिल' का उद्घाटन णिया

13. जम्म-ू िश्मीर अपना पहला पक्षी महोत्सव आयोणजि िर रहा है

14. वशरुई वलली महोत्सि - मणिपरु

15. प्रकृवत महोत्सि 'सरहुल' - झारखंड (सरहुल िा मौणखि अथष "साल िे पेड़
िी पजू ा" है)

16. परू े राजस्थान में मनाया गया - गिगौर महोत्सव (चैि मास िा पहला णदन)

17. लोसर महोत्सि - लद्दाख (यह 'णिब्ििी िौर्द् धमष िे पारंपररि िायषक्म में नए
साल िी शरुु आि में मनाया जाने वाला णिब्ििी िौर्द् िा पारंपररि नया साल है।

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 THE PUNDITS

18. लोसगूूं /नामसगूूं महोत्सि - णसणकिम (यह णिब्ििी चद्रं िै लेंडर िे 10 वें
महीने िे 18 वें णदन भारिीय राज्य णसणकिम में प्रणिवर्ष मनाया जािा है, जो फसल िे
मौसम िी शरुु आि िो भी णचणिि िरिा है। )

19. पिू ोत्तर महोत्सि का 9िाूं सस्ूं करण - गवु ाहाटी

20. हेराथ महोत्सि - िश्मीर (हेराथ या 'हर (णशव िी राि)', णजसे आमिौर पर
महाणशवराणि िे रूप में जाना जािा है)

21. 'डोल उत्सि' - पणिम िंगाल (वसंि ऋिु भगवान िृ ष्ट्ि और राधा िा स्वागि
िरने िे णलए)

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31
 THE PUNDITS

THE PUNDITS
STATIC GK SERIES
2. Classical and Folk Dances of India

(Along-with Famous Dancers & All Imp PYQs

in Bilingual Format)

For upcoming PDFs of this series,

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 THE PUNDITS
Classical Dances of INDIA

The Natya Shastra written by Bharat Muni is the most

prominent source for the Indian aestheticians for
establishing the characteristics of the dances.

The Indian classical dances have 2 basic aspects –

1. Tandava - This is symbolic to the male aspects of
dance and has more emphasis on rhythm and movement
2. Lasya - It denotes grace, bhava, rasa and abhinaya.
It is symbolic to the feminine features of dance as an art
form
And It’s 3 main components are-

1. Natya - the dramatic element of the dance i.e. the

imitation of characters
2. Nritta - the dance movements in their basic form
3. Nritya - expressional component i.e. mudras or
gestures

The 9 rasas of Dance are –

1. Love 2. Heroism 3. Pathos 4. Humour

5. Anger 6. Fear 7. Disgust 8. Wonder
9. Peace.

According to the Sangeet Natak Academy, there are 8

Classical dance forms in India :
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1. Bharatnatyam – Tamilnadu

• Bharatanatyam is one of the oldest and most popular forms of

classical dance that originated in Tanjore district in Tamil
Nadu in South India.
• The origin of this dance can be traced to the sage Bharata
Muni’s Natyasastra.
• It was Originally known as Sadiraattam or Thevarattam.
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Specifications:

• The costumes worn are bright coloured. Women wear saris and
men wear dhotis.
• Gestures used in Bharatanatyam are called Hastas or Mudras.
• The dance also includes many asanas found in Yoga.
• Poses of Bharatanatyam are called Karanas.
• Bharatnatyam is also knows as Ekaharya, where one dancer
takes many roles in a single performance.
• Bharatnatyam leans heavily on the abhinaya or mime aspect
of dance i.e Nritya, where the dancer expresses the sahitya
through movement and mime.
• The dance involves transitional movements of leg, hip and
arm. Expressive eye movements and hand gestures are used to
convey emotions.
• Two dancers E.Krishna Iyer and Rukmini Devi had played a
significant role in helping the dance regain its lost popularity
and position.

Famous Dancers

1. Rukmini Devi 2. Padma Subrahmanyam,

3. Vyjayanthimala 4. Alarmel Valli (Padma Shree)
5. Padmini 6. Yamini Krishnamurthy
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2. Kathak (North India – Uttar Pradesh)

• The word Kathak has been derived from the word Katha
which means a story.
• It was primarily a temple or village performance wherein the
dancers narrated stories from ancient scriptures.
• Kathak began evolving into a distinct mode of dance in the
fifteenth and sixteenth centuries with the spread of the Bhakti
Movement.
• The legends of Radha-Krishna were enacted in folk plays called
Rasa Lila, which combined folk dance with the basic gestures
of the kathak story-tellers.
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• Under the Mughal emperors and their nobles, Kathak was
performed in the court, where it acquired its present features
and developed into a form of dance with a distinctive style.
• Under the patronage of Wajid Ali Shah, the last Nawab of
Awadh, it grew into a major art form.

Specifications:

• It is usually a solo performance, the dancer often pauses to

recite verses followed by their execution through movement.
• The focus is more on footwork; the movements are skilfully
controlled and performed straight legged by dancers wearing
ankle-bells.
• Kathak is the only form of classical dance wedded to
Hindustani or the North Indian music.
• The stories in Kathak’s performance generally tend to be about
the life of Lord Shree Krishna.
• Lady Leela Sokhey (Menaka) revived the classical style of
Kathak.

Famous dancers

1. Birju Maharaj 2. Lachu Maharaj

3. Shambu Maharaj 4. Shovna Narayan
5. Sitara Devi
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3. Kathakali – Kerala

• The literal meaning of the term Kathakali is ‘Story-Play’.

• It is a blend of dance, music and acting and dramatizes
stories, which are mostly adapted from the Indian epics.
• Kottarakkara Thampuran is considered to be the founder and
the father of this dance form.

Specifications :

• Heavy make-up and stunning costumes (elaborate masks,

huge skirts and big head-dresses) are used.
• The dancers enact the roles (kings, gods, demons etc.) of the
stories with particular make-up and costume, the vocalists
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narrate the legend and the percussionists play the musical
instruments.
• Different facial colours indicate different mental stages &
character, e.g. green nobility, black wicked, red patches
combining royalty & evil.
• Hand gestures, facial expressions and eye movements are
important.
• Weight of the body is on the outer edges of the feet which are
slightly bent and curved.
• The art form consists of the four aspects of abhinaya – angika,
acharya, vichika, satvika and the Nritya & Natya aspects.
• The gestures form an alignment with verses known as
‘padams’ that are sung.

Famous Dancers

1. Kalamandalam Gopi 2. Kottakal Sivaraman

3. Kalamandalam Krishna Prasad
4. Kalamandalam Ramankutty Nair
5. Ms. Milena Salvini (Padma Shree 2019)
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4. Kuchipudi - Andhra Pradesh

• Kuchipudi is the name of a village in the Krishna district of

Andhra Pradesh which has a very long tradition of dance-
drama. It was known under the generic name of Yakshagaana.

• In 17th century Kuchipudi style of Yakshagaana was conceived

by Siddhendra Yogi. He was steeped in the literary
Yakshagaana tradition being guided by his guru
Teerthanaaraayana Yogi who composed the Krishna-
Leelatarangini, a kaavya in Sanskrit.

Specifications :
• It is performed as dance drama i.e. performance in groups and
also as solo items.
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• Costumes, ornaments and jewellery occupy an important
place.
• The solo items are Manduka Shabdam (story of frog maiden),
Balgopala Taranga (dance on the edges of brass plate with a
pitcher full of water on head) and Tala Chitra Nritya (drawing
pictures with dancing toes).
• Kuchipudi was developed as a form of worship to God Krishna.
• The poses and steps make Kuchipudi different from
Bharatanatyam. Bharatnatyam has sculpted poses whereas
Kuchipudi has rounded poses.

Famous Dancers

1. Yamini Krishnamurthy 2. Raja Reddy

3. Radha Reddy 4. Kaushalya Reddy

5. Mohiniyattam - Kerala
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• Mohiniyattam or dance of Mohini (an incarnation of Lord

Vishnu) is the classical solo dance form of Kerala.
• References of Mohiniyattam can be found in the
texts Vyavaharamala written in 1709 by Mazhamagalam
Narayanan Namputiri and in Ghoshayatra, written later by
poet Kunjan Nambiar.
• It was structured into the present day classical format by the
Travancore Kings, Maharaja Kartika Tirunal and his
successor Maharaja Swati Tirunal (18th-19th century)

Specifications:

• Mostly a solo performance by girls with circular movements,

delicate footsteps and subtle expressions.
• Movements have been borrowed from Nangiar Koothu and
female folk dances Kaikottikali and the Tiruvatirakali.
• It has elements of Bharatanatyam (grace & elegance) and
Kathakali (vigour) but is more erotic, lyrical and delicate.
• Realistic make-up and simple dressing (in Kasavu saree of
Kerala) are used.
• The lyrics are in Manipravala (a medieval south Indian
language combining Tamil-Malayalam and Sanskrit).

Famous Dancers

1. Sunanda Nair 2. Pallavi Krishnan

3. Kalmandalam Kalyanikutti Amma
4. Vijayalakshmi
5. Jayaprabha Menon
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6. Odissi – Odisha

• The major subjects of performance are lores of incarnations of

Lord Vishnu and verses of Jayadeva’s Gita Govinda.
• A soft dance backed by soothing lyrics and is similar to
Bharatanatyam in terms of the mudras and expressions.
• Termed as ‘mobile sculpture’ it incorporates two major
postures - Tribhanga (the body is deflected at the neck, torso
and the knees) and Chowk (a position imitating a square).

Famous Dancers

1. Sonal Mansingh 2. Kelucharan Mohapatra

3. Jhelum Pranjape 4. Leena Mohanty

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7. Sattriya - Assam

• The Sattriya dance form was introduced in the 15th century

A.D by the Vaishnava saint and reformer of Assam, Saint
Sankaradeva as a medium for propagation of the Vaishnava
faith.
• Because of its religious character and association with the
Sattras (Vaishnava maths or monasteries), this dance style
has been named Sattriya.
• Sattriya dance tradition is governed by strictly laid down
principles in respect of hastamudras, footworks, aharyas,
music etc.
• It is generally performed in group by male monks known as
Bhokots.
• Sattriya was given the status of a classical dance in the year
2000 by the Sangeet natya Academy.

Famous Dancers

1. Guru Jatin Goswami 2. Sharodi Saikia

3. Manik Barbay 4. Indira PP Bora
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8. Manipuri (Manipur)

• The origin of Manipuri dance can be traced back to ancient

times that go beyond recorded history.
• The dance in Manipur is associated with rituals and traditional
festivals, there are legendary references to the dances of Shiva
and Parvati and other gods and goddesses who created the
universe.
• Lai Haraoba is the earliest form of dance which forms the
basis of all stylised dances in Manipur.
• Literally meaning - the merrymaking of the gods, it is
performed as a ceremonial offering of song and dance.
• The principal performers are the Maibas And Maibis (priests
and priestesses) who re-enact the theme of the creation of the
world.
• Manipur dance has a large repertoire, however, the most
popular forms are Ras, Sankirtana & Thang-Ta.
• The male dancers play the Pung and Kartal while dancing.
• The dancers do not wear ankle bells to stamp out the rhythms
in a theatrical display, as this interferes with the delicate body
movements.
• The artist never establishes eye contact with the audience.
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Famous Dancers
1. Yumlembam Gambhini Devi 2. Guru Bipin Sinha
3. Darshana Jhaveri 4. Nirmala Mehta

The Ministry of Culture has recognised Chaau as 9th

classical dance.

9) Chaau : Jharkhand ,Odisha, West Bengal

Chhau dance is denoted as a mask dance. Energetic martial art

movements are basic feature of Chhau Dance. There are three
kinds of Chhau Dance:
● Saraikella – This Chhau Dance is famous in Jharkhand.
● Mayurbhanj – This Chhau Dance is famous in Odisha. It does
not use masks.
● Purulia – This Chhau Dance is famous in West Bengal.
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Chhau Dance was inscribed in the UNESCO’s Representative
List of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity in 2010

Famous Dancers
1. Shashadhar Acharya 2. Ileana Citaristi
3. Makar Dhwaja Darogha 4. Gopal Prasad Dubey,

Differences between Classical vs Folk Dance:

Classical Dance Folk Dance

The classical dance originates from Natya Folk dance is the kind of
Shastra. The 2 basic aspects of Classical dance that is developed by
dance are Lasya and Tandava. the people reflecting their
lives, often to the local
music.

Classical dances are associated with Folk dance is associated

Spirituality. with celebrating
agricultural harvest or
social gatherings like
weddings etc.

Classical dance is more demanding and is Folk dancing is funnier

usually strict with technical aspects. and free. Folk dance is
based on local stories
usually about relationships
among people or about
different seasons.
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Classical dances are more about grace and Folk dances are all about
composure energy, enthusiasm and
power.

Classical dances are performed by Folk dances are not

professional or highly trained dancers who performed by professional
have studied their form for many years. dancers. It is a dance of
common people.

There are only eight classical Dances in There are more than 30
India. folk dances in India.
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Folk Dances in INDIA
A folk dance is a dance developed by people that reflect the life of
the people of a certain country or region.

There is a large number of folk dances in India but we have

included only those names in this PDF which are asked by
TCS in recent SSC CGL, CHSL & NTPC exams. So, all these
names are very very important. Learn them by heart to
secure 3 marks in the exam from this topic.

1. Andhra Pradesh
Dappu, Dhimsa, Kolattam

2. Arunachal Pradesh
Rikhampada, Ponu Yoksi, Bardo Chham, Ponung,
Popir (By Adi Tribes)

3. Assam
Gamocha, Tabal Chongli, Natpuja, Bihu

4. Bihar
Jhijhiya

5. Chattisgarh
Panthi, Gaur, Saila (By Boys after harvest Season),
Sua (Suwa) (Tribal Dance Women dance like a Parrot)
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6. Goa
Fugdi, Dhalo, Kunbi (Tribal Dance)
Dhangar (Shepherd Community during Navratri)

7. Gujarat
Garba, Dangi, Hallisaka, Gheriya Nritya, Tippani,
Dandia (On Navratri)
Rathwa ni Gher (On occasion of Holi by Rathwa Tribe)

8. Haryana
Loor (by Women), Ratvai (By Mewati Tribes)

9. Himachal Pradesh
Chharhi, Thoda (Sports Dance/ Martial Art form)
Chham (By Buddhist to ward off evil spirit)
Nati (India made its entry in Guiness Book of World
Records in year 2015)

10. Jammu and Kashmir

Rauf, Dhumal, Hafiza, Hikat, Bhand Pather

11. Jharkhand
Karma (During Autumn Season), Birhor (By Tribe Birhor)
Kadsa (Carrying Kalasha)
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12. Karnataka
Yakshgan, Bolak-aat, Ummatt-aat, Dollu Kunitha,
Hampi, Bayalata, Veeragase (During Dussehra),
Bhootada Kola (Walking on bed of hot coal)

13. Kerala
Kummattikali (Mask dance), Ottam Thullal,
Kolkali Padayani

14. Ladakh
Spao

15. Lakshadweep
Kolkali, Chakali

16. Madhya Pradesh

Mataki, Jawara (Celebrate Wealth),
Phulpati (By unmarried girls of Malwa Community)

17. Maharashtra
Lavani, Povada, Dhangri Gaja,
Lezim (During Ganesh Festival)
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18. Manipur
Pong Cholom , Jagoi

19. Meghalaya
Nongkrem (By Khasi Tribes during Wangla Festival)
Chad Sukra (Celebrate as a sowing festival),
Behdienkhlam

20. Mizoram
Cheraw (Traditional Bamboo Dance),
Khullam (Performed by village Guests)

21. Nagaland
Leshalaptu, Aaluyattu (By konyak tribe)

22. Odisha
Dalkhai, Sakhi Kandhei (Puppet Dance),
Paika, Gotipua, Tiger Nach (Bagh Nach on Chatra month)
Ranapa (Enacting Chapters from life of Lord Krishna)
Mayurbhanj Chhau (Martial Art form derived from Tribal
Dance)

23. Puducherry
Garadi
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24. Punjab
Baga (Martial Dance), Heer Geet,
Tappa (Often shows soreness of a lover),
Viyahula Giddha (During Marriage),
Bhangra (Bhangra word derived from Hemp)

25. Rajasthan
Bhavai, Jhulan, Gangaur,
Terah Taali, Suisini,
Kalbelia (UNESCO Recognised dance form),
Ghoomar (State Dance of Rajasthan),
Khayal (By Bhawai Tribe)

26. Sikkim
Chu Faat (By Lepcha Community, in honour of Mount
Khangchendzonga), Maruni,
Limbo or Subba (Chyap Brung music instrument is used)
Lama or Chham (Masked Dance by buddhist lamas
during Pong Lhabsol Festival)

27. Tamil Nadu

Kummi, Karagam, Natyanjali (Tribute to Lord Shiva)

28. Telangana - Mathuri

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29. Tripura
Maimata (By Kaloi Community)

30. Uttar Pradesh

Raas, Nautanki, Shaura, Chholiya

31.Uttarakhand
Choliya (Martial art/ Sword Dance), Hurka Baul

32. West Bengal

Dhali Jatra, Bhatiyali Geet,
Gambira (Using Wooden Masks),
Alkam (Famous Dancing, Singing, Drama Event)
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भारत के शास्त्रीय नृत्य
भरत मनु न द्वारा निनित नाट्य शास्त्र नृत्यों की विशेषताओ ं को स्थावित करने के
विए भारतीय सौंदययशावियों के विए सबसे प्रमख ु स्रोत है।

भारतीय शािीय नृत्य के 2 बवु नयादी िहिू हैं –

1. ताांडव - यह नृत्य के िरुु ष िहिओ
ु ं का प्रतीक है और इसमें िय और गति िर
अविक जोर वदया जाता है
2. िस्या - यह अनग्रु ह, भाि, रस और अवभनय को दशायता है। यह एक किा के
रूि में नृत्य की िी विशेषताओ ं का प्रतीक है

इसके 3 मख्ु य घटक हैं-

1. नाट्य - नृत्य का नाटकीय तत्ि अथायत िात्रों की नकि

2. नत्ृ य - अिने मि
ू रूि में नृत्य गति
3. नृत्य - अवभव्यंजक घटक अथायत मद्रु ाएं या हािभाि

नृत्य के 9 रस हैं –
1. प्यार 2. वीरता 3. हौसला 4. हास्य
5. क्रोध 6. डर 7. घण
ृ ा 8. आश्चयय 9. शाांनत।

संगीत नाटक अकादमी के अनसु ार, भारत में 8 शािीय नृत्य रूि हैं:
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1. भरतनाट्यम – तममलनाडु

भरतनाट्यम शािीय नृत्य के सबसे िरु ाने और सबसे िोकवप्रय रूिों में से एक है
वजसकी उत्िवि दविण भारत में तवमिनाडु के तंजौर वजिे में हुई थी। इस नृत्य की
उत्िवि का िता ऋवष भरत मवु न के नाट्यशाि से िगाया जा सकता है। इसे मि ू रूि से
सवदराट्टम या थेिरट्टम के नाम से जाना जाता था।
नवननर्देश:
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• िहनी जाने िािी िेशभषू ा चमकीिे रंग की होती है। मवहिाएं साडी िहनती हैं और
िरुु ष िोती िहनते हैं।
• भरतनाट्यम में प्रयक्त
ु इशारों को हस्त या मुद्रा कहा जाता है।
• नृत्य में योग में िाए जाने िािे कई आसन भी शावमि हैं।
• भरतनाट्यम के आसनों को करण कहते हैं।
• भरतनाट्यम को एकहयय के नाम से भी जाना जाता है, जहां एक डांसर एक ही
िरफॉमेंस में कई रोि वनभाता है।
• भरतनाट्यम नृत्य के अवभनय िहिू यानी नृत्य िर बहुत अविक वनभयर करता है, जहां
नतयक गति और माइम के माध्यम से सावहत्य को व्यक्त करता है।
• नृत्य में िैर, कूल्हे और हाथ के सक्र
ं मणकािीन आदं ोिन शावमि हैं। अवभव्यजं क
आख ं ों के गति और हाथ के इशारों का उियोग भािनाओ ं को व्यक्त करने के विए
वकया जाता है।
• दो नतयवकयों ई.कृ ष्ण अय्यर और रुवममणी देिी ने नृत्य की खोई हुई िोकवप्रयता
और वस्थवत िािस िाने में मदद करने में महत्ििणू य भवू मका वनभाई थी।

प्रनिद्ध नतयक
1. रुवममणी देिी 2. िद्मा सब्रु मण्यम
3. िैजयंतीमािा 4. अिरमेि िल्िी (िद्मश्री)
5. िवद्मनी 6. यावमनी कृ ष्णमवू तय
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2. कथक (उत्तर भारत – उत्तर प्रर्देश)

• कथक शब्द की उत्िवि कथा शब्द से हुई है वजसका अथय है एक कहानी।

• यह मख्ु य रूि से एक मवं दर या गााँि का प्रदशयन था वजसमें नतयवकयों ने प्राचीन ग्रंथों
की कहावनयााँ सनु ाई।ं
• भवक्त आंदोिन के प्रसार के साथ िंद्रहिीं और सोिहिीं शताब्दी में कथक नृत्य की
एक अिग वििा में विकवसत होने िगा।
• राधा-कृष्ण की वकंिदवं तयों को राि िीिा नामक िोक नाटकों में प्रस्ततु वकया
गया था, जो कथक कथाकारों के मि ू इशारों के साथ िोक नृत्य को जोडते थे।
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• मगु ि सम्राटों और उनके रईसों के तहत, कथक को दरबार में वकया गया था, जहां
इसने अिनी ितयमान विशेषताओ ं को प्राप्त वकया और एक विवशष्ट शैिी के साथ
नृत्य के रूि में विकवसत हुआ।
• अिि के अंवतम नवाब वानिर्द अिी शाह के संरिण में, यह एक प्रमख
ु किा
रूि में विकवसत हुआ।
नवननर्देश:
• यह आमतौर िर एक एकि प्रदशयन है, नतयक अमसर गति के माध्यम से उनके
वनष्िादन के बाद छंदों को िढ़ने के विए रुकता है।
• फुटिकय िर अविक ध्यान कें वद्रत वकया जाता है; गति को कुशिताििू क य वनयवं त्रत
वकया जाता है और टखने की घटं ी िहने नतयवकयों द्वारा सीिे िैर का प्रदशयन वकया
जाता है।
• कथक शािीय नृत्य का एकमात्र रूि है जो वहदं स्ु तानी या उिर भारतीय सगं ीत से जडु ा
हुआ है।
• कथक के प्रदशयन में कहावनयां आमतौर िर भगवान श्रीकृष्ण के जीिन के बारे में
होती हैं।
• िेडी िीिा िोिे (मेनका) ने कथक की शािीय शैिी को िनु जीवित वकया।

प्रनिद्ध नतयक
1. वबरजू महाराज 2. िच्छू महाराज
3. शभं ू महाराज 4. शोभना नारायण
5. वसतारा देिी
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3. कथकली – केरल

• कथकिी शब्द का शावब्दक अथय 'स्टोरी-प्िे' है।

• यह नृत्य, संगीत और अवभनय का वमश्रण है और कहावनयों को नाटकीय बनाता है,
जो ज्यादातर भारतीय महाकाव्यों से अनक
ु ू वित होते हैं।
• कोट्टारक्कारा थांपरु न को इस नृत्य रूि का सस्ं थािक और विता माना जाता है।
नवननर्देश:
• भारी मेकअि और आश्चययजनक िेशभषू ा (विस्तृत मख
ु ौटे, विशाि स्कटय और बडे
वसर-किडे) का उियोग वकया जाता है।
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• नतयक विशेष श्रृंगार और िेशभषू ा के साथ कहावनयों की भवू मकाओ ं (राजाओ,ं
देिताओ,ं रािसों आवद) को वनभाते हैं, गायक वकंिदतं ी का िणयन करते हैं और
ताििादक सगं ीत िाद्ययत्रं बजाते हैं।
• चेहरे के विवभन्न रंग विवभन्न मानवसक चरणों और चररत्र को इवं गत करते हैं, जैसे
हरा बडप्िन, कािा दष्टु , रॉयल्टी और बरु ाई के सयं ोजन िािे िाि िब्बे।
• हाथ के इशारे , चेहरे के भाि और आंखों की हरकतें महत्ििणू य हैं।
• शरीर का िजन िैरों के बाहरी वकनारों िर होता है जो थोडा मडु ा हुआ और
घमु ािदार होता है।
• किा रूि में अवभनय के चार िहिू शावमि हैं - अांनगका, आचायय, नवनचका,
िानत्वक और नृत्य नाट्य पहिू।
• इशारे छंदों के साथ एक संरेखण बनाते हैं वजन्हें 'पर्दम' के रूि में जाना जाता है जो
गाए जाते हैं।

प्रनिद्ध नतयक
1. किामंडिम गोिी 2. कोट्टाकि वशिरामन
3. किामडं िम कृ ष्ण प्रसाद 4. किामडं िम रमणकुट्टी नायर
5. वमिेना सावल्िनी (िद्मश्री 2019)
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4. कुनचपडु ी - आध्र
ां प्रर्देश

• कुवचिडु ी आध्रं प्रदेश के कृ ष्णा वजिे के एक गााँि का नाम है जहााँ नृत्य-नावटका की

बहुत िंबी िरंिरा रही है।
• यह यिगान के सामान्य नाम से जाना जाता था ।
• 17 िीं शताब्दी में यिगान की कुवचिडु ी शैिी की कल्िना निद्धेंद्र योगी ने की थी। िह
अिने गरुु तीथयनारायन योगी द्वारा वनदेवशत सावहवत्यक यिगान िरंिरा में डूबे हुए थे,
वजन्होंने सस्ं कृ त में एक काव्य कृष्ण-िीिातरनां गणी की रचना की थी।

नवननर्देश:
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• यह नृत्य नावटका के रूि में वकया जाता है अथायत समहू ों में प्रदशयन और एकि िस्तओ
ु ं
के रूि में
• िेशभषू ा, गहने और आभषू ण एक महत्ििणू य स्थान रखते हैं।
• एकि आइटम मडां ु का शब्र्दम (मेंढक कन्या की कहानी), बािगोपाि तरांगा (वसर िर
िानी से भरे घडे के साथ िीति की प्िेट के वकनारों िर नृत्य) और तािा नचत्रा नृत्य
(नृत्य िैर की उंगवियों के साथ वचत्र खींचना) हैं।
• कुवचिडु ी को भगवान कृष्ण की िजू ा के रूि में विकवसत वकया गया था।
• मद्रु ाएं और कदम कुवचिडु ी को भरतनाट्यम से अिग बनाते हैं। भरतनाट्यम ने
मूनतयकिा पोज़ नर्दए हैं िबनक कुनचपडु ी ने गोि पोज़ नर्दए हैं।
प्रनिद्ध नतयक
1. यावमनी कृ ष्णमवू तय 2. राजा रे ड्डी
3. रािा रे ड्डी 4. कौशल्या रे ड्डी

5. मोनहनीअट्टम - के रि
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• मोवहनी (भगिान विष्णु का अितार) का मोवहनीअट्टम या नृत्य के रि का शािीय
एकि नृत्य रूि है।
• मोवहनीअट्टम का संदभय 1709 में मझमगिम नारायणन नामपुनतरी द्वारा विखे गए
ग्रंथ व्यावहारामािा और बाद में कनव कुांिन नाांनबयार द्वारा विखे गए घोषयात्रा में
िाया जा सकता है।
• इसे त्रािणकोर राजाओ,ं महारािा कानतयक नतरुनि और उनके उिराविकारी
महारािा स्वानत नतरुनि (18 िीं -19 िीं शताब्दी) द्वारा ितयमान शािीय प्रारूि में
सरं वचत वकया गया था।

नवननर्देश:
• गति, नाजकु नमशेकदम और सक्ष्ू म अवभव्यवक्तयों के साथ िडवकयों द्वारा एक एकि
प्रदशयन।
• इसमें भरतनाट्यम (अनग्रु ह और िावित्य) और कथकिी (शवक्त) के तत्ि हैं िेवकन
अविक कामक ु , गीतात्मक और नाजक ु है।
• ररयविवस्टक मेकअि और वसंिि ड्रेवसंग (के रि की कसािु साडी में) का इस्तेमाि
वकया जाता है।
• गीत मवणप्रिािा (तवमि-मियािम और संस्कृ त को वमिाकर एक मध्ययगु ीन दविण
भारतीय भाषा) में हैं।

प्रनिद्ध नतयक
1. सनु दं ा नायर 2. िल्ििी कृ ष्णन
3. किमडं िम कल्याणीकुट्टी अम्मा 4. विजयिक्ष्मी
5. जयप्रभा मेनन
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6. ओनडिी – ओनडशा

• प्रदशयन के प्रमखु विषय भगवान नवष्णु के अितारों की विद्या और ियर्देव के गीता

गोनवर्दां के श्लोक हैं। सुखदायक गीतों द्वारा समवथयत एक नरम नृत्य और मद्रु ाओ ं और
अवभव्यवक्तयों के संदभय में भरतनाट्यम के समान है।
• यह ‘गतिमान मूनतयकिा' के रूि में जाना जाता है, इसमें दो प्रमख
ु आसन शावमि हैं -
नत्रभांगा (शरीर गदयन, िड और घटु नों िर वििेवित होता है) और चौक (एक िगय की
नकि करने िािी वस्थवत)।

प्रनिद्ध नतयक
1. सोनि मानवसहं 2. के िचु रण महािात्र
3. झेिम प्रांजिे 4. िीना मोहतं ी
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7. िनत्त्रया – अिम

• सवत्त्रया नृत्य रूि को 15 िीं शताब्दी ईस्िी में िैष्णि संत और असम के सिु ारक, िांत
शक ां रर्देव द्वारा िैष्णि विश्वास के प्रचार के माध्यम के रूि में िेश वकया गया था।
• अिने िावमयक चररत्र और ित्तरों (िैष्णि मठ या मठों) के साथ जडु ाि के कारण, इस
नृत्य शैिी को सवत्त्रया नाम वदया गया है।
• सत्त्रीय नृत्य िरंिरा हस्तमद्रु ों, फुटिमसय, अहररया, संगीत आवद के संबंि में सख्ती से
वनिायररत वसद्ांतों द्वारा शावसत है।
• यह आमतौर िर िरुु ष वभिओ
ु ं द्वारा समहू में वकया जाता है वजसे भोकोट के रूि में
जाना जाता है।
• िनत्त्रया को िगां ीत नाट्य अकार्दमी द्वारा वषय 2000 में शास्त्रीय नृत्य का र्दिाय
नर्दया गया था।
प्रनिद्ध नतयक
1. गरुु जवतन गोस्िामी 2. शेरोदी सैवकया
3. मावणक बारबे 4. इवं दरा िीिी बोरा
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8. मनणपरु ी (मनणपरु )

• मवणिरु ी नृत्य की उत्िवि प्राचीन काि में देखी जा सकती है जो दजय इवतहास से िरे है।
• मवणिरु में नृत्य अनष्ठु ानों और िारंिररक त्योहारों से जडु ा हुआ है, नशव और पावयती
और ब्रह्ाडं की रचना करने िािे अन्य देिी-देिताओ ं के नृत्यों के िौरावणक सदं भय हैं।
• िाई हराओबा नृत्य का सबसे िरु ाना रूि है जो मवणिरु में सभी शैिीबद् नृत्यों का
आिार बनाता है।
• शानब्र्दक अथय - र्देवताओ ां की प्रिन्नता, यह गीत और नृत्य की औिचाररक िेशकश
के रूि में वकया जाता है।
• प्रमख
ु किाकार मैबाि और मैनबि (पुिारी और पुिारन) हैं जो दवु नया के वनमायण
के विषय को वफर से िागू करते हैं।
• मवणिरु नत्ृ य में एक बडा प्रदशयन है, हािावं क, सबसे िोकवप्रय रूप राि, िक
ां ीतयन
और थाांग-ता हैं।
• िरुु ष नतयक नृत्य करते समय िगंु और करताि बजाते हैं।
• नतयक एक नाटकीय प्रदशयन में िय को बाहर वनकािने के विए टखने की घंटी नहीं
िहनते हैं, मयोंवक यह नाजक
ु शरीर के आंदोिनों में हस्तिेि करता है।
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• किाकार कभी भी दशयकों के साथ आंखों का संिकय स्थावित नहीं करता

प्रनिद्ध नतयक

1. यमु िेम्बम गवम्भनी देिी 2. गरुु वबविन वसन्हा

3. दशयना झािेरी 4. वनमयिा मेहता

िांस्कृनत मांत्रािय ने चाऊ को 9वें शास्त्रीय नत्ृ य के रूप में मान्यता र्दी है।

9) छऊ: झारिडां , ओनडशा, पनश्चम बगां ाि

• छऊ नृत्य को मख
ु ौटा नृत्य के रूि में दशायया गया है।
• ऊजायिान माशयि आटय आदं ोिनछऊ नृत्य की मि
ू विशेषता है।

छऊ नृत्य तीन प्रकार के होते हैं:

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● सरायके िा - यह छऊ नृत्य झारखंड में प्रवसद् है।
● मयरू भंज - यह छऊ नृत्य ओवडशा में प्रवसद् है। इसमें मास्क का इस्तेमाि नहीं वकया
जाता है।
● िरुु विया - यह छऊ नृत्य िवश्चम बगं ाि में प्रवसद् है।

छऊ नृत्य को 2010 में मानवता की अमूतय िाांस्कृनतक नवराित की यूनेस्को की

प्रनतनननध िूची में अांनकत नकया गया था

प्रनिद्ध नतयक

1. शशिर आचायय 2. इवियाना वसताररस्ती

3. मकर ध्िजा दरोगा 4. गोिाि प्रसाद दबु े
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भारत में िोक नत्ृ य
एक िोक नृत्य िोगों द्वारा विकवसत एक नृत्य है जो वकसी वनवश्चत देश या िेत्र के िोगों
के जीिन को दशायता है।

भारत में बडी िांख्या में िोक नृत्य हैं िेनकन हमने इि पीडीएफ में के वि उन्हीं
नामों को शानमि नकया है िो हाि ही में एिएििी िीिीएि, िीएचएिएि
और एनटीपीिी परीक्षाओ ां में टीिीएि द्वारा पछ ू े गए हैं। अत ये िभी नाम बहतु
महत्वपूणय है।

1. आांध्र प्रर्देश
दप्ि,ू धीमसा, कोिाट्टम

2. अरुणाचि प्रर्देश
ररखमिाडा, पोनू योक्सी, बाडो छम, िोनगंु ,
िोविर (आवद जनजावतयों द्वारा)

3. अिम
गमोचा, तबि चोंगिी, नटिजू ा, वबहू
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4. नबहार
वझवझया, जाट– जातिन

5. छत्तीिगढ़
िथं ी, गौर, सैिा (फसि कटाई के मौसम के बाद),
ु (सिु ा) (आवदिासी नत्ृ य मवहिाएं तोते की तरह नत्ृ य करती हैं)
सआ

6. गोवा
फुगडी, ढािो, कुनबी (आवदिासी नत्ृ य)
िनगर (निरावत्र के दौरान चरिाहा समदु ाय)

7. गि
ु रात
गरबा, दागं ी, हिीसाका, घेररया नत्ृ य, वटप्िनी,
डावं डया (निरावत्र)
राठिा नी घेर (राठिा जनजावत द्वारा होिी का अिसर)
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8. हररयाणा
िरू (मवहिाओ ं द्वारा), रतिई (बीिाई मेिाती जनजावत)

9. नहमाचि प्रर्देश
छरही, थोडा (स्िोट्यस डासं /माशयि आटय फॉमय)
छम (बरु ी आत्मा को भगाने के विए बी िाई बौद्)
नाटी (भारत ने िषय 2015 में वगनीज बक ु ऑफ िल्डय ररकॉड्यस में अिनी
प्रविवष्ट बनाई)

10. िम्मू और कश्मीर

रऊफ, िमू ि, हफीजा, हीकि, भाडां पाथेर

11. झारिांड
कमाय (शरदऋतु का मौसम), वबरहोर (बीिाई जनजावत वबरहोर)
कादसा (किश िे जाना)
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12. कनायटक
यिगान, बोिक-आत, उम्मात-आत, डोल्िू कुवनथा, हम्िी, बयािता,
िीरगासे (डीउररंग दशहरा), भतू डा कोिा (गमय कोयिे के वबस्तर िर चिना)

13. के रि
कुम्मवत्टकिी (मख
ु ौटा नत्ृ य), ओट्टम थल्ु िाि,
कोिकिी िदायनी

14. िद्दाि
स्िाओ (योद्धा)

15. िक्षद्वीप
कोल्किी, चकिी

16. मध्य प्रर्देश

मटकी, जवारा (िन का जश्न),
फूििवत (माििा समदु ाय की अवििावहत िडवकयां)
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17. महाराष्र
िािणी, िोिाडा, िांगरी गया,
िेव़िम (गणेश उत्सि के दौरान)

18. मनणपुर
िौंग चोिोम , जगोई

19. मेघािय
नोंगक्रेम (िागं िा महोत्सि के दौरान बी िाई खासी जनजावतयां)
ु रा (बिु ाई के त्यौहार के रूि में मनाए)ं , बेहदीनखिाम
चाड सक

20. नमिोरम
चेरा (िारंिररक बासं नत्ृ य),
खल्ु िम (गााँि के मेहमानों द्वारा वकया गया)

21. नागािैंड
िेशिप्त,ु अियु ट्टू (कोन्याक जनजावत द्वारा)
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22. ओनडशा
दिखाई, सखी कंिेई (कठितु िी नत्ृ य),
ु , टाइगर नच (चतरा मास िर बाग नच)
िाइका, गोटीिआ
रणिा (भगिान कृष्ण के जीिन से अध्याय)
मयरू भंज छऊ (आवदिासी नत्ृ य से व्यत्ु िन्न माशयि आटय रूि)

23. पुडुचेरी
गराडी

24. पांिाब
बागा (माशयि डासं ), हीर गीत,
टप्िा (ओएफटेन एक प्रेमी की िीडा वदखाता है),
वियाहुिा वगद्दा (वििाह के दौरान),
भांगडा (भांग से व्यत्ु िन्न भांगडा शब्द)

25. रािस्थान
भिाई, झि
ू न, गणगौर,
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तेरह तािी, सइु वसनी,
कािबेविया (यनू ेस्को मान्यता प्राप्त नत्ृ य रूि),
घमू र (राजस्थान का राजकीय नत्ृ य),
ख्याि (बीिाई भिाई जनजावत)

26. निनक्कम
चू फात (िेप्चा समदु ाय, माउंट खांगचेंड़िोंगा के सम्मान में), मारूनी,
विम्बो या सब्ु बा (इसमें च्याि ब्रंगू संगीत िाद्ययंत्र का उियोग वकया जाता है)
िामा या छम (िौंग ल्हबसोल महोत्सि के दौरान बौद् िामाओ ं द्वारा
नकाबिोश नत्ृ य)

27. तनमिनाडु
कुम्मी, करगम, नाट्यंजवि (भगिान वशि को श्रद्ांजवि)

28. तेिांगाना - माथरु ी

29. नत्रपुरा- मैमाता (किोई समदु ाय द्वारा)

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30. उत्तर प्रर्देश
रास, नौटंकी, शौरा, छोविया

31. उत्तरािडां
छोतलया (माशयि आटय/तििार नत्ृ य), हुरका बाउि

32. पनश्चम बग
ां ाि
िािी जात्रा, भवटयािी गीत,
गाबं ीरा (यि ु ौटे गाती है),
ू कडी के मख
अिकम (प्रवसद् नत्ृ य, गायन, नाटक काययक्रम)

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Thank You
 THE PUNDITS

THE PUNDITS
STATIC GK SERIES
1. NATIONAL PARKS & BIOSPHERE
RESERVES OF INDIA

(With All Imp PYQs in Bilingual Format)

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1
 THE PUNDITS

National Parks
National Parks are the protected areas at a site to protect the
local wildlife, flora, fauna, and natural environment. There are
total 106 national parks in India till September 2022.
The names which are in red colour, are asked by TCS in
previous SSC Exams:

Andaman & Nicobar Island

1. Campbell Bay
2. Galathea
3. Mahatma Gandhi Marine (also called ‘Wandoor’)
4. Middle Button Island
5. Mount Harriet (New name – Mount Manipur)
6. North Button Island
7. Rani Jhansi Marine
8. Saddle Peak
9. South Button Island (Smallest NP in India)

Andhra Pradesh
1. Papikonda
2. Rajiv Gandhi (Also called Rameshwaram)
3. Sri Venkateswara

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Arunachal Pradesh
1. Mouling
2. Namdapha

Assam
1. Dehing Patkai
2. Dibru Saikhowa
3. Kaziranga (Famous for one horned Rhino)
4. Manas
5. Nameri
6. Orang
7. Raimona

Bihar
1. Valmiki

Chhattisgarh
1. Guru Ghasidas (Sanjay)
2. Indiravati (Kutru)
3. Kanger Valley

Goa
1. Mollem

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Gujarat
1. Blackbuck (Velavadar)
2. Gir (Famous for Asiatic Lions)
3. Gulf of kutchh- First Marine National Park of India
4. Vansda

Haryana
1. Kalesar
2. Sultanpur

Himachal Pradesh
1. Great Himalayan
2. Inderkilla
3. Khirganga
4. Pin Valley
5. Simbalbara

Jammu & Kashmir

1. City Forest (Salim ali)
2. Dachigam (Famous for Kashmiri Stag ‘Hangul’)
3. Kishtwar

Ladakh
1. Hemis (Largest of India- Famous for snow leopard)

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Jharkhand
1. Betla

Karnataka
1. Anshi
2. Bandipur
3. Bannerghatta
4. Kudremukh
5. Nagarhole (also known as Rajiv Gandhi NP)

Kerala
1. Anamudi Shola
2. Eravikulam
3. Mathikettan Shola
4. Pambadum Shola
5. Periyar (Famous for elephants)
6. Silent Valley

Madhya Pradesh
1. Bandhavgarh
2. Dinosaur Fossil
3. Fossil
4. Indira Priyadarshini (Pench)
5. Kanha
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6. Kuno Palpur
7. Madhav
8. Panna
9. Sanjay
10. Satpura
11. Van Vihar

Maharashtra
1. Chandoli
2. Gugamal
3. Nawegaon
4. Pench (Jawahar lal Nehru)
5. Sanjay Gandhi (Borivilli)
6. Tadoba

Manipur
1. Keibul Lamjao (the Only floating National Park in
world)

Meghalaya
1. Balphakram
2. Nokrek ridge

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Mizoram
1. Murlen
2. Phawngpui Blue Mountain

Nagaland
1. Intanki

Odisha
1. Bhitarkanika
2. Simlipal

Rajasthan
1. Desert
2. Keoladeo Ghana
3. Mukundra Hills
4. Ranthambhore
5. Sariska

Sikkim
1. Khangchendzonga

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Tamilnadu
1. Guindy
2. Gulf of Mannar Marine
3. Indira Gandhi (Annamalai)
4. Mudumalai
5. Mukurthi

Telangana
1. Kasu Brahmananda Reddy
2. Mahavir Harina Vanasthali
3. Mrugavani

Tripura
1. Bison (Rajbari)
2. Clouded leopard

Uttar Pradesh
1. Dudhwa

Uttarakhand
1. Jim Corbett (Old names – Hailey & Ramganga) :
First National Park of India
2. Gangotri
3. Govind
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4. Nanda Devi
5. Raja Ji
6. Valley of flowers

West Bengal
1. Buxa
2. Gorumara
3. Jaldapara
4. Neora Valley
5. Singalila
6. Sunderbans (Famous for Royal Bengal Tiger)

:Some Important PYQs:

1. Which is the largest national park in India – Hemis

2. Which is the smallest national park in India – South

Button Island

3. Which is the First National Park of India – Jim

Corbett (old names – Hailey & Ramganga)

4. Which is First Marine National Park in India – Gulf of

Kutchh

5. The only floating national park of world - Keibul

Lamjao, situated in Manipur on Loktak Lake

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6. Total Number of National Park in India – 106

7. Which state has largest no of national parks in India –

Madhya Pradesh (11)

8. Largest number of Asian elephants is found in –

Nagarhole National Park

9. Which national park is famous for snow leopard –

Hemis

10. Which national park is the largest protected area in

the eastern Himalayan sub region – Namdapha

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राष्ट्रीय उद्यान

राष्ट्रीय उद्यान स्थानीय वन्यजीवों, वनस्पतियों, जीवों और प्राकृतिक

पयाावरण की रक्षा के लिए एक साइट पर संरक्षक्षि क्षेत्र हैं। सितंबर
2022 तक भारत में कुल 106 राष्ट्रीय उद्यान हैं।

अंडमान और ननकोबार द्वीप िमूह

1. कैं पबेि बे

2. गैिाथथया

3. महात्मा गांधी मरीन (जजसे 'वंदरू ' भी कहा जािा है )

4. मध्य बटन द्वीप

5. माउं ट है ररयट (माउं ट मणिपुर)

6. नॉथा बटन आइिैंड

7. रानी झांसी मरीन

8. सैडल पीक

9 .िाउथ बटन आइलैंड (भारत में िबिे छोटा राष्ट्रीय उद्यान)

आंध्र प्रदे श
1. पापपकोंडा

2. राजीव गांधी (जजन्हें रामेश्वरम भी कहा जािा है )

3. श्री वेंकटे श्वर

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अरुिाचल प्रदे श
1. मौलिंग

2. नामदाफा

अिम
1. दे हहंग पटकाई

2. डडब्रू सैखोवा

3. काजीरं गा (एक िींग वाले गैंडे के सलए प्रसिद्ध)

4. मानि

5. नामेरी

6. ओरं ग

7. राइमोना

बबहार
1. वाल्मीकक

छत्तीिगढ़
1. गुरु घासीदास (संजय)

2. इंहदराविी (कुटरू)

3. कांगेर घाटी

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गोवा
1. मोल्िेम

गज
ु रात
1. ब्लैकबक (वेिावदार)

2. गगर (एलियाई िेरों के लिए प्रलसद्ध)

3. कच्छ की खाडी- भारत का पहला िमुद्री राष्ट्रीय उद्यान

4. वंसदा

हररयािा
1. किेसर

2. सुल्िानपुर

हहमाचल प्रदे श
1. ग्रेट हहमालयन

2. इंद्रककिा

3. खीरगंगा

4. पपन वैली

5. लसंबिबारा

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जम्म-ू कश्मीर
1. लसटी फॉरे स्ट (सिीम अिी)

2. दाचीगाम (कश्मीरी हररि 'हं गल

ु ' के सलए प्रसिद्ध)

3. ककश्तवाड़

लद्दाख
1. हे समि (भारत का िबिे बड़ा- हहम तें दए
ु के सलए प्रसिद्ध)

झारखंड
1. बेििा

कनााटक
1. अंिी

2. बांदीपुर

3. बन्नेरघट्टा

4. कुद्रे मख
ु

5. नागरहोल (जजसे राजीव गांधी के नाम से भी जाना जािा है )

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केरल
1. अनामुदी िोिा

2. एरापवकुिम

3. मथिकेतन िोिा

4. पम्बादम िोिा

5. पेररयार (हागथयों के सलए प्रसिद्ध)

6. िाइलेंट वैली

मध्य प्रदे श
1. बांधवगढ़

2. डायनासोर जीवाश्म

3. जीवाश्म

4. इंहदरा पप्रयदलिानी (पेंच)

5. कान्हा

6. कुनो पािपुर

7. माधव

8. पन्ना

9. संजय

10. सिपुडा

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11. वन ववहार

महाराष्ट्र
1. चंदोिी

2. गुगामल

3. नवेगांव

4. पेंच (जवाहर लाल नेहरू)

5. संजय गांधी (बोररपवल्िी)

6. िाडोबा

मणिपरु

1. कीबुल लामजाओ (एकमात्र तैरता हुआ राष्ट्रीय उद्यान)

मेघालय

1. बालपकरम

2. नोकरे क

समजोरम
1. मुर्लेन

2. फाांगपई
ु ब्लू माउां टे न

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नागालैंड
1. न्टां की

ओडडशा
1. सभतरकननका

2. सिमलीपाल

राजस्थान
1. िार

2. केवलादे व घाना

3. मक
ु ंु दरा हहल्स

4. रणथंभौर

5. िररस्का

सिक्ककम
1. कंचनजंगा

तसमलनाडु
1. गुइांडी

2. मन्नार की खाडी

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3. इंहदरा गांधी (अन्नामिाई)

4. मद
ु म
ु लाई

5. मक
ु ु ती

तेलंगाना
1. कासु ब्रह्मानंद रे ड्डी

2. महावीर हररणा वनस्थिी

3. मग
ृ वाणी

बत्रपुरा
1. बाइसन (राजबाडी)

2. क्लाउडेड लेपडड

उत्तर प्रदे श
1. दध
ु वा

उत्तराखंड
1. क्जम कॉबेट (पुराने नाम - है र्ले & रामगंगा) : भारत का पहला
राष्ट्रीय उद्यान

2. गंगोत्री

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3. गोपवंद

4. नंदा दे वी

5. राजा जी

6. फूलों की घाटी

पक्श्चम बंगाल
1. बकिा

2. गोरुमारा

3. जिदापारा

4. ननयौर वैर्ली

5. ससांगालीला

6. िंद
ु रबन (रॉयि बंगाि टाइगर के लिए प्रलसद्ध)

:कुछ महत्वपूिा प्रश्न:

1. भारि का सबसे बडा राष्ट्रीय उद्यान कौन सा है – हे समि

2. भारि का सबसे छोटा राष्ट्रीय उद्यान कौन सा है – दक्षिि बटन

द्वीप

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3. भारि का पहिा राष्ट्रीय उद्यान कौन सा है – क्जम कॉबेट (पुराने
नाम – है र्ले & रामगंगा)

4. भारि का पहिा समुद्री राष्ट्रीय उद्यान कौन सा है – कच्छ की

खाड़ी

5. दतु नया का एकमात्र िैरिा हुआ राष्ट्रीय उद्यान - कीबल

ु
लामजाओ, मणिपुर में लोकटक झील पर क्स्थत है

6. भारि में राष्ट्रीय उद्यानों की कुि संख्या – 106

7. भारि में राष्ट्रीय उद्यानों की सबसे बडी संख्या ककस राज्य में है
– मध्य प्रदे श (11)

8. एलियाई हाथथयों की सबसे बडी संख्या कहााँ पाई जािी है –

नागरहोल राष्ट्रीय उद्यान

9. हहम िें दए
ु के लिए कौन सा राष्ट्रीय उद्यान प्रलसद्ध है - हे समि

10. पूवी हहमाियी उप क्षेत्र में सबसे बडा संरक्षक्षि क्षेत्र कौन सा
राष्ट्रीय उद्यान है – नामदफा

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BIOSPHERE RESERVES

What is a Biosphere Reserve?

Biosphere Reserve (BR) is an international designation
by United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organization (UNESCO) for representative parts of natural and
cultural landscapes extending over large areas of terrestrial
or coastal/marine ecosystems or a combination of both.
Biosphere Reserves tries to balance economic and social
development and maintenance of associated cultural values
along with the preservation of nature.
Biosphere Reserves are thus special environments for both
people and nature and are living examples of how human
beings and nature can co-exist while respecting each other’s
needs.

There are total 18 Biosphere reserves in India out of which only

12 are included in UNESCO World Network of Biosphere
Reserves (Under Man & Biosphere Programme). Those 12
Biosphere reserves are:

1. Achanakamar – Amarkantak : Madhya Pradesh &

Chhatisgarh

2. Agasthyamalai : Tamilnadu & Kerala (Famous for

Nilgiri Tahr & Elephants)

3. Great Nicobar : Andaman & Nicobar Island (Famous

for salt water crocodile)

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4. Gulf of Mannar : Tamilnadu (Famous for Dugong &
Seacow)

5. Khangchendzonga : Sikkim (Famous for Snow

Leopard)

6. Nanda Devi : Uttarakhand

7. Nilgiri : TamilNadu, Kerala, Karnataka

. It is Oldest Biosphere Reserve, established in
1986.
.It is 1st Biosphere reserve to be included in UNESCO
World Network of Biosphere Reservers (WNBR) in
2000.
. It is Famous for Lion Tailed macaque, Nilgiri Tahr.

8. Nokrek : Meghalaya (Famous for Red Panda)

9. Pachmarhi : Madhya Pradesh (Famous for Gaint

Squirrel, Flying Squirrel)

10. Panna : Madhya Pradesh (Latest Biosphere reserve)

. Latest Biosphere reserve included in UNESCO
WNBR
. Famous for Tiger, Chital, Sloth Bear, Chinkara.

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11. Simplipal : Odisha (Famous for Gaur, Wild
Elephant, Royal Bengal Tiger)

12. Sundarbans : West Bengal (Famous for Royal

Bengal Tiger)

Remaining 6 Biosphere Reserves are :

13. Cold Desert : Himachal Pradesh (Famous for Snow

Leopard)

14. Dibru – Saikhowa : Assam - Smallest Biosphere

Reserve in India (Famous for Golden Langur)

15. Dihang -Dibang : Arunachal Pradesh

16. Manas : Assam (Famous for Red Panda, Golden

Langur)

17. Rann of Kutch : Gujarat (Famous for Indian Wild

Ass). It is Largest Biosphere Reserve in India

18. Seshachalam Hills : Andhra Pradesh

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बायोस्फीयर ररजवा
बायोस्फीयर ररजवा कया है ?

बायोस्फीयर ररजवा िंयुकत राष्ट्र शैक्षिक, वैज्ञाननक और िांस्कृनतक िंगठन

(यूनेस्को) द्वारा स्थलीय या तटीय / िमुद्री पाररक्स्थनतकी प्रिासलयों के बड़े
िेत्रों या दोनों के िंयोजन में फैले प्राकृतिक और सांस्कृतिक पररदृश्य के
प्रतितनथध भागों के लिए एक अंिरराष्ट्रीय पदनाम है।

बायोस्फीयर ररजवा प्रकृति के िंरिि के िाथ आगथाक और िामाक्जक पवकाि

और संबथं धि सांस्कृतिक मूल्यों के रखरखाव को संिलु िि करने की कोलिि
करिा है ।

बायोस्फीयर ररजवा इस प्रकार िोगों और प्रकृति दोनों के लिए पविेष वािावरण

हैं और इि बात के जीपवत उदाहरि हैं कक मनुष्ट्य और प्रकृनत एक-दि
ू रे की
जरूरतों का सम्मान करिे हुए कैसे सह-अजस्ित्व में रह सकिे हैं।

भारि में कुि 18 बायोस्फीयर ररजवा हैं, जजनमें से केवि 12 को यूनेस्को वल्डा
नेटवका ऑफ बायोस्फीयर ररजवा (मैन एंड बायोस्फीयर प्रोग्राम के िहि) में
िालमि ककया गया है। वे 12 बायोस्फीयर ररजवा हैं:

1. अचानकमार - अमरकंटक : मध्य प्रदे श और छत्तीिगढ़

2. अगस्त्यमलाई: तसमलनाडु और केरल (नीिथगरर िहर और

हाथथयों के लिए प्रलसद्ध)

3. ग्रेट ननकोबार: अंडमान और ननकोबार द्वीप िमूह (खारे पानी के

मगरमच्छ के लिए प्रलसद्ध)
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4. मन्नार की खाड़ी: तसमलनाडु (सी काऊ (समुद्री गाय) के लिए
प्रलसद्ध)

5. कंचनजंगा: सिक्ककम (हहम िें दए

ु के लिए प्रलसद्ध)

6. नंदा दे वी : उत्तराखंड

7. नीलगगरर : तसमलनाडु, केरल, कनााटक

. यह िबिे पुराना बायोस्फीयर ररजवा है , क्जिे 1986 में स्थापपत

ककया गया था।

. यह सन 2000 में यन
ू ेस्को डब्ल्यए
ू नबीआर में शासमल होने वाला
पहला बायोस्फीयर ररजवा है

. यह िेर पूंछ वािे मकाक, नीिथगरर िहर के लिए प्रलसद्ध है ।

8. नोकरे क: मेघालय (िाि पांडा के लिए प्रलसद्ध)

9. पचमढ़ी : मध्य प्रदे श (ववशाल थगिहरी, फ्िाइंग थगिहरी के लिए

प्रलसद्ध)

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10. पन्ना : मध्य प्रदे श (नवीनतम बायोस्फीयर ररजवा)

. नवीनिम बायोस्फीयर ररजवा जो यूनेस्को WNBR में िालमि है

. टाइगर, चीिि, सस्

ु ि भाि,ू थचंकरए के लिए प्रलसद्ध है ।

11. सिम्पलीपाल : ओडडशा (गौर, जंगिी हाथी, रॉयि बंगाि टाइगर

के लिए प्रलसद्ध)

12. िुंदरबन : पक्श्चम बंगाल (रॉयि बंगाि टाइगर के लिए प्रलसद्ध)

िेष 6 बायोस्फीयर ररजवा हैं :

13. कोल्ड डेजर्ट : हहमाचल प्रदे श (हहम िें दए

ु के लिए प्रलसद्ध)

14. डडब्रू - िैखोवा: अिम - भारत का िबिे छोटा बायोस्फीयर ररजवा

(गोल्डन िंगरू के लिए प्रलसद्ध)

15. हदहांग-हदबांग : अरुिाचल प्रदे श

16. मानि : अिम (िाि पांडा, गोल्डन िंगूर के लिए प्रलसद्ध)

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17. कच्छ : गज
ु रात (भारिीय जंगिी गधे के लिए प्रलसद्ध)। यह
भारि का िबिे बड़ा बायोस्फीयर ररजवा है

18. शेषाचलम हह्ि : आंध्र प्रदे श

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STATIC GK SERIES

4. CONSTITUTION OF INDIA

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INDEX

1. Making Of Constitution

2. Indian Constituent Assembly

3. Sources of Indian Constitution

4. Schedules of Indian Constitution

5. Parts of Indian Constitution

6. Important Articles of Indian Constitution

7. Important Amendments in Indian Constitution

8. Types of Writs

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Making of constitution
• The idea to have a constitution was given by MN ROY.
• Constitution of India was hand written by Prem Behari
Narain Raizada.

Interim Government

The Cabinet of the Interim Government of India was

composed of the following members:

1. External Affairs and Commonwealth Relations: Jawaharlal

Nehru (INC)

2. Home Affairs, Information and Broadcasting: Sardar

Vallabhbhai Patel (INC)

3. Agriculture and Food: Rajendra Prasad (INC)

4. Defence: Baldev Singh (INC)

5. Finance: Liaquat Ali Khan (Muslim League)

6. Education and Arts: C Rajagopalachari (INC)

7. Health: Ghazanfar Ali Khan (Muslim League)

8. Labour: Jagjivan Ram (INC)

9. Works, Mines and Power: C H Bhabha (INC)

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Indian Constituent Assembly

• The demand was taken up by the Congress Party in 1935 as an
official demand.
• The British accepted this in the August Offer of 1940.
• The Constituent Assembly of India was established in
accordance with the provisions of the Cabinet Mission Plan of
May 1946.
• The Assembly was made up of 389 members who represented
provinces (292), states (93), Chief Commissioner Provinces (3),
as well as Balochistan (1)
• On December 9, 1946, the first meeting was held and Dr.
Sachidanand Sinha was elected as Temporary President.
• Dr. Rajendra Prasad was elected as the Assembly's permanent
Chairman on December 11, 1946.
• 11 sessions of the Constituent Assembly were held.
• Time period is 2 years, 11 months, and 18 days.
• Total Cost = 64 lakh
• On 13 December 1946, Jawaharlal Nehru moved the ‘Objective
Resolution’ adopted on 22 Jan 1947.
• National Flag was adopted on: July 22, 1947
• National Anthem was adopted on: January 24, 1950
• National Song was adopted on: January 24, 1950
• National Emblem was adopted on: January 26, 1950
• Dr. Rajendra Prasad was elected as India's first President on:
January 24, 1950.
• Constitution of India was adopted on: November 26, 1949
• Since 2015, November 26 is celebrated as Constitution Day.
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• Constitution of India came into force on: January 26, 1950

• Citizenship, Election, Provincial Parliament implemented with
immediate effect on: November 26, 1949.

Chairman of Major Committees of the Indian Constituent

Assembly
• Union Constitution Committee: Jawaharlal Nehru
• Union Powers Committee: Jawaharlal Nehru
• States Committee: Jawaharlal Nehru
• Steering Committee: Rajendra Prasad
• Ad hoc Committee on the National flag: Rajendra Prasad
• Committee on the Rules of Procedure: Rajendra Prasad
• Finance and Staff Committee: Rajendra Prasad
• Provincial Constitution Committee : Vallabhbhai Patel
• Advisory Committee on Fundamental Rights: Vallabhbhai Patel
• Committee on the Functions of the Constituent Assembly: G.V.
Mavalankar
• Committee on Minorities and Tribal and Excluded Areas:
Vallabhbhai Patel
• Special Committee to Examine the Draft Constitution: Alladi
Krishnaswami Ayyar
• Drafting Committee: B.R. Ambedkar
• Fundamental Rights Sub-Committee: J.B. Kripalani
• Minorities Sub-Committee: H.C. Mukherjee
• Order of Business Committee: K.M. Munshi
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Sources of Indian Constitution

1) Australia
• Concurrent list
• Freedom of trade, commerce and intercourse
• Joint-sitting of the two Houses of Parliament
• Language of Preamble

2) Canada
• Advisory jurisdiction of the Supreme Court
• Appointment of state governors by the Centre
• Federation with a strong Centre
• Vesting of residuary powers in the Centre

3) France
• Republic
• Ideals of liberty, equality and fraternity in the Preamble

4) Germany
• Emergency Provision
• Suspension of Fundamental Rights during emergency

5) Ireland
• Directive Principles of State Policy
• Method of election of the president
• Nomination of members to Rajya Sabha

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6) Japan
• Procedure Established by law

7) South Africa
• Election of members of Rajya Sabha
• Procedure for amendment in the Indian Constitution

8) Soviet Union (USSR) (Now - Russia)

• Fundamental duties
• Ideals of justice (social, economic and political) in
the Preamble
• Procedure of 5 Year Plan

9) United Kingdom (UK)

• Bicameralism
• Cabinet system
• Council of Ministers
• Law Making Procedure
• Legislative procedure
• Office of CAG
• Parliamentary form of government
• Parliamentary privileges
• Post of Prime Minister
• Prerogative writs
• President Nominal Head
• Provision of Speaker in Lok Sabha
• Rule of Law
• Single Citizenship

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10) United States of America

• Fundamental rights
• Independence of judiciary
• Impeachment of the president
• Judicial Review
• Removal of Supreme Court and High Court judges
• Post of vice president
• Preamble
• Written Constitution

11) Government of India Act 1935

• Administrative details
• Emergency provisions
• Federal Scheme
• Judiciary
• Office of governor
• Public Service Commissions

Schedules of Constitution

Originally there were 8 schedules in the Indian Constitution but

now there are 12 Schedules in the Constitution of India. They are:

1st Schedule - Name of States and Union Territories.

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2nd Schedule - Salary & emoluments of the followings -

• President of India
• Governors of Indian States
• Speaker of Lok Sabha & Deputy Speaker of Lok Sabha
• Chairman of Rajya Sabha & Deputy Chairman of Rajya Sabha
• Speaker and Deputy Speaker of Legislative Assemblies of Indian
States
• Chairman and Deputy Chairman of Legislative Councils of the
Indian States
• Supreme Court Judges
• High Court Judges
• Comptroller & Auditor General of India (CAG)

3rd Schedule - Oath of the followings –

• Union Ministers of India

• Parliament Election Candidates
• Members of Parliament (MPs)
• Supreme Court Judges
• Comptroller and Auditor General
• State Ministers
• State Legislature Elections’ Candidates
• State Legislature Members
• High Court Judges

4th Schedule - Allocation of seats for States and Union Territories

in the Rajya Sabha.

5th Schedule - Administration and control of scheduled areas and

scheduled tribes.
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6th Schedule - Administration of tribal areas in the states of

Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram.

7th Schedule – Distribution of Power between Union & State

Government three legislative lists.

A) Union List – Originally had 97 subjects but now it has 98

subjects some examples are –

Defence, Army, International Relations, Ports, Railways,

Highways, Communication, War & Peace, Inter-State trade and
commerce, Citizenship, Post & Telegraph.

B) State List - Originally had 66 subjects but now it has 59

subjects some examples are –

Public order, Police, Public health and sanitation, Hospitals and

dispensaries, Betting and gambling, Agriculture, Tolls, Land
Revenue, Markets & Fairs.

C) Concurrent List - Originally had 47 subjects but now it

has 52 subjects some examples are –

Education, Forest, Trade unions, Marriage, Adoption, Newspapers,

Books, Property other than agriculture land.

8th Schedule - 22 official languages are recognized by the

Constitution. Initially, there were 14 official
languages which are the followings-

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1. Assamese 2. Bengali 3. Gujarati 4. Hindi

5. Kashmiri 6. Kannada 7. Malayalam 8. Marathi

9. Odia 10. Punjabi 11. Sanskrit 12. Tamil

13. Telugu 14. Urdu

• 15. Sindhi - was added in 1967 by 21st Constitutional

Amendment Act.

• 16. Konkani, 17. Manipuri & 18. Nepali were added in

1992 by 71st Constitutional Amendment Act.

• 19. Bodo, 20. Dogri, 21. Maithili & 22. Santali were
added in 2004 by 92nd Constitutional Amendment Act.

9th Schedule - It deals with the state acts and regulations of that
deal with land reforms and the abolition of the
Zamindari system. It was added by1st constitutional amendment
Act in 1951 & it comes under article 31B. It has 284 laws.

10th Schedule – Anti-Defection Law (it is related to disqualification

of the members of Parliament & State Legislatures
on the ground of defection). It was added with 52nd constitutional
amendment Act in 1985.

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 THE PUNDITS

11th Schedule -Powers, authority & responsibilities of Panchayats.

It was added with 73rd constitutional amendment
Act in 1992. It has 29 subjects.

12th Schedule - Powers, authority and the responsibilities of

Municipalities. It was added with 74th
constitutional amendment Act in 1992. It has 18 subjects.

Parts of Constitution

Originally there were 22 parts in the Indian Constitution but now

there are 25 Schedules in the Constitution of India. They are:

Part I – The Union & its Territory : Article 1-4

Part II – Citizenship : Article 5-11

Part III – Fundamental Rights : Article 12-35

Part IV – Directive Principles of State Policy : Article 36-51

Part IV(A) – Fundamental Duties : Article 51A

Part V – The Union : Article 52-151

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 THE PUNDITS

Part VI - The State Governments : Article 152 to 237

Part VII – Deals with states in part B but repealed in 1956 by 7th
constitutional amendment act.

Part VIII - The Union Territories : Article 239 to 242

Part IX – Panchayat : Article 243 & 243(O)

Part IX(A) - The Municipalities : Article 243-P to 243-ZG

Part IX(B) - The Co-operative Societies : Article 243-ZH to 243-ZT

Part X - The Scheduled and Tribal Areas : Article 244 to 244-A

Part XI - Relations between the Union and the States : Article 245
to 263

Part XII - Finance, Property, Contracts and Suits : Article 264 to

300-A

Part XIII - Trade, Commerce and Intercourse within the Territory

of India : Article - 301 to 307

Part XIV - Services under the Union and the States : Article 308
to 323

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Part XIVA – Tribunals : Article 323A - 323B

Part XV – Elections : Article 324 - 329A

Part XVI - Special Provisions relating to Certain Classes : Article

330-342A

Part XVII – Official Language : Article 343-351A

Part XVIII – Emergency Provisions : Article 352-360

Part XIX – Miscellaneous : Article 361-367

Part XX – Amendment of the constitution : Article 368

Part XXI - Temporary, Transitional and Special Provisions :

Article 369-392

Part XXII - Short title, Commencement, Authoritative Text in

Hindi and Repeals : Article 393-395

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 THE PUNDITS

Articles of Constitution

Article 1-4: - The Union & its Territory

• Article 1- Name and territory of the union.

• Article 2 – Admission and Establishment of the new state.
• Article 3 – Formation of new states and alteration of areas,
boundaries, and the name of existing states.
• Article 4 - Laws made under articles 2 and 3 to provide for the
amendment of the First and the Fourth Schedules.

Article 5-11: - Citizenship

• Article 5 - Citizenship at the commencement of the constitution

• Article 6 - Rights of citizenship of a certain person who has
migrated to India from Pakistan
• Article 7 – Rights of citizenship of certain Migrants to Pakistan
• Article 8- To certain persons of Indian origin residing outside
India
• Article 9 – Person Voluntarily Acquiring Citizenship of a foreign
state not to be Citizens of India
• Article 10 - Continuance of rights of citizenship
• Article 11 - Parliament to regulate the right of citizenship by
law

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 THE PUNDITS

Article 12-35: - Fundamental Rights

This part is known as “Magna Carta” of Indian Constitution.

• Article 12 - Definition of the State

• Article 13- Laws inconsistent with or in derogation of the
fundamental rights.

Total 6 Fundamental Rights in Indian Constitution.

1. Right to Equality – Article 14 to 18

• Article 14 - Equality before law.

• Article 15 - Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion,
race, caste, sex or place of birth.
• Article 16 - Equality of opportunity in matters of public
employment.
• Article 17 - Abolition of Untouchability.
• Article18 - Abolition of titles.
• Article 15 (4) & 16 (2) – Reservation of 27% in govt jobs to
OBCs by mandal commission.
• Articles 15 (6) & 16 (6) – Reservation of 10% in govt jobs to
Economically Weaker Section (EWS)

2. Right to Freedom – 19-22

• Article 19 - Protection of certain rights regarding freedom of

speech, etc.
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It included 6 Rights regarding freedom of –

a) Speech & Expression b) Assembly

c) Residence d) Association
e) Movement f) Profession

Article 20 - Protection in respect of conviction for offences.

Article 21 - Protection of life and personal liberty.

Article 21A - Right to education.

Article 22 - Protection against arrest and detention in certain

cases.

3. Right against Exploitation – Article 23 & 24

Article 23 - Prohibition of traffic in human beings and forced

labour.

Article 24 - Prohibition of employment of children below 14 years

of age in factories, etc.

4. Right to Freedom of Religion – Article 25 to 28

Article 25 - Freedom of conscience and free profession, practice

and propagation of religion.

Article 26 - Freedom to manage religious affairs.

Article 27 - Freedom as to payment of taxes for promotion of any

particular religion.

Article 28 - Freedom as to attendance at religious instruction or

religious worship in certain educational institutions.
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 THE PUNDITS

5. Cultural and Educational Rights – Article 29 & 30

Article 29 - Protection of interests of minorities.

Article 30 - Right of minorities to establish and administer

educational institutions.

6. Right to Constitutional Remedies – Article 32

• Writ Power of Supreme Court

• Dr B R Ambedkar called it as The Heart of the Constitution
• Any person can go to supreme court in violation of Fundamental
Rights

• Article 33 – Fundamental Rights of Defence Forces

• Article 20 & 21 can’t be Suspended during emergency.

• Fundamental Rights available only to Citizen of India: - Article

15, 16, 19, 29 & 30.

Article 36-51: - DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES OF STATE POLICY

• Article 36 – Definition of DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES OF STATE

POLICY
• Article 37 - Application of the principles contained in this Part.

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 THE PUNDITS

• Article 38 - State to secure a social order for the promotion of

welfare of the people.
• Article 39 - Certain principles of policy to be followed by the
State like Equal pay for equal work, adequate means of
livelihood, declaration of welfare state
• Article 39A - Equal justice and free legal aid.
• Article 40 - Organisation of village panchayats.
• Article 41 - Right to work, to education and to public
assistance in certain cases.
• Article 42 - Provision for just and humane conditions of work
and maternity relief.
• Article 43 - Living wage, etc., for workers.
• Article 43A - Participation of workers in management of
industries.
• Article 43B - Promotion of co-operative societies.
• Article 44 - Uniform civil code for the citizens.
• Article 45 - Provision for early childhood care and education to
children below the age of six years.
• Article 46 - Promotion of educational and economic interests of
Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and other weaker sections.
• Article 47 - Duty of the State to raise the level of nutrition and
the standard of living and to improve public health.

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 THE PUNDITS

• Article 48 - Organisation of agriculture and animal husbandry

& enables central govt and state govt to make efforts to ban on
cow slaughter
• Article 48A - Protection and improvement of environment and
safeguarding of forests and wild life.
• Article 49 - Protection of monuments and places and objects of
national importance.
• Article 50 - Separation of judiciary from executive.
• Article 51 - Promotion of international peace and security.

Article 51A: - Fundamental Duties

It contains 11 duties which are followings:

1. Abide by the Constitution and respect national flag & National

Anthem
2. Follow ideals of the freedom struggle
3. Protect sovereignty & integrity of India
4. Defend the country and render national services when called
upon
5. Sprit of common brotherhood
6. Preserve composite culture
7. Preserve natural environment
8. Develop scientific temper
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 THE PUNDITS

9. Safeguard public property

10. Strive for excellence
11. Duty of all parents/guardians to send their children in the
age group of 6-14 years to school. It was added by the 86th
Amendment in 2002.

Article 52-151: - The Union

• Article 52 - The President of India

• Article 53 - Executive Power of the union

• Article 54 - Election of President

• Article 58 – Qualification of President

• Article 60 – Oath of President

• Article 61 - Procedure for Impeachment of the President

• Article 63 - The Vice-president of India

• Article 64 - The Vice-President to be ex-officio chairman the

council of States

• Article 66 - Election of Vice-president

• Article 71 – In Dispute in election of President and Vice

President Last decision will be of Supreme Court.

• Article 72 - Pardoning powers of President

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 THE PUNDITS

• Article 74 - Council of ministers to aid and advise President

• Article 76 - Attorney-General for India

• Article 79 - Constitution of Parliament

• Article 80 - Composition of Rajya Sabha

• Article 81 - Composition of Lok Sabha

• Article 83 - Duration of Houses of Parliament

• Article 83(1) – Rajya Sabha is a continuing Chamber. It can

never be dissolved.

• Article 93 - The speakers and Deputy speakers of the house of

the people

• Article 100 – Speaker casting vote in case of tie

• Article 102 – Disqualification of MP’s

• Article 105 - Powers, Privileges, etc. of the House of Parliament

• Article 108 – Joint Sitting

• Article 109 - Special procedure in respects of money bills

• Article 110 - Definition of “Money Bills”

• Article 112 - Annual Financial Statement (Budget)

• Article 114 - Appropriation Bills

• Article 117 – Finance Bills

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 THE PUNDITS

• Article 123 - Powers of the President to promulgate Ordinances

during recess of parliament

• Article 124 - Establishment of Supreme Court

• Article 125 - Salaries of Judges

• Article 126 - Appointment of acting Chief justice

• Article 127 - Appointment of ad-hoc judges

• Article 141 - Decision of the Supreme Court binding on all the

courts

• Article 143 – President can send a matter to supreme court for

consultation

• Article 148 - Comptroller and Auditor- General of India

• Article 149 - Duties and Powers of CAG

Article 152 to 237: - The State Governments

• Article 153 - Governors of State

• Article 154 - Executive Powers of Governor

• Article 161 - Pardoning powers of the Governor

• Article 165 - Advocate-General of the State

• Article 167 - Duties of Chief Minister

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 THE PUNDITS

• Article 213 - Power of Governor to promulgate ordinances

• Article 214 - High Courts for states

• Article 215 - High Courts to be a court of record

• Article 226 - Power of High Courts to issue certain writs

• Article 233 - Appointment of District judges

• Article 235 - Control over Subordinate Courts

Article 239 to 242: - The Union Territories

• Article 239AA – Special Provision for Delhi

• Article 240 - Power of President to make regulations for certain
Union territories.
• Article 241 - High Courts for Union territories.

Article 243 & 243(O): - Panchayat

• Article 243A - Gram Sabha

• Article 243B - Constitution of Panchayats

Article 245 -263: Relations between the Union & States

• Article 262 - Adjudication of disputes relating to waters of

inter-State rivers or river valleys.
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 THE PUNDITS

• Article 263 - Provisions with respect to an inter-State Council.

Article 264 to 300-A - Finance, Property, Contracts & Suits

• Article 266 - Consolidated Fund and Public Accounts Fund

• Article 267 - Contingency Fund of India
• Article 280 - Finance Commission
• Article 300-A - Right to property

Article 301 – 307: -Trade, Commerce and Intercourse

within the territories of India

• Article 301 - Freedom to trade, commerce, and intercourse.

• Article 302 - Power of Parliament to impose restrictions on

trade, commerce, and intercourse.

Article 308 – 323: - Services Under Centre and State

• Article 312 - All- India-Service.

• Article 315 - Public service commissions for the union and for
the states
• Article 320 - Functions of Public Service Commission.

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 THE PUNDITS

Article 323A - 323B: - Tribunals

• Article 323A - Administrative Tribunals

Article 324 – 329: - Elections

• Article 324 - Superintendence, direction and control of

Elections to be vested in an Election Commission.

• Article 325 - No person to be ineligible for inclusion in or to

claim to be included in a special, electoral roll on grounds of
religion, race, caste, or sex.

• Article 326 - Elections to the house of the people and to the

legislative assemblies of states to be on the basis of adult
suffrage.

Article 330 – 342: - Special Provisions to SC, ST,

OBC, Minorities etc

• Article 330 - Reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and

Scheduled Tribes in the House of the People (Lok Sabha).

• Article 331 - Representation of the Anglo-Indian community in

the House of the People (Lok Sabha).

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• Article 332 - Reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and

Scheduled Tribes in the Legislative Assemblies of the States.

• Article 333 - Representation of the Anglo-Indian community in

the Legislative Assemblies of the States.

• Article 335 – Reservation to Scheduled Castes and Scheduled

Tribes in services and posts

• Article 338 - National Commission for the SC

• Article 338 - National Commission for Scheduled Tribes.

• Article 338B - National Commission for Backward Classes.

• Article 340 - Appointment of a commission to investigate the

conditions of backward classes.

Article 343 – 351: - Official Language

• Article 343 - Official languages of the Union.

• Article 345 - Official languages or languages of states.

• Article 348 - Languages to be used in the Supreme Court and

in the High Courts.

• Article 350(A) – Facilities for instruction in mother-tongue at

primary stage

• Article 351 - Directive for development of the Hindi languages.

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Article 352 – 360: - Emergency

• Article 352 - Proclamation of emergency (National Emergency).

• Article 356 - State Emergency (President’s Rule)

• Article 359 – Suspension of Fundamental Rights during

Emergency

• Article 360 - Financial Emergency

Article 361 – 367: - Miscellaneous

• Article 361- Protection of President and Governors

Article 368: - Amendment of Constitution

• Article 368 - Powers of Parliaments to amend the constitution

Article 369 – 392: - Special, Transitional and

Temporary Provisions

• Article 370 - Special provision of J&K.

• Article 371 - Special provision with respect to the States of

Maharashtra and Gujarat.

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• Article 371A - Special provision with respect to the State of

Nagaland.

• Article 371B - Special provision with respect to the State of

Assam.

• Article 371C - Special provision with respect to the State of

Manipur.

• Article 371D - Special provisions with respect to the State of

Andhra Pradesh or the State of Telangana

• Article 371E - Establishment of Central University in Andhra

Pradesh.

• Article 371F - Special provisions with respect to the State of

Sikkim.

• Article 371G - Special provision with respect to the State of

Mizoram.

• Article 371H - Special provision with respect to the State of

Arunachal Pradesh.

• Article 371I - Special provision with respect to the State of Goa.

• Article 371J - Special provisions with respect to the State of

Karnataka.

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Article 392 – 395: - Short Text, Commencement,

Authoritative Text in Hindi and Repeals

• Article 393 - Short title - This Constitution may be called the

Constitution of India.

Important Constitutional Amendments

First Amendment Act, 1951

1. Added the 9th schedule to protect anti-zamindari laws from

judicial review.

2. Added new article 31A & 31B.

Fourth Amendment Act, 1955 - Added more laws in the

ninth schedule and expanded the scope of article 31 (C).

Seventh Amendment Act, 1956

1. Reorganized the Indian states as 14 states and 6 UTs on

Linguistic basis. Abolished the old A, B, C and D categorization
of states.
2. Common high court for two or more states, extended the
jurisdiction of HC to UTs. Also provided additional and acting
judges to HC.
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 THE PUNDITS

3. Common Governor for two or more states

Ninth Amendment Act, 1960 - Provided for the cession of

the Indian territory named Berubari Union (West Bengal) to
Pakistan as a commitment made under the Indo-Pakistan
Agreement (1958).

Tenth Amendment Act, 1961 - Acquired the Dadra, Nagar

and Haveli as a Union Territory from Portugal.

Eleventh Amendment Act, 1961 - Provided the new

procedure of election for the vice president by introducing an
electoral college.

Twelfth Amendment Act, 1962 - Added Goa, Daman and

Diu in the Indian Union.

Thirteenth Amendment Act, 1962 - Made Nagaland as a

state and provided special provisions for it.

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 THE PUNDITS

Fourteenth Amendment Act, 1962

1. Added Puducherry in the Indian Union.

2. The Union Territories of Himachal Pradesh, Manipur, Tripura,

Goa, Daman and Diu, and Puducherry are provided with
legislatures and council of ministers.

Fifteen Amendment Act, 1963 - Increase Retirement age of

High Court Judge from 60 to 62.

Eighteenth Amendment Act, 1966

1. Provided that the Parliament can form a new state by uniting a

part of a state or a union territory to another state or union
territory.
2. Created Punjab and Haryana as new states.

Twenty-First Amendment Act, 1967 - Added Sindhi as the

15th language in the Eighth Schedule.

Twenty-Second Amendment Act, 1967 - Creation of

Meghalaya as a new State

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Twenty Fourth Amendment Act, 1971

Reasons for this amendment: This Amendment Act was brought in

the aftermath of the Golaknath case (1967) in which the Supreme
Court held that the Parliament could not take away any
fundamental rights through the constitutional amendment.

1. It made it clear that the parliament has the power to amend any
part of the constitution including article 13 by using article 368.
2. Made it obligatory for the President to give assent to a
Constitutional Amendment Bill.

Twenty-Fifth Amendment Act, 1971

Curtailed the fundamental right to property.

Twenty-Ninth Amendment Act, 1971

Include Kerala Land reform in 9th schedule

Thirty First Amendment Act, 1973

Increased the number of Lok Sabha seats from 525 to 545.

Thirty-Fifth Amendment Act, 1974

It changed the protectorate status of Sikkim and assigned it a
status of an associate state of the Indian Union.

Thirty Sixth Amendment Act, 1975

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 THE PUNDITS

Gave a full-fledged State status to Sikkim and repealed the

Tenth Schedule.

Forty-second Amendment Act, 1976

It is also known as ‘Mini-constitution’, as it made very

comprehensive changes to the constitution of India.

1. It amended the preamble and added the words - socialist,

secular and integrity.
2. Added Fundamental Duties for the citizens by including new
Part IV A.
3. It froze the seats for the Lok Sabha and state legislative
assemblies on the basis of 1971.
4. Increased the tenure of Lok Sabha and the state legislative
assemblies from 5 to 6 years.
5. Included new Directive Principles - (a) equal justice and free-
legal aid, (b) participation of workers in the management of
industries and (c) protection of the environment, forests and
wildlife.
6. Raised the one-time duration of the President's rule in a
state from earlier 6 months to one year.
7. Created the All-India Judicial Service.

Forty-four Amendment Act, 1978

1. Changed the term of the Lok Sabha and the state legislative
assemblies again to the original 5 years.
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 THE PUNDITS

2. Removed the right to property from the list of Fundamental

Rights and provided it only as a legal right.
3. Provided that fundamental rights under the article 20-21 can
not be suspended during the national emergency.

Fifty-second Amendment Act, 1985

The Tenth schedule added as a measure to the anti-defection
issues.

Fifty-Sixth Amendment Act, 1987

Goa become full-fledged state.

Sixty-First Amendment Act, 1989

The legal voting age changed from 21 to 18 years for Lok
Sabha as well as Legislative Assemblies.

Sixty-Fifth Amendment Act, 1990

Establishment of National Commission for SCs & STs

Sixty-ninth Amendment Act 1991

1. It provided the special status to Delhi as ‘National Capital

Territory of Delhi.’
2. Provided a legislative assembly and the council of minister for
Delhi

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Seventy-first Amendment Act 1992

Added Konkani, Manipuri and Nepali languages in the Eighth
Schedule.

Seventy-Third Amendment Act 1992

1. Provided constitutional status for the Panchayati Raj
institutions.
2. Added Part-IX and 11th Schedule

Seventy-fourth Amendment Act 1992

1. Provided constitutional status for the Urban local bodies.
2. Part IX-A and 12th Schedule were added.

Seventy-fourth Amendment Act 1992

Reservation to SCs & STs in Government Jobs

Eighty-fifth Amendment Act 2001

Give seniority in Promotion to SCs & STs in Government Jobs

Eighty-sixth Amendment Act 2002

1. Provided the Right to Education as a fundamental right (part-
III of the Constitution).
2. The new article inserted Article 21A which made free and
compulsory education for children between 6-14 years.
3. Added a new Fundamental Duty under Article 51 A.

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Eighty-ninth Amendment Act 2003

Bifurcated National Commission for SC & ST in 2 bodies

Ninety-first Amendment Act 2003

Total no of minister, including the Prime Minister, in council
of minister shall not exceed 15% of total strength of the Lok
Sabha

Ninety-second Amendment Act 2003

Added Bodo, Dogri (Dongri), Maithili and Santhali in the
Eighth schedule

Ninety-seventh Amendment Act 2011

1. The part IX-B added to the constitution for cooperative
societies and made it a constitutional right.
2. Right to form cooperative societies became a fundamental
right under Article 19.
3. The Article 43-B was inserted as a DPSP to promote
cooperative societies.

Ninety-ninth Amendment Act 2011

Established National Judicial appointment commission

100th Amendment Act, 2015

Land boundary agreement between India & Bangladesh

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101st Amendment Act, 2016

Provided for Goods and Service Tax (GST)

102nd Amendment Act, 2018

The National Commission for Backward Classes (NCBC)
became a constitutional body.

103rd Amendment Act, 2019

Granted 10% Reservation for Economically Weaker Sections
of citizens of classes other than the classes mentioned in
clauses (4) and (5) of Article 15

104th Amendment Act, 2020

1. Changed the reservation of seats for SCs and STs in the Lok
Sabha and states assemblies from Seventy years to Eighty.
2. Ended the reservation of seats for the Anglo-Indian
community in the Lok Sabha and state assemblies.

105th Amendment Act, 2021

State governments’ power to prepare the Socially and
Educationally Backward Classes (SEBC) list.

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WRITS

Writs are a written order from the Supreme Court or High Court
that commands constitutional remedies for Indian Citizens against
the violation of their fundamental rights.

• Supreme Court issue writs under Article-32.

• High Court issues writs under Article-226.

Types of Writs in India

1. Habeas Corpus
• Latin meaning of the word ‘Habeas Corpus’ is ‘To
have the body of.’
• Bulwark of Personal Freedom.
• Produce arrested Person before Court

2. Mandamus
• literal meaning of this writ is ‘We command.
• by the court to order the public official who has
failed to perform his duty or refused to do his duty,
to resume his work.
• Besides public officials, Mandamus can be issued
against any public body, a corporation, an inferior
court, a tribunal, or government for the same
purpose.

3. Prohibition
• literal meaning of ‘Prohibition’ is ‘To forbid.

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• A court that is higher in position issues a

Prohibition writ against a court that is lower in
position to prevent the latter from exceeding its
jurisdiction or usurping a jurisdiction that it does
not possess.
• Can be issued against Judicial or Quasi-Judicial
authorities

4. Certiorari
• Literal meaning of the writ of ‘Certiorari’ is ‘To be
certified’ or ‘To be informed.’
• This writ is issued by a court higher in authority to a
lower court or tribunal ordering them either to
transfer a case pending with them to itself or quash
their order in a case.

5. Quo-Warranto
• Literal meaning of the writ of ‘Quo-Warranto’ is ‘By
what authority or warrant.’
• Supreme Court or High Court enquires into the
legality of a claim of a person to a public office.

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