BRE 261 Construction Technology and Materials

Tutorial:
Mechanics of Material
Why Mechanical Properties?

Engineering Prevent σapplied ≤ σallowed

Design Failure

σallowed ??

Need to know how

material fails

For material’ failure,

we need to do tests

Stress-Strain Curve

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Basic Science Units

– Mass Unit: kg

– Volume Unit: m3

– Liquid Volume Unit: L

– Density Unit: kg/m3

– Force Unit: N

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Mechanics of Material

▪ Stress

▪ Strain

▪ Young Modulus/Elastic Modulus

▪ Strain-Stress Curve

▪ Strength

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Mechanical Properties

The mechanical behavior of materials is

“the response of the material to external
loads (Force)”
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Stress
▪ When a material is subjected to an external force, a
resisting force is set up within the component. This internal
resistance force per unit area is called stress (σ)
– Symbol: σ
– SI unit: σ = N/m² or Pa 1kPa=103 Pa
– 1 PA = 1 N/m² 1MPa=106 Pa
1 Gpa=109 Pa
1 Terra Pascal=1012 Pa

▪ In engineering applications, we use the original cross

section area of the specimen and it is known as
conventional stress or Engineering stress

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Stress

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Stress

Compressive Stress

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Stress

Cable Stay
Bridge

Tensile Stress

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Stress

Shear Stress

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Strain
▪ When a body is subjected to some external force, there is
some change of dimension of the body. The ratio of
change of dimension of the body to its original dimension
is known as strain
– Symbol: ε
– Elongation per unit Length: ε = dL / L (dL = Change in length, L =
Length)
– Strain is a dimensionless quantity
– Tensile strain- Ratio of increase in length to original length of the
body when it is subjected to a pull force
– Compressive strain- Ratio of decrease in length to original length
of the body when it is subjected to a push force
– Shear strain-Strain due to shear stress

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Stress-Strain Relations
Engineering / True Stress(σ)
Ao A
P P
= =
Ao A
Lo unit (N/m² or Pa)
L
Engineering / True Strain(ε)

 L − Lo L − Lo
 = =
P
Lo L
unit (no unit)

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Example
▪ A steel bar of 20mm diameter is subjected to a tensile
force of 100kN. Determine the tensile stress of the steel
bar. Force = 100 kN

P = 100 x 103 N
A = 3.142 x (0.02 / 2 ) 2 = 3.142 x 10-4 m2 0.02 m
σ = 1000 x 103 / 3.142 x 10-4
= 318,000,000 N/m2
= 318,000,000 Pa
= 318,000 kPa
= 318 MPa
The tensile stress on the steel bar is 318 MPa

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Example
▪ A steel bar of 20mm diameter is subjected to a tensile
force of 100kN. The original length of the steel bar was 10
m, and after applying this tensile force, it became 11 m.
Determine the tensile strain of the steel bar.

ε = 11m – 10m / 10m = 0.1

10 m 11 m
The tensile strain on the steel bar is 0.1

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Elasticity and Elastic Limit
▪ The property of a body by virtue of which it undergoes
deformation when subjected to an external force and
regains its original configuration (size and shape) upon the
removal of the deforming external force is called elasticity.
– A material is said to be elastic if it returns to its original, unloaded
dimensions when load is removed.
– The stress corresponding to the limiting value of external force up
to and within which the deformation disappears completely upon
the removal of external force is called elastic limit
– If the external force is so large that the stress exceeds the elastic
limit, the material loses to some extent its property of elasticity. If
now the force is removed, the material will not return to its original
shape and size and there will be a residual deformation in the
material

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Hooke’s Law and Elastic Modulus
▪ Hooke’s law – Stress is proportional to strain within elastic
limit of the material.
The material will recover its shape if
stretched to point 2. There will be
permanent deformation in the Material if
the object is stretched to point 4. Up to
point 2 stress is proportional to strain.

𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔 (𝝈) 𝑷×𝒍

𝑬= =
𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏 (𝜺) 𝑨 × 𝜹𝒍

E = Young’s Modulus or Modulus of Elasticity

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Example
▪ In the tensile test of a 20mm diameter, 950mm long steel
bar, parameters of the sample and the load-deformation
curve are recorded

▪ Calculate the Young’s Modulus of the steel bar.

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Solution

F = 400 kN = 400,000 N
A = 3.142 x d2 / 4 = 3.142 x 20 x 20 / 4
= 314.2 mm2
dl = 6 mm
Lo = 950 mm
σ = 400,000 / 314.2 = 1273.1 N/mm2
ε = 6 / 950 = 0.0063
E = σ/ ε = 1273.1 / 0.0063
= 201570 N/mm2
The Young’s Modulus of the steel bar is 201570 MPa

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Stress-Strain Curve

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Stress-Strain Curve
A: Limit of proportionality; It is the point where
the linear nature of the stress strain graph
ceases
B: Elastic limit; It is the limiting point for the
condition that material behaves elastically, but
hooke's law does not apply . For most practical
purposes it can be often assumed that limit of
proportionality and elastic limits are the same.
Beyond the elastic limits, there will be some
permanent deformation or permanent set when
the load is removed
C (Upper Yield point), D (Lower yield point):
Points after which strain increases without
correspondingly high increase in load or stress
E: Ultimate or maximum stress; Point where the
necking starts
F: Fracture point

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Load-Deformation curve
▪ This graph is called a load-deformation curve. It shows us
how the member deforms—and ultimately how it fails—as
the load is increased.

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Load-Deformation curve
Tensile test of a Mild Steel Rebar 12 mm  x 460 mm L

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Load-Deformation curve

Rebar:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RKWaVWsNWMw
Concrete:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c7U91LbKFjI

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Stress-Strain Curve of Diverse Materials

Stress-strain diagram for Stress-strain diagram for

Aluminum Alloy Rubber

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Stress-Strain Curve of Diverse Materials

High tensile
steel

Mild steel

Copper

Lead

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Strength
▪ Symbol: f
▪ Ability to resist failure or excessive plastic deformation
under stress = Fmax / A
▪ Unit: N/m2 or Pa
A concrete cube of 150mm x 150mm x 150mm failed in a compression
test when the load attained 1000kN. Determine the compressive strength
of the cube
Fmax = 1000 x 103 N
A = 150 x 150 = 22500 mm2
fc = 1000 x 103 / 22500
= 44.4 N/mm2
= 44.4 MPa
The compressive strength of the cube is 44.4MPa

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Strength
▪ Measure of the material property to resist deformation and
to maintain its shape
▪ It is quantified in terms of yield stress (e.g., rebars) or
ultimate strength (e.g., concrete)

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Offset Method

▪ For material which do not

posses a well define yield
points, In order to find the yield
point or yield strength, an offset
method is applied.
▪ In this method a line is drawn
parallel to the straight line
portion of initial stress diagram
by off setting this by an amount
equal to 0.2%

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Offset Method

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Ductile/Brittle materials
▪ Ductile material
– Materials that are capable of undergoing large strains (at normal
temperature) before failure. Ductile materials are also capable of
absorbing large amounts of energy prior to failure. Ductile materials
include mild steel, aluminum and some of its alloys, copper,
magnesium

▪ Brittle Material
– Materials that exhibit very little inelastic
deformation. In other words, materials that
fail in tension at relatively low values of
strain are considered brittle. Brittle
materials include concrete, stone, cast
iron, glass and plaster.

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Toughness
▪ Toughness: the ability of a material to deform plastically
and to absorb energy in the process before fracture.
– One way to measure toughness is by calculating the area under
the stress strain curve from a tensile test. This measures the
energy per unit volume. A material is ductile does not make it
tough. Therefore the key to toughness is a optimum
combination of strength and ductility.

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Q&A

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