Foreword

Mabuhay!

The Forest Management Bureau presents this Manual for Forestry Resource Mapping using
Geographic Information System (GIS) for DENR personnel, especially those who are involved in survey and
mapping work.

Mapping has come a long way from using traditional surveying and cartography methods. Modern
technologies such as GIS provide cost-efficient spatial analysis of forest resources, with enhanced levels of accuracy
and timeliness. This manual will serve as a step-by-step guide in mapping by providing basic and intermediate GIS
techniques. Users will learn the essentials in creation, editing, integration, and presentation of spatial data. A brief
introduction to visualization platforms such as Google Earth Pro is also included.

GIS can be a very powerful tool for better planning and decision making. We hope that the lessons in this
manual will provide confidence in performing various spatial analysis for the identification, enhancement, and
protection of forest resources.

For. Nonito M. Tamayo, CESO IV

Director
 Table of Contents

CHAPTER TOPIC PAGE

Chapter 1 Introduction to Geographic Information System 1-7

1A Definition 1

1B Components 1-2

1C Spatial Data Type 3-5

1D Coordinate System 5-7

Chapter 2 Introduction to ArcMap™ 8-47

2A ArcMap™ Interface 8-47

Chapter 3 Introduction to ArcCatalog™ 48-60

3A ArcCatalog™ Interface 48-54

3B Geodatabase 55-60

Chapter 4 Georeferencing 61-68

4A Acessing the Georeferencing Toolbar 61-63

4B Georeferencing using Coordinates on a Given Map 63-68

Chapter 5 Data Creation and Editing 69-98

5A Creating New Shapefiles 69-86

5B Conversion Tools 87

5C Advance Data Editing 88-98

Chapter 6 Attribute Management 99-109

6A Fields 99-109
 Table of Contents

CHAPTER TOPIC PAGE

Chapter 7 Essential Analysis Tools 110-144

7A Data Management Tools 110-124

7B Extraction Tools 125-127

7C Overlay Tools 128-140

7D Proximity Tools 141-144

7E Surface Analysis 145-157

7F Conversion Tools 158-160

Chapter 8 PivotTable Analysis 161-169

Chapter 9 Map Layout 170-220

9A Layout View 170-171

9B Map Elements 172

9C Basemap 173-176

9D How to Create a Final Map using the Layout View of ArcMap™ 177-220

Chapter 10 Data Visualization in Google Earth Pro 221-238

10A Introduction to Google Earth Pro 221-238

Chapter 1: Introduction to Geographic
Information System
The Canadian Geographic Information System was
the first operational GIS which developed in the early
1960s. It was designed for inventory of land use and
management of natural resources.

A. Definition

Geographic Information System (GIS) is a system in

computer for data capture, management, analysis and
display relative to the position of the Earth’s surface.

B. Components

A working GIS integrates five components: hardware,

software, data, people and method.

Hardware refers to the devices such as computers, GPS

and etc on which a GIS operates. It determines the extent
and speed of the data being processed.

Software refers to various computer programs that

provide functions and tools to acquire geographical
referenced information.

1
B. Components Geospatial Data
Data is composed of spatially-referenced datasets. Data
input in GIS can be generated by typing, digitizing,
scanning or using Global Positioning System (GPS).
Geospatial data comprises geographic features of certain
area with a reference coordinate system. Attribute data
involves non spatial information describing the geographic
feature.

People involves the capability in ground data survey and

data storing, processing and analysis. GIS users manage
the system for developing plans which ranges from
operational staff, technical professional staff and
management personnel.

Methods refers to the procedures of well-designed plans or

management framework which are based on the objectives.

Attribute Data

Source: essex-countynj.org/GIS.pdf/ rst2.edu/ties/gentools/comp_gis.htmls

2
Points Lines Polygons C. Spatial Data Type

Vector data are features in the Earth’s surface represented

by the use of points, lines or polygons. It also contains pairs
of XY coordinates using a specific coordinate system. These
data are useful in storing data with discrete boundaries
such as municipal boundaries, land parcels, roads and
rivers.

In ArcGIS, vector data are in shapefile (.shp) format.

Shape file stores the location, shape and attribute
information of a geographic feature. It can support point,
line and polygon features.

A single shape file includes:

• .shp (shape format),
• .shx (shape index format),
• .dbf (attribute format),
• .prj (projection format),
• .sbn and .sbx (spatial index of the features) and
• .shp.xml (geospatial meta data).

3
C. Spatial Data Type

Raster data are features in the Earth’s surface represented by the use of regular grid cells which are referenced in a known
coordinate system. This type is useful in storing data that varies continuously such as aerial photographs, satellite images and
scanned maps.

In ArcGIS, the raster data formats include .tiff, .bmp, .envi, .png, .jpg and etc.

Image Source: ArcGIS Base map/ webhelp.esri.com/arcgisdesktop/9.2

4
D. Coordinate System

A coordinate system enables given datasets to use a common location. It is also used as reference to identify geographic features
and imagery within a common geographic network.

1. Geographic Coordinate System define the location of the Earth using a three dimensional spherical surface. This
coordinate system includes an angular unit of measurement, prime meridian and datum. It is denoted by latitude and
longitude values which form into a gridded network called graticule.

2. Projected Coordinate System is defined on a flat and two dimensional surface with reference on a geographic coordinate
system. It has constant lengths, angles and areas.

Datum is defined as the position of the spheroid relative to the center of the Earth and orientation of latitude and longitude lines.
There are 3 datum known in the country namely as Luzon 1911, Philippine Reference System (PRS) 92 and World Geodetic
System (WGS) 84.

Latitude Longitude

Image Source: web.gccaz.edu/~lnewman/gph111/topic_units/

5
D. Coordinate System

Projection of Philippine Maps

Spheroid: Clarke Spheroid 1866

Datum: Luzon 1911, WGS 1984
Projection: Geographic (Decimal Degrees)
UTM (Zones 50, 51 & 52N)
PRS 1992 PTM (Zones I, II, III, IV & V)

Image Source: web.gccaz.edu/~lnewman/gph111/topic_units/

6
D. Coordinate System

UTM Zones PTM Zones

7
Chapter 2:Introduction to ArcMap™
ArcMap™ is a GIS product created by ESRI (Environmental Systems Research Institute). It allows you to analyze your data and
other geographic knowledge to examine relationships, test predictions, and ultimately aid the decision making process.

A. ArcMap™ Interface Project Name. Every ArcMap project used .mxd extension file
1
1 Main Menu 2
2 Standard Toolbar
3
3 Table of Contents
4 Data frame
5 Catalog 4
6 Toggle button for Layout
and data view

z
6

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Main Menu

The Main Menu along with the Standard toolbar are default toolbars in ArcMap interface. The Main menu consists of the following menus; a) File,
b) Edit, c) View, d) Bookmarks, e) Selection , f) Selection, g) Geoprocessing, h) Customize, i) Windows, and j) Help

a b c d e f g h i j

a. File Menu

in this menu the user can use basic

important tools such as creating a new
project file, Open an existing project ,
Save or save as Project , save a copy of
a current “.mxd” into an earlier version
of ArcMap ™, Share as Map Package,
Customize page and print setup,
printing and exporting maps into JPEG
or other formats

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Creating New project file

1
2
3

1. Click File in Menu

2. Click “New”
3. Select Blank Map in the Dialogue box New Document
and click “OK”

10
Open Existing Project

1 3

2
3

1. Click File in Menu

2. Click “Open”
3. Select existing project file (.mxd) in the Dialogue box
Open and click “Open”

11
Save or Save As

3
2

1. Click File in Menu

2. Click “Save” to save new project file or “Save As” to
save a current map with a new name
3. Input name for your project file and click save

12
Save A Copy

1. Click File in Menu

2. Click “Save A Copy ” to open the dialogue box
3. Look for the Save as type Drop down arrow and
select the version of the ArcMapTM you want for your
project document

13
Share As

This tool is used in sharing data using map

package. The map package contains the 1
elements and layers saved in a package or
.mpk extension file which can be shared and
used by other users.

1. Click File in Menu

2. Click “Share As” and select Map
Package

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3. Before the user can save the map
package, the .mxd must be saved
first and analyzed for errors. 3
4. After clicking analyze, the user must
review the errors in the “Prepare”
dialogue box. In the example below
there are two errors detected; 1) the
layer “Rivers/Creeks” has unknown
spatial coordinate system; and 2)
there is a need to fill out the Tags,
Summary and document in item
description of the map Package.

4 The layer River and

Creeks used in the
document must have
a spatial reference

These item
descriptions
must filled out

15
5. To resolve the errors, the user must first 6. Then in map package dialogue box click “Item Description”
define the prescribed projection of the layer and fill out the tags, summary and document description.
Rivers/creeks or if there is any layer without
spatial reference or definition. 7. Check the map again for errors by clicking “analyze” .
Make sure that there are 0 errors recorded in the Prepare
dialogue box before sharing the file into map package.
5

73
5
6

Rivers_creeks

16
8. After making sure that there is no error in
your map file, click “Share” and input file
path and name of the user’s map package.

Note: Make sure that the .mxd must

be saved first before sharing as
map package.

Processing Completed

C:\Users\Dennis\Desktop\GIS Manual.mpk

Note: Aside from map package and Item

description option, the user can attach other
data that can be used for the documentation of
the map such as JPG, word, Excel or other
data by clicking “Additional File” option then
click browsing folder and select the file that
you want to add

17
Add Data
Adding shapefile or raster from the user local
There are two options in adding datasets in ArcMapTM , host files
either click the “add” tool or go to file menu click

Frequently used options in adding data

Adding basemap from ArcGIS Online. These basemaps are map
i. services that require an internet connection

ii.

Note: You can also drag and drop .shp

from ArcCatalog or File Explorer into
the user ArcMapTM

18
Page and Print Setup

This option is used to specify the printer settings and the map page size including the orientation of the
document.

Sample printer setup

19
Print Preview Print
Preview how this map will look when printed out. Click this option if you are ready to print current map
document

Note: Make sure that

the status of your
printer is ready, if not
check your printer
settings or connections

Note: Click close to return to

Layout view or data view

20
Export Map
Using this tool, the user can export map layout into image files such as a PNG, EPS, JPEG or PDF file. If you are in Data view, only
your current map display extent will be exported. If you are in Layout view, your entire page layout will be exported.

Comparison between exported image in data and layout

view

Note: Click save as

type to select
different formats
of image

Note: the higher

the DPI, the finer
the resolution of
your saved image

Exported in layout view Exported in data view

No map elements for image exported

in data view

21
Map Document Properties

This tool opens a dialogue box

which the user can input
description of the map document
such as Title, Summary,
Description, Author, Credits, Tags ,
information of date last saved,
exported and printed. The user can
also set the default geodatabase to
be used and the option to store
relative path name to data sources.

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b. Edit

Undo - Undo the last action

Redo - Redo the previously undone action.

Cut - Cut the selected element(s).

Copy - Copy the selected element(s).

Paste - Paste the clipboard contents into the map

Paste Special - Paste the clipboard contents using the

format you specify.

Delete - Delete the selected element(s).

Copy Map to Clipboard - Copy the map to clipboard.

Select All Elements - Select all text, graphics and other

objects placed on the map.

Unselect All Elements - Unselect all graphics or page

elements that are currently selected

Zoom to Selected Elements - Zoom to the currently

selected text, graphic(s) or map element(s).

23
c. View

There are two ways of viewing the geographic data in ArcmapTM, Data and Layout
view.
Data View Layout View

ArcMapTM switches to Data view, it allows the user to Switches to Layout view, enables the user to deal
explore, display and query the map data with map elements of map layout such as north
arrow, legend, scale bar and grid and graticules.

Data View
Layout View

24
Scroll Bars

Toggle the scroll bars in the current map view to on or off. For example you can turn them off in the Data view while
leaving them on in layout view.

Status Bar

Toggle the status bar at the bottom of the Arc

MapTM window to turn on or off.

Scroll Bar

Status Bar

25
Rulers
Toggle the rulers in Layout view on or off.

Guides
Toggle the guides in Layout view on or off. Ruler

Grids
Toggle the grid in Layout view on or off.
Guides
Grids, Rulers Grid
and Guides
are a great
help for the
use for

Ruler
aligning text,
objects and Rulers
other map
layout
elements

Grids

26
Data frame properties

The data frame properties is a dialogue box in which the user can set the units, coordinate system, size and position, illumination,
map extent indicators, feature cache, annotation groups and other general options of the data frame. Here is how to access the
data frame properties

3 Choose tab

How to access data frame properties

1
Right
Click
Layers

27
Frequently used tabs in Data
Frame Properties

i. General tab ii. Coordinate System iii. Grids

In this properties tab the user can set This is a very important tab, it is where This tab is used in layout view. Three
the name, map and display unit and the user can select/set the required types of grid can be created and drawn
description of your data frame coordinate system. on top of the map layout and these are
measured, graticules and reference
grid. This tab is discussed in detail in
Chapter 10 Map Layout.

1
Click the
required
Type of Grids
coordinate
system
then click
Ok

28
iv. Extent Indicators v. Frame vi. Size and Position
The extent indicators area shows or The frame tab provides options for the In this tab, the user can manually
displays the current extent of the other user to customize the colors and width change the size and position of the data
data frame. This is usually used for of the data frame borders, Background frame in a map layout.
index maps and location maps. This tab and drop shadows
is also discussed in Chapter 10 Map
Layout.

Style Properties.
Option to set
the thickness
and color of the
data frame
border

Click the
required
coordinate
system
then click
Ok

29
Refresh
- Redraw the map.
Pause Drawing
- Temporarily suspends drawing so
you can work without map
drawing.
Pause Labeling
- Suspend labeling in current data
frame. You can continue to work,
but the labels are not redrawn.

30
d. Bookmarks
1 2
Create bookmark
- Click this option to create or save a
spatial bookmark of the current map
layout spatial extent. The user can
easily go back to the saved bookmark
after panning or navigating to other
spatial extents

A national level bookmark of A municipal level bookmark

1 the Philipinnes

Manage bookmark
- Click this option to open Bookmarks
manager and it will enable the user
to load or remove existing save
bookmarks and save edited
bookmarks.

31
e. Insert

Data Frame Dynamic Text

- Insert a blank data frame in an - Insert a dynamic text element in a map. The
existing map layout figure below shows a list of dynamic text
elements

Title Neatline
- The title name that is stated in the Map - Select border and background options for
document properties will be used automatically the map neatline
by ArcMap. If there is no title label in the
document properties a “Insert Title” dialogue
box will appear

Text
- This will insert a blank text box

32
Legend Scale Bar
- Insert legend in layout view, see chapter - Insert a scale bar in map layout. Opens scale bar
__ for detailed discussions on Legend dialogue box in which the user can customize the
properties of the scale bar

North Arrow Scale text

- Insert North arrow element in map layout - Insert scale (in text) use for map layout. Opens scale
text dialogue box in which the user can customized the
properties of the scale text

33
Picture
- Insert picture in the map layout

Object
- Insert embedded objects such as
microsoft excel, word documents
etc

34
g. Selection Select by Attributes
This tool helps the user to select features using its table
In selection menu, there are two types of tools that attributes. The sample below is selecting features with attribute
are used for selecting features and these are “select ‘Abra’ in the field “NAME_1”. See chapter VII (Data
by attributes” and “select by location” Management) for detailed discussion

35
Select by location Steps for the tools “Select by Location”
This tool helps the user to select
features relative to the location of 1) Choose the selection method
another feature. For example, if a 2) Select the target layer
forester wants to know the number of 3) Select the source layer
wood processing plants (WPPs) in a 4) Choose the method for spatial selection for the target layer and click ok
certain municipality, the user may
select all wpp in a municipality

1
2

WPP

36
Select by Graphics
This tool helps the user to select
features that intersect a selected
graphics

Steps for the tools “Select

by graphics”
1
1) In “draw toolbar” select a graphic
element
2) Draw the graphic element in the
selected extent
3) Click the graphic element and click the
select by graphics tool

2
WPP

37
Statistics
This option allows the user to review the statistics
such as sum or count of a selected attribute or layer

Selection Options

This tool allows the users to customize the selection

settings such as the selection tolerance , color to be
shown of the selected features and others.

38
h. Geoprocessing
Search for Tools
This menu shows frequently used geoprocessing tools and This tool has four search filters such as All, Maps, Data
windows for searching other tools, ArcToolbox and Results Tools and images. For data analysis, the search tool is
of geoprocessing. Geoprocessing tools such as buffer, clip, used to easily locate the needed analysis tools. Just type
intersect, union, merge and dissolve are discussed in the preferred tool in the search bar and click search icon
Chapter 8 (Essential Analysis Tools) to show the tool.

39
ArcToolbox
Environments
This window provides the user a catalog This dialogue box provides the user several options such
for accessing geoprocessing tools, model as setting up workspace, spatial extents, coordinate
and scripts for data analysis. system and others

40
Results
Model Builder
This window shows the Geoprocessing This is an application where the user can manage and
status . If there is an error message, the edit models of geoprocessing tools. Model in Arc GIS is a
user can inspect the message and make workflow of geoprocessing tools that are stringed
necessary corrections in its analysis. together where the output can be used as an input to
another geoprocessing tool.

41
i. Customized
This menu provides options for the user to activate toolbars or available ArcMap extensions to be used in their analysis.

Check extensions
needed for
geoprocessing.
Without these
extensions the
user cannot use
Here are several important
toolbars that can geoprocessing
be used for tools
analysis. Active
toolbars are mark
check , this visible
in the ArcMap
interface

42
This menu provides options for the user to activate toolbars or available ArcMap extension to be used in their analysis.

Check extensions
needed for
geoprocessing.
Without these
extensions the
user cannot use
Here are several important
toolbars that can geoprocessing
be used for tools
analysis. Active
toolbars are mark
check , this visible
in the ArcMapTM
interface

Toolbar for panning, zoom, measurement, go to a

specific xy coordinates etc.

Toolbar to facilitate labeling

43
j. Windows
This menu helps the user to enable additional in viewing spatial data and toggle important panels such as table of
contents, catalog, search.

Overview

This option opens a

window (Layers
overview) that displays
the current extent of
the data view within the
total extent of a
selected layer. The user
can change the selected
background layer by
right clicking the layers
overview and select the
reference layer.

44
Magnifier

This option opens a

window that acts like a
magnifying tool. There
are two viewing options
for this tool, Magnifier
and viewer. Magnifier
lets the user to magnify
the layers in the data
view where the window
passes. While the
viewer option acts like a
second data view, the
user cannot edit in this
window. The user can
change the percent or
scale of the magnifier
and viewer window
using the drop down
arrow in the magnifier
layers options

45
Other windows

Table of Contents

This options toggles the table of

contents panel where the user can
add layers and overlay it with
another layer

List by drawing order – to List by Source – shows the data path of

arrange the layer the each layer
user can drag the layer up
and down

List by visibility – this List by selection-it shows

options shows layers that list of selected layers and
are turned on or off how many features that
are selected

46
Other windows

Search window –
allows the user to
search for
geoprocessing
tools for data
analysis and
mapping

Catalog- allows
the user to
facilitate
Image Analysis – this tool is used navigation of its
for remote sensing. It allows the datasets
user to customize the display of a
raster dataset and even process it
using the tool in processing options

47
Chapter 3: Introduction to ArcCatalog™
The ArcCatalog™ is used to easily organize and manage geospatial data in workspaces and geodatabase. Workspaces are
folders in a computer device where files (map documents, geodatabases, layers etc.) are stored while geodatabases store
various geographic datasets that use in ArcGIS™.

A. ArcCatalog™ Interface
1
2 5
1 Menu Bar 3
2 Standard Toolbar 4
6 7
3 Metadata Toolbar
4 Location Toolbar
5 Geography Toolbar
6 Catalog Tree View Panel
7 Contents
Panel/Preview/Description
Panel

Connected
Workspaces folder Datasets of a Geodatabase

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Standard Toolbar

The standard toolbar contains commonly used tools in organizing , managing or viewing options in the contents of your catalog tree
panel. There is also an option to open ArcMap™, Model Builder, Search, ArcToolbox™ and catalog tree.

a b c d e f g h i j k l m

a. Up One level – Navigate up one level in the catalog tree

b. Connect to Folder – enables you to connect to your workspaces in the catalog tree
c. Disconnect from Folder – disconnect your folder/workspaces in the catalog tree
d. Copy – copies highlighted item ( or you can use shortcut key “ctrl + c”)
e. Paste – Paste the copied item to your cursor location (or you can use shortcut key “ctrl+v”)
f. Display View options – options in displaying the contents of your folder . You can view it by large icons, list or
details
g. Launch Arcmap – click to start a new ArcMap session
h. Catalog Tree Window Panel – Activates or hides catalog tree window panel
i. Search Window –Open the search window
j. ArcToolbox window –Open ArcToolbox
k. Show Python Window –Open pyhton window
l. ModelBuilder Window –Open modelbuilder If you want to create model for your geoprocessing

49
Metadata Toolbar
The tools in this toolbar enable you to export or validate metadata

a b c

a. Validate Metadata – create or update a metadata of a selected item

b. Export Metadata - If you want to share the metadata, this tool can be used to Export the metadata of a selected item.
c. Metadata Properties – select this if tool you want to add descriptions, tags or images in your data.

Location Toolbar
This toolbar is an alternative way of adding or connecting your ArcCatalog™ on to your desired workspace.

Geography Toolbar
This tool enables you to pan, zoom in or zoom out your shapefiles in the geography view. You can also use the
identify tool and Add thumbnails as tags in the description panel

a b c d e f g

50
a. Zoom In - Enlarges map in preview
b. Zoom out - Reduces map in preview
c. Pan - move the map in preview
d. Full Extent - Show map in preview to full extent.
e. Previous and Next Extent – toggle to previous or next view extent of your map in preview
f. Identify tool - lthis tool is use to identify the attributes a selected feature in preview
g. Add Thumbnail – this tool will add thumbnail in your metadata description

Adding thumbnail

1. Preview geographic data

2. Click add thumbnail tool
3. Check description tab to verify the
added thumbnail

Added
Thumbnail

51
Catalog Tree View Panel
The Catalog Tree Panel displays your connected folders and files in an orderly manner. The plus sign beside the folder can be
toggled into minus sign. Plus sign will expand and show the folders or files inside it, while minus sign collapses and hides the files of
that folder. Shortcut menus can also be accessed in a folder or file by right clicking the mouse.

Right Click

For new
database,
Shapefile or
folders

52
Contents/Preview/Description Panel
These three tabs show detailed information of the selected file or folder in the catalog tree panel. In the Contents tab, you can
manage your spatial data, right click on the file and folder and you can access other options or menus to manage your data. In
preview, you can view the attributes table and geography of a shapefile, and in description tab you can view the metadata of the
shapefile

63

53
Comparison between ArcCatalog™ and File Explorer

ArcCatalog™ provides a catalog window in which you can easily organize and manage geographic data such as Rasters, Shapefiles and
geodatabases. While in windows file explorer, you can only view the data. Data within file geodatabase cannot be managed as well, you
can only view extension files of the database.
ArcCatalog™ File Explorer

Shapefiles are
Composed of several
In ArcCatalog™, extension files
shapefiles are
shown as one file

You cannot manage

a geodatabase in a
file explorer as
compared to the
ArcCatalog ™

54
B. Geodatabase

A Geodatabase can store collections of various geographic datasets created from

ArcGIS. It has three types:

• File Geodatabase - Stored as folders in a file system. Each dataset is held as

a file that can scale up to 1 TB in size. The file geodatabase is recommended
over personal geodatabases . (Recommended geodatabase for the integration
of DENR tenure instruments)
• Personal Geodatabase - All datasets are stored within a Microsoft Access
data file, which is limited in 2 GB
• Enterprise Geodatabase - Also known as multiuser geodatabases, they can
be unlimited in size and numbers of users. Stored in a relational database
using Oracle, Microsoft SQL Server, IBM DB2, IBM Informix, or PostgreSQL

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Creating a File Geodatabase

1. Organize or prepare your feature polygons of tenurial instrument (for example CBFMA, IFMA , SIFMA, etc.) in ArcMap™
before importing your mapped out tenurial instrument to your File Geodatabase
2. Right Click on the folder where you will create your File Geodatabase, select “New” and click “File Geodatabase”

Right Click
to open
Shortcut
options

56
3. To rename your new file Creating a feature dataset in Geodatabase
geodatabase, right click your
created geodatabase, select Feature dataset are folders within the geodatabase that are used to
rename and type in your desired organize collection of feature classes; add topology or network datasets.
database name (to avoid error use
underscore or “_” instead of 1) Right click inside created file Geodatabase and click new and select
spaces or “ “. Feature Dataset

Renaming

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57
2 3 4

We don’t select z
coordinates because
Use the same coordinate these are not needed for
system that is used in a two dimensional
your input shapefile. feature file (in this case
the polygons of tenurial
instruments)

After selecting the feature dataset, input the following parameters in the 5
New Feature Dataset dialog box:

2) Set your desired name for your feature dataset. To avoid error use
underscore or “_” for spaces.
3) Set the coordinate system . Click next
4) Set the Z coordinates system to default. Click next
5) Set the XY tolerance to default values. Click finish

58
Importing Data

You can either create any feature class or

import shapefiles in your created Feature
dataset. In this exercise we will use the import
option of ArcCatalog™.

Right Click
to open
1. Right click the created feature dataset then Shortcut
select “Import” and click either “Feature options
Class (single)” (for single data import) or
“Feature Class (multiple)” (for multiple data
import)

59
Importing Data
Sample File Geodatabase
2. Select the shapefile data you want to import. Click ok. Output
feature class will be saved in your feature dataset.

Multiple
importing
Feature
Class

The original
names of the
imported feature
class will be
adopted in this
tool

Single
importing
Feature
Class

You will set the

Output Feature
Class name

60
Chapter 4 : Georeferencing
There are instances that a printed map will be the basis of a new project, a new map or new datasets. Scanned maps may
or may not contain spatial reference information, thus, georeferencing is done to define the location of the raster data and
assigning its location using a projected coordinate system or map coordinates.

A i. Accessing the Georeferencing Toolbar

The Georeferencing Toolbar can be found alongside the standard toolbar panel and is above the map display
window.This toolbar can be enabled/toggled by clicking “Customize” in menu , then select toolbars and click
“Georeferencing”

Georeferencing tab

Note : Make sure to tick this box to enable

the Georeferencing toolbar.

ii. Uploading Scanned Maps

There are multiple ways to access a scanned map for georeferencing:
a. Adding the scanned map as a raster data in your data view window
1.click the add data button
2. Navigate to the folder of which your scanned map is located.
3.Select the file to be georeferenced and press add button.

NOTE : If you double click rasters with 3 bands, its single band properties will appear . If the user will add this
rasters it will be shown in balck and white. This are usually use in ArcScanTM

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61
 b. Adding the scanned map from the Catalog tab –
1. Click the catalog button found at the standard toolbars. If the location of the file intended to upload does
not appear in the connected folders, it is necessary to add the directory of the location by clicking on the
connect to folder icon in the upper left panel of the catalog tab.

2. Select the folder location of the scanned map the click the ok button.
3. Navigate to the folder of where your scanned map is located.
4. Drag the scanned map from the catalog tab to the map view window

Navigate to the location of your

scanned map
Displayed directory of the selected
folder

After selecting the folder, press ok to add the folder to the connected
folders tab
Once added, the connected folder should appear in the catalog tab. Remember to click on the plus tick button to display all
the files contained within the connected folder. The scanned map can be added by dragging the file from the catalog tab to the
map display window.

Remember to click
the plus tick button The file can be
to expand the dragged from the
folder. catalog tab to the
map windows display.

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62
 c. Drag from a open windows explorer – Scanned maps can also be added to the map windows display by
simply dragging the image from an open windows explorer window to the ArcmapTM’s map windows display.

NOTE : Once the scanned map is added to the map window display, it will be recognized as a raster layer. The
Georeferencing toolbar layer list recognizes raster layers, image service layers and CAD (Computer Aided
Design) layers but in this manual, only raster layers shall be discussed.

B. i Georeferencing using Coordinates on a Given Map

If the scanned map contains coordinates, assigning our raster dataset to a referenced raster dataset will require creating
links via Add Control Points tool. The Add Control point can also be found in the Georeferencing tab and will
automatically be available when a raster dataset with no spatial reference is added as data.

1. Add a non- georeferenced raster dataset;

ArcmapTM will inform you that the added raster
dataset has an unknown spatial reference. The
software will load the data in your ArcMap but
will later need to be georeferenced manually.
Click OK.

2. Another window will appear, inquiring if you

want to create pyramids. At allow pyramids,
efficient drawing of the raster data in varying Click ok.
resolutions. Click Yes

NOTE : It is best to create pyramids for

raster datasets that have large file sizes. It is
also recommended to create pyramids when
analyzing the raster will require you to zoom Choose between
in and out multiple times. The raster will still creating pyramids
load if you opt not to create pyramids as or not.
pyramids are only a downsampled version of
the raster dataset stored in the .ovr files.
The raster will still load .

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images/fundamentals-for-georeferencing-a-raster-dataset.htm

63
The raster data will appear in your table of contents. Auto Registration can
then be done by adding links that connect known raster dataset positions
to known positions in map coordinates.

NOTE : Make sure that the Layer Data Frame has the proper Coordinate
System that corresponds to the given coordinates of your non-
georeferenced raster dataset. Not having corresponding Coordinate
Systems often lead to wrong projection and transformations.
The raster file
3. Before adding links in your raster datasets, always select the name of is now added
the raster dataset to be georeferenced in your Georeferencing layer drop- to the Table
down box. Of Contents

4. To begin georeferencing, click on the Add Control Point tool

found at the Georeferencing tab. This will allow you to create links and
transform the raster dataset.

For easy facilitation of creating links, it is recommended to zoom in the

identified location of the nongeoreferenced raster or scanned map by
clicking the drop-down georeferencing button and click “Fit to Display”.

A scanned map containing coordinates can be georeferenced by using

intersections of either Graticules using meridians and parallels (Latitude
and Longitude) or Measured Grids ( Map units using a projected
coordinates system ). Also, these coordinates should be complimented by
either Grid lines or tick marks. These will enable you to create links through
control points. Control points are used to build a polynomial transformation
that will shift the raster dataset from its existing location to the spatially
correct location. Control points are often identified by tick marks or
intersection of grid lines in a map.

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64
 5. After clicking the Add Control Point, hover your cursor to a Known Longitude
control point in the scanned map. Assign the coordinate by right
clicking after creating the first connection in your scanned map.
A Dialog box will appear in which you will choose if you are to
use a Grid Coordinate (input X & Y ) or Geographic Coordinate (
Input DMS of Logitude and Latitude) .

Known Latitude

Control Point

a. Choosing Input X and Y will show this dialog window. Input

easting and northing.

NOTE: It is always better to distribute the links

created evenly covering 4 corners of your raster
dataset. For better understanding of georeferencing
a raster dataset, you can go to:
http://desktop.arcgis.com/en/arcmap/10.3/anage-
data/raster-and-images/fundamentals-for-
georeferenc ing-a-raster-dataset.htm
b. Choosing Input DMS of Long and Lat will show this dialog
window. Input Longitude and Latitude in Degrees, Minutes and After creating enough links in your raster dataset
Seconds. you can now assess the accuracy of the created links
using the Spatial Adjustment Link Table or Link Table
c. If in case you intend to discard the current control point, click found at the georeferencing toolbar.
Cancel Point and the created link will be deleted.
NOTE: It is better to add control points when the scale in the
data view is less than 1:1,000 to reduce the error in adding
Link Table
control points

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65
The Link Table will display the information regarding the displacement links by showing the source and the destination coordinates
of the link, the link IDs and the residual error of the adjustment. A residual created by a link is a measure of the link between the
true locations and the transformed location of the output control points. This table requires at least 4 links to be able to calculate
the Total Root Mean Square Errors or total RMS Error. The Total RMS error, calculated by the root mean square of the produced
residuals per link, is a measure of how good a transformation is in reference to a true location of control points.

Example of a Link Table

Links can also be edited in the link table.
1. To create a new link, press the Insert link button and a new link will appear in the table.
2. To delete a link, highlight a link and press the Delete link button.
Take note that coordinates of a link can also be edited by clicking on the field for X Map and Y Map for locations that are
known.
NOTE: The lower the residuals produced by the links, the better the fit of the raster dataset to the set of known locations
and coordinates. If the link created produces a high residual value, you can delete it and create a new link. Also, the set
of known controlled points should be accurately described in terms of its true location, The RMS error only takes into
account the goodness of the transformation and not the accuracy of the location.
Save to the current dataset
To save your current transformation, click on the drop-down Save to a new dataset
georeferencing button, either by saving it to the current data
set (the current transformation file) or saving it to a different
dataset( the original file) .

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raster-dataset.htm, http://desktop.arcgis.com/en/arcmap/latest/manage-data/editing-existing-features/about-spatial-
adjustment-transformations.htm

66
B. ii Georeferencing using Image to Image Registration
1. Find similar
Maps at some cases, do not contain coordinates or spatial features that can
information and may only contain features such as rivers, road be used to create
links for your
network or other land features that can be identified. Image to raster dataset.
Image registration is done by establishing links between the Features like
Roads, Land
nongeoreferenced raster dataset and a georeferenced raster Boundaries or
dataset by approximating the supposed location of the links from Rives are useful
the nongeoreferenced raster to the georeferenced raster data. for this method.

The procedure from uploading a raster data to creating

pyramids is similar to georeferencing using known In this example, the similar features found on both dataset is
the road network showed by the yellow line and the orange
coordinates. The difference is that when using the Auto polyline.
Registration tool, instead of assigning the coordinates of the links 2. Using similar
by right clicking and choosing between Input X and Y or Input features, create
DMS of Long and Lat, it is now connected from a known raster links that will
assign the
dataset positions to a known map feature that accurately coordinate
represents the supposed location of the connected link. In short, location or your
it is simply registering a known raster position to its approximate raster dataset to
its corresponding
location in map coordinates. map coordinates.

3. After creating
enough links and
checking the
Total RMS error,
you can now
choose to rectify
or update
georeferencing.

67
 B. ii Georeferencing using Image to Image Registration on Tenurial
Instruments

1. Find similar features like roads, boundaries 2 , Create links that will assign the coordinate
and corners that can be used in creating links. location or your raster dataset to its
corresponding map coordinates

3, . After creating enough links and checking

the Total RMS error, you can now choose to
rectify or update georeferencing.

68
Chapter 5: Data Creation and Editing
A. Creating New Shapefiles
The shapefile(s) you need to create depends on the
primary or secondary data available to you such as
Topography Map, Land Classification Map, aerial or
satellite photos, coordinates gathered from actual
ground surveys, and so on.

To create new shapefile, you first need to familiarize

yourself with the basic features and functions of
ArcCatalogTM.

To Create New Shapefile :

1. In the Catalog Tree, select a folder or folder

connection where you will save your shapefile.
The Catalog Tree is found in the left portion of
the ArcCatalogTM window.
In cases when the Catalog Tree doesn’t appear on your
window, you may activate it by clicking on the icon.

2. Once you’ve highlighted your desired

file/folder, Click the File menu, point to New,
and click Shapefile.
3. In the “Create New shapefile” dialogue
box, click in the “Name” text box and type a
name for the new shapefile.
4. Click the Feature Type drop-down arrow and
select the type of geometry for your new
shapefile.
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69
5. Click Edit to define the shapefile's coordinate
3
system and leave other settings as default.
4
Then click OK.
6. You may now drag-and-drop the new
shapefile from ArcCatalogTM to ArcMapTM.

The new shapefile is displayed on the Table of

Contents panel of the ArcMapTM window and is
now ready for editing.
5

As an alternative to using ArcCatalogTM, you can

open and work with the Catalog Window within
ArcMap TM in which all the same functions and
tasks can be performed.
Right-click on a folder then click New
Shapefile then follow steps 3 to 5. The shapefile
will automatically be added in the active layer in
Table of Contents.

70
To Add Data in ArcMap:

If you have your data available in your file, you

may import it in your map document using the
Add Data tool in the Standard Toolbar.

1. Click the Add Data button to add new

data in the map’s active data frame. Note: If the data you added did not automatically display
in your map layer, go to the Table of Contents, right-
This window will appear: click on the data and click Zoom to Layer

2. Search the folder from which the data you

want to add is saved. Select the data and click
Add.

3. The selected data is now displayed in your

map layer.

71
i. Digitizing

Digitizing is the process of creating or editing data by converting features on an analog map into digital
format (e.g. shapefile) that you can easily edit and analyze.

Analog Topographic Scanning Digital Map

Map Device

To digitize analog map, you need to scan and Before you create or edit shapefile, make sure to
save it to your computer as .jpeg, .png, .tif, check the following conditions:
or other picture format compatible with your
computer and mapping software. • The analog map must be georeferenced or
rectified properly. (see Chapter V for procedure
You can then add the map (now in digital in Georeferencing)
picture format) to your preferred mapping
software, which, in this case, is ArcMapTM. • The layer in which you are digitizing and all the
elements in it (most especially, the
When digitizing, you may use a digitizing tablet feature/shapefile you are editing) should be in
or the mouse pointer in conjunction with the the same projection as the analog map.
editing tools in ArcMapTM to trace over the
features that interest you such as river, tenure
boundary, corners, etc. The x,y coordinates of
these features are automatically recorded and
stored as spatial data.

72
In digitizing, it is important to create the appropriate
feature type of shapefile depending on the map Point
none
element you wish to convert to digital layer. dimensional
features
Map features such as corners, reference points,
tower, are preferably Points.

Rivers, boundary line, roads, power line and other

map features that require the computation of
distance-bearing, perimeter and distance should be
Polyline.

While features that require the computation of area

should be Polygon.

Polygon
Polyline closed plane figure
continuous line
composed of
one or more
segments

Reference: © 1995-2013 Esri ArcGIS 10.2 Help

73
In ArcMapTM, you can digitize features in two
ways:

1. Point mode digitizing

- This is the default. In this mode, you

digitize a feature on a analog map by
clicking the left mouse pointer
manually into a series of precise points
or vertices.

2. Stream mode digitizing (streaming F8)

- In this mode, ArcMapTM automatically

adds vertices at an interval as you
move around the map. It is convenient
to use this mode when creating a curved
line, such as a river. Also, this mode is
commonly used with a digitizing tablet Streaming
but can be used simply with a mouse. at 50 map
- To begin digitizing in stream mode, units
right-click and click streaming when
creating features. You can also press F8 Streaming
key. If you click the map, streaming is at 100
suspended. This allows you to click map units
buttons, menus, and other user interface
elements. Click the map again to start
streaming. To exit from stream mode
entirely (or opt to use point mode),
press F8.

Reference: © 1995-2013 Esri ArcGIS 10.2 Help

74
To Start Digitizing:

1. Open ArcMap
2. Set the Layers’ Coordinate System 3. Click Add Data and search for the
Right-click Properties Coordinate scanned map in your computer’s directory.
System The image layer will show in the Table of
Contents in your ArcMap Window.
In this exercise , use Luzon 1911 as Geographic
Coordinate System (GCS) and Universal Transverse
Mercator (UTM) 51N as the Projected Coordinate
System (PCS)

4. Right-click on the image layer (scanned map)

then click Zoom to Layer to zoom to the extent
of the selected layer.

75
5. Rectify/Georeference the scanned map
(refer to Chapter V of this Manual).

5. Once the image is rectified/georeferenced,

create a shapefile using the ArcCatalog 7. Right-click on the shapefile from the
(refer to Chapter IV of this manual). Set Table of Contents and choose Edit
the coordinate system as Luzon 1911 Features Start Editing
UTM 51N or the same as the layer’s
coordinate system.

6. Add the newly created shapefile in ArcMap.

Using the “List By Drawing Order” in the
Table of Contents window, make sure that
the shapefile is overlaid on top of the
scanned image.

8. On the Create Features panel, click the

shapefile you want to edit.

76
9. The create features panel will display all the
editable shapefiles in the layer. But select
only the one you want to edit. Arrange
Templates
• The highlighted item is the shapefile
to be edited.

• Click the icon to Arrange Shapefile Editable

Templates by Grouping or Filtering to be Shapefiles
and check Show All Templates to see edited
all the editable layers.

• Below the create features panel is the

Construction Tools. It provides
options to various drawing methods
and will vary depending on the feature
type.

10. Pan and Zoom to the map feature you want

to digitize.
Point to the image layer right-click click

Use to Zoom In, and to Zoom Out

by clicking once or dragging a box on the
map

Use to Fixed Zoom In and to

Fixed Zoom Out on the center of the map

Use to Pan the map by dragging.

You may also use the scroll button of your

mouse to zoom in, out and pan the map.

77
11. Left-click to create vertex or series of 12. To end digitizing entirely, right-click finish sketch or
vertices. Continue until you finish digitizing double-click the left mouse button.
your target feature.

12. Click Editor Save Edits Stop Editing to stop editing

and save your edits.

12. To end editing a part but do not want to end

digitizing entirely, right-click finish
part. You may continue editing another part
by clicking the left mouse button on another
target feature in the map image, this adds a
new vertex in the same shapefile but not
connected to the last vertex you created.

78
While digitizing, you have various options on how you want 3. Length – create a segment by an exact length or
to proceed with digitizing and how you want it to finish. distance value from the last point in the sketch.

4. Change Length – remove the last vertex and

preserve the direction of the segment.

5. Absolute X, Y.. – create a point or vertex using

an exact x,y measurement. You may change it to
various formats: meters, decimal degrees, DMS,
DDM, MGRS, and UTM.

6. Direction/Length – this will allow you to create

a point or vertex using an exact angle and length
measurement

7. Delete Sketch – this will delete the entire current

Some of the most commonly used are: vertices you made.

1. Snap to Feature – this will let you snap the next 8. Finish Sketch – this will allow you to complete
vertex to the nearest feature from your sketch may it be the current editing operation by finishing the sketch.
endpoint, midpoint, vertex or edge. To shortcut, double-click or press F2.

2. Direction – this will let you create a 9. Square and Finish – finish a polygin or line by
point or vertex at a precise angle or adding two new segments at 90° angles
Direction.
10.Finish Part – finish creating a part of a feature so
you can add others.

Reference: © 1995-2013 Esri ArcGIS 10.2 Help

79
Options

1. Activate Editor Toolbar. In the dropdown menu, click 3. In the Units Tab. You may adjust the
Options. The Editing Options dialog box will open. Direction Type to Quadrant Bearing and
Direction Units Degrees Minutes Seconds to
reflect the longitude and latitude in the
attribute table of your shapefile to DMS
format when you Calculate Geometry.

2. In the General Tab. You may adjust various options, that

will suit your preference in editing.

This option lets you edit the

vertices interval when in
stream mode while digitizing 4. Click OK
as mentioned in the previous
page.

You may change its value

depending on what’s
convenient for the user.

80
Snapping

Snapping helps you ensure that the new features connects to the
existing ones. When snapping is turned on, your pointer will jump, or
snap to, edges, vertices, and other geometric elements when it is
near them. This enables you to position a feature easily in relation to
the locations of other features.

1. First, you need to activate the Snapping toolbar in your ArcMap.

Go to Customize Menu and click toolbar, then select “Snapping
Toolbar”

2. On the Snapping toolbar, click Snapping menu and confirm that

Use Snapping is checked. If it is already checked, do not click it
again, since that will turn off snapping.

3. Look on the Snapping toolbar and confirm that End , Vertex ,

and Edge snapping types are active. When enabled, the buttons
are highlighted. If they are not enabled, click each button to
enable those agents.

4. Click the Snapping menu and click Options. From this dialog
box, you can specify settings for snapping in ArcMap. The
snapping tolerance is the distance within which the pointer or a
feature is snapped to another location. If the element being
snapped to—such as a vertex or edge—is within the distance you
set, the pointer automatically snaps to the location.

81
6. Check the boxes for Show tips, Layer name, Snap
type, and Background. A SnapTip is a small piece of
text that pops up to indicate the layer you are snapped to
and with which snap type (edge, end, vertex, and so on).
The background is useful to help you see the SnapTip
when working over an image.

7. Optionally, you can change the color used for the snap
symbol and set SnapTip display options, such as the size
or font of the tip.

8. Click OK to close the Snapping Options dialog box.

82
ii. COGO Tools
1. To start with, you should first organize your data
containing the Technical Descriptions. It is best
When surveyors or civil engineers need to record the location of to do it in Excel before transferring it to Notepad.
human-made features, such as land parcels, road centerlines,
utility easements containing transmission lines, and oil and gas For the COGO tool to
leases, they typically provide the results on a survey plan that read the technical
describes the location of features relative to each other. You can descriptions, you must
use these COGO descriptions to accurately re-create the features input the following
the surveyor captured. The survey plan also includes references to acronyms in this
existing locations that help you to tie these new features into your particular order.
GIS database. DT QB
DU DMS
There are the basic building blocks for COGO:
• Points - Survey plans can describe point features such as SP as the starting point
control points, section corners, and monuments. You can use a in meters (Easting –
simple point feature class to represent these features. Northing)
• Lines - You use a simple line feature class to represent these
features. You can optionally add COGO fields to your line DD as Direction –
feature class, and measurements you enter are recorded on the Distance
features. There are three types of lines found on survey plans:
• Polygons - used to represent the parcel areas formed by your Make sure that the
COGO line features. You usually don't directly create polygons Direction do not contain
with the ArcMap COGO functionality; more typically you derive spaces in between, with
polygons from your lines. For example, you can use the the degree, decimal and
Construct Polygons command on the Advanced Editing toolbar seconds are separated by “
to create polygons from selected lines. - ” and the Distance is in
meters.
• Traverses - Much of the data that is entered using COGO
descriptions is entered from traverses. A traverse is simply an
ordered collection of COGO descriptions that are used to create Copy-paste the organized
either a line or a polygon. Each individual line is referred to as technical description in
a course. notepad and save it as .txt
file.

Reference: © 1995-2013 Esri ArcGIS 10.2

83
2. Once the technical descriptions are ready in
notepad. You may then create new
shapefile in ArcCatalog. Make sure to edit the
necessary fields then click OK

Set the Feature Type

as Polyline and edit
the appropriate
coordinate system.

Note:
Make sure that the “Create COGO tools” COGO command
tool is activated in your ArcCatalog. If not, then right-click on
an empty space in the Main Menu and choose Customize.
Open the Commands Tab and search for COGO. You will
see the Create COGO Fields in the Commands Panel – drag
3. Select your new shapefile and click Create and drop it to the Menu bar.
COGO Fields. Once successful, it will prompt
that “COGO Fields are successfully added!”.

4. You may now drag and drop your shapefile

into ArcMapTM or use the Add Data tool.

84
5. In the ArcMapTM window, activate the COGO 9. Then Select the .txt file where you
toolbar. stored the technical descriptions of
6. Click Start Editing and Choose Traverse in the shapefile you want to create.
the
COGO toolbar.

The Traverse Window will appear.

7. Left-click on
Template . . . and
select the shapefile
you will work on and
click OK
8. Then Right-click
on the Template . 10. You will then see the information encoded in
. . This time to the Notepad to ArcMapTM .
Load Traverse
which is encoded in
your notepad
stored as txt.
Technical
descriptions
encoded as Direction-
Distance

Starting Point
This may be in a
form of meters,
Degrees,Minutes,
Seconds, Degrees
Decimals, etc.

85
11. To view the sketch, right-click on Template .
12. Once you are confident that the technical
. and choose Zoom to Traverse
descriptions you entered are final and correct,
click Finish.

13. Check the attribute table of the shapefile you

just created. It should contain the FID, Shape,
ID, Direction and Distance fields– if you are
using a tie line the first row will be the starting
line from the point of beginning to corner 1.

Note: It is advised that you check if the traverse

had closed before you click finish as to ensure
that the technical descriptions are correctly
encoded.
In case you need to make corrections with the
technical description, you may do so before you
click finish.
1. Search for the part where you need to
make correction then double-click. The
Course window will appear
2. In that window, you may do necessary
changes with either the direction or
distance.
3. Once you’re done, click OK

86
B. Conversion Tools

Use Conversion Tools when you need to convert your current data into another format. Such as when processing data from your
handheld GPS receiver to your computer in feature class/shapefile format or when displaying shapefile to Google Earth in KML
format.

The Conversion Tools located in ArcToolbox contains tools that convert data
into various formats specifically:

From GPS (GPX To Features)

Data from handheld GPS receiver are usually in GPX format. This tool
converts the point information inside a GPX file into feature class compatible for
processing in ArcMapTM. The output shapefile will be generated with WGS84
coordinate system as the default. It can be reprojected to your desired coordinate
system using the Project Tool found in “Data Management” toolbox.

From KML (KML To Layer)

Data from Google Earth are usually in KML or KMZ format. This tool converts
a KML or KMZ file into shapefile or layer file compatible for processing in ArcMapTM.
The output layer file or shapefile maintains the symbology found within the original
KML or KMZ file. Also, the default coordinate system of the output data is in
WGS84.

To KML (Layer to KML)

To display map data in Google Earth, it has to be in KML or KMZ format. This
tool converts a shapefile or raster layer into KML. The output KML/KMZ files are
created in WGS84 coordinate system. You should reproject your data before
converting to KML if it is not in WGS84 coordinate system.

Reference: © 1995-2013 Esri ArcGIS 10.2

87
C. Advance Data Editing

The Advance Data Editing provides wide range of

tools in converting various data types. It includes
topology, 3D features, raster, terrains, TINs and even
LAS datasets. In our case, we use Topology to
identify features that have gaps or overlapping
points, lines, and polygons.

88
Topology Using Arc Catalog™

1. Open the ArcMap™ . Add the data

that you want to edit for overlaps or
gaps. For this example we use the
Forestland boundary.

2. Go to ArcCatalog ™ Then locate

the current folder and right click in the
empty space of ArcCatalog.

3. Select New File

Geodatabase

4. Double click the New File

Geodatabase.gbd and right click in
the empty space.

5. Select New Feature

Data Set

89
5. Select New Feature
Data Set

90
6. The New Feature Data Set dialog box is opened. Name the feature dataset. In
the sample, it was named as ‘forestland’. Then, click Next.

7. Select the Coordinate System of the created feature data set. In this case, UTM Luzon1911
was chosen. Then, click Next.

8. Let there be No Vertical Coordinate System. It is because we ignore its height and depth
orientation. Just click Next.

9. Use the default values for the tolerance, click Finish.

91
10. The created feature data set is empty. You need to import the shapefile to
be edited/check by right clicking in the empty space.
Select Import Feature Class (single) or Feature Class (multiple).

Feature Class (single) is for single shape file

Feature Class (multiple) is for two or more shape files

In this case, we will use Feature Class (single)

12. In the Input Features of feature class to feature class dialogue box,
select the data needed in Topology by clicking the Open Folder.

13. Set the output location by clicking the Open Folder and browse to the
created feature dataset path.

14. Type the output name in outout feature class box.

15. Let the other tab remain the same. Then, click OK.

92
16. After you import the merge shape file in the feature data
set, right click in the empty space.
Select New Topology. Then, the New Topology dialog
box will appear. Just click Next.

16. Name the output filename.

17. Select the files to be validated/verified for gaps or

overlaps in Topology. For this exercise, click Select All
then click Next.

18. In ranking, set the merge shape file to Rank 1 to lessen

the features that will move. Then, click Next.

93
21. After ranking the merged shape file, the Topology must contain
a specific rule. Click the Add Rule.

22. In Features of feature class, select the shapefile to be verified or

check

23. In the tab of Rule, there are set of rules that correspond to the
objective of the Topology.
 Must Not Overlap – polygons must not overlap within every
feature class
 Must Not Have Gaps – polygons must now have space
between them
 Must Not Overlap With – polygons of a feature class must not
overlap with another feature class
 Must be Covered by Feature Class Of - polygon of a feature
class must be covered another feature class
 Must Cover Each Other – all polygons in a feature class must
be cover in the polygons of another feature class
 Boundary Must be Covered By – boundary of polygon must be
covered by the lines
 Area Boundary Must be Covered By – boundary of polygons of
a feature class align with boundary of polygons of another
feature class.
 Contains Point – all polygons have at least one point
 Contains One Point – one to one correspondence between
feature class of polygon and point

Reminder: Select appropriate rule to

be used.

94
Commonly Used Rules in Topology of Forest

Resources

Must Not Overlap Must Not Overlap With

Useful to Forestland must not Useful to identify Forestland must not

identify overlap with Alienable overlapping areas in overlap with Alienable
overlapping and Disposable another feature class and Disposable
areas
Must Not Have Gaps Must Be Covered By Feature Class
Of

Useful to identify Avoid gaps in 2010 land Useful in verification of Tenurial Instruments
gaps between cover polygons within an area within Municipalities
polygons

95
Must Be Must Not Self
Inside Intersect

Useful to verify lines Streams are within the Useful to identify Contour lines do not
whether inside the watershed overlapping areas in intersect
polygons another feature class
Must Be
Must Be Properly Covered By
Inside Polygons Boundary Of

Useful in identify points in Corners of land parcels

Useful to identify Sample tress in pre
boundary of polygons
points inside the determined sites
polygon

Source: help.arcgis.com/en/arcgisdesktop

96
24. After selecting the appropriate Rule, click Next. In this case,
the Must Not Overlap rule is selected.

25. The summary of created Topology is generated. Click Finish.

26. The new topology created is ready for validation. Click Yes.

27. Load the Topology file from the Catalog box to the Table of
Contents by dragging the created topology. A dialog box
appears. Click Yes to add the Topology feature class.

97
After loading the Topology in the work space, the violations of
Topology rules are displayed as errors which are the red areas.

In the given example, the Topological Rule that was used is Must
Not Overlap. The three regions in red are the violations in the
given rule.

There are three tables of Topology error features that are saved
in the topology by its validation operation: point, line and area
errors.

You now have identified the problem areas in your data. These
may be resolved through reviewing the data file and/or field
validation when necessary.

98
Chapter 6. Attribute Management
Attribute is the non-spatial component of a shapefile that describes a feature. Attribute information are summarized in an
Attribute Table in ArcGISTM. The columns or fields represents one feature attribute (ex. Region) while the rows represent one
feature or record i.e. a point, a line or a polygon (ex. Cordillera Administrative Region, Bicol Region).

Each shapefile also has two automatic attributes: FID and Shape. FID is a unique number that represents each record. The first
feature created has a default FID of 0 and the succeeding features are numbered increasingly. Shape describes whether the
feature is a point, line or polygon. You can create new fields to add more information to your features.

A. Fields

i. Types

Fields are further classified into numeric data (short integer, long integer, float, double) character data (text) and date.

• Short Integer – whole numbers ranging from -32,768 to 32,767

• Long Integer – whole numbers ranging from -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647
• Float – fractional numbers ranging from approximately -3.4E38 to 1.2E38
• Double – fractional numbers ranging from approximately -2.2E308 to 1.8E308
• Text – letters and numbers
• Date – date following the format: MM/DD/YYY

The type of field is important in data entry and analysis. You cannot encode number values if the type is text and you cannot
encode words if the type is numeric data. Numeric fields can be sorted by increasing or decreasing values while text fields can
be sorted from A to Z or vice versa.

99
Sample Attribute table
Field/Column

Toolbar
Shapefile
Name Field Header

Records
Related Switch Zoom to
Tables Selection Selected
TOOLBAR

Table Select by Clear Delete

Options Attributes Selection Selected

Table Tab

NOTE: Each tab represents one attribute table. You can open multiple attribute tables and
change from one table to another by simply selecting the tab of your desired attribute table.

100
ii. Adding and Deleting
1. Open your attribute table by right-clicking the shapefile then click Open Attribute Table.

Our sample shapefile contains one feature for each municipality and city. The “MUNI_CITY” field tells us the name of the
municipality or city while the “PROVINCE” field shows the province where that municipality or city belongs to. We are going
to add new fields to know the total area and region of the feature.

101
2. In the attribute table, click Table Options then click
Add Field… (Note: You can only add fields when
Editing is turned off).

3. The Add Field window will appear. In the Name

box, type “AREA”. (Note: Only 10 characters are
allowed for the name; spaces are also automatically
converted to an underscore).

4. Depending on the need for precise decimal values, you

can use any of the 4 numeric data types to represent
the total area. For this exercise, set Type to Double.
Leave the default settings for Field Properties. Click
OK.

102
 A new field named “AREA” is now added to the attribute
table.

3. Repeat steps 2 & 3 to add a region field. Set the Name

to “REGION” and then Type to Text. Set the Field
Properties Length to 25. (Note: Length denotes the
number of characters allowed in four feature entry. If
you are typing short words like “Region 1” or “CAR”, you
can set the length to at least 15. If you are typing longer
words like “Ilocos Region” or “Cordillera Administrative
Region” set it to a higher number)

103
4. Suppose you made a mistake in adding a field (ex. you used a number data type for your Region). To delete that field,
right click its the field header then click Delete Field. Choose Yes in the warning message box.

104
iii. Data Entry
There are three ways of adding information to your attribute table. This depends on the kind and duplication of information.

• Manual Encoding – manual typing of information for each cell. This is suitable for information that is unique for
every feature in a field
• Field Calculator – manual typing of the same information for multiple fields. This is suitable for information that is
shared by many features.
• Calculate Geometry – automatic calculation of geometric attributes like area, perimeter, x-coordinate, and y-
coordinate.

Manual Encoding
Manual encoding is very straightforward. Just click on the cell and start typing the information. You can also copy (click cell
then Ctrl+C) and paste (click cell then Ctrl+V) information from one cell to another.
NOTE: Manual data
entry is useful if the
value for each feature is
unique (ex. Municipality).
If the same value is used
in multiple features (ex.
Province or Region) it is
more efficient to use
Calculate Geometry
Or Field Calculator
than copying and pasting
the values of one cell to
another

105
Field Calculator

1. You can use field calculator

instead of copying and pasting
the same information. Highlight
the cells by clicking the gray tabs
on the left of FID or use the
Select by Attributes tool (see
Chapter VII.A.iv)

2. Right click on the field header Function

Types
then choose Field Calculator.

3. Type the information at the

Text Box then click OK.

NOTE: Text entries should be Field attributes

enclosed in double quotation marks Field Calculator Operator
(ex. “Region 13”); number entries
can be encoded as it is (ex. 13);
data from another field can also be
used by double clicking it from the
Fields list at the upper left (ex.
Field calculator Workbox
[PROVINCE]).

106
Calculate Geometry

1. Use calculate geometry to add area

values. Right click on the field
header then choose Calculate
Geometry.

2. In the Calculate Geometry window,

set Property to Area and Units
to Hectares.

3. Leave the default selection for

Coordinate System (Use
coordinate system of the data
source). Then click OK.

Text Box
NOTE: Hectares is the
recommended unit of
measure for area.
Kilometers/meters are
commonly used for
measuring length.

107
iv. Select by Attributes

Select by Attributes is a handy tool that makes data entry easier. It selects multiple features where you can encode
information all at once. It uses an expression that selects certain features that match the results of the expression.

The expression starts with the Field of the features we want to select (ex. PROVINCE). An operator is then used to
determine which feature/s of the field will be selected. For text data, the equal sign is normally used; for numeric data, th e
greater than or less than signs are also used. The last part is the name of features we want to highlight (ex. Agusan del
Norte). In this example, all the municipalities in Agusan del Norte will be selected.
Ex. "PROVINCE" = ‘Agusan del Norte’

You can also add more expressions by using the OR and AND operators. In the OR operator, the features should satisfy at
least one of the expressions to be selected. In the example below, all municipalities in Agusan del Norte and Agusan del Sur
will be selected.
Ex. "PROVINCE" = ‘Agusan del Norte’ OR "PROVINCE" = ‘Agusan del Sur’

In the AND operator, the feature should satisfy both expressions to be selected. In this example, only the municipalities in
Agusan del Norte will be selected. Although municipalities in Agusan del Sur are in Caraga Region, they do not match the
Province field of Agusan del Norte so they will not be selected.
Ex. “REGION" = ‘Caraga’ AND "PROVINCE" = ‘Agusan del Norte’

NOTE: OR operator NOTE: AND operator

selects all the values only selects the
of the chosen fields. intersecting values of
the chosen fields.

108
1. To select Click Table Options then Select by Attributes. Alternatively you can click the Select by Attributes
button at the Toolbar.

2. Create a new expression by double clicking the fields, operators and unique
values. First double click “PROVINCE” from the Fields list.

3. Then click the equal sign then and Get Unique Values. A list of all the
values for the selected field will be shown values list. You can also type at the
Go To: text box to search for the desired values.

4. Double click on the desired values from the list. To select all the provinces
use the OR operator to combine multiple expressions.

5. Once finished with the expression, click Apply. All the municipalities in
CARAGA will now be selected.

NOTE: Clear Selection clears all the currently selected features; Switch
Selection clears the currently selected features and then highlights all the
previously unselected features; Select All highlights all of the features.

109
Chapter 7: Essential Analysis Tools
A. Data Management tools

This ArcGIS™ Toolbox contains various tools to develop, create and manage
fields, layers, features and datasets.

The ArcToolbox pane shows the list of toolsets found in Data management
tools. Below are toolsets /tools under Data Management Tools that are
frequently used in forestry mapping.

http://webhelp.esri.com/arcgisdesktop/9.3/index.cfm?TopicName=An_overview_of_the_Data_Management_toolbox

110
A.1 Features toolset

There are several tools in Features toolset used to convert one feature type to another feature type (ex. point to polygon or vice
versa) or convert vertices into points that are useful for forestry mapping and these are the following:

A.1a Feature to Line

Using this tool you can convert polygons into lines. In mapping tenurial instruments you can use this tool in preparation for creating
technical descriptions (using COGO tools explained in page 83)

111
A.1b Feature to point

This tool is used to create centroids of polygons, lines or multipoints. Use this tool in determining/calculating the coordinates of
the polygon or line center .

If this option is
marked with check,
the centroid created
will be inside the
Polygon or within
the polyline

112
A.1c Feature to polygon

This tool is used to convert features such as polyline into polygons. This is useful in calculating areas of polyline outputs derived
from technical descriptions with bearing and distance (processed/generated through COGO tools).

1 2

1 3

113
A.1d Feature Vertices to Points

Every forestry tenurial instrument requires technical descriptions or coordinates of each

corners of the tenurial perimeter (Northing and Easting). You can use this tool to convert
the vertices into points. Use the Field options and calculate geometry to add fields and
compute for the coordinates of the converted vertices.

114
A.2 Fields

Fields toolset are used to add, delete or calculate fields of a features

attribute table .

Deleting Adding
Fields Fields Input Feature
Delete unwanted fields
Attribute table

Field properties

Fields with
check mark will
be deleted
Note: you can also add and delete
fields by opening the features
attribute tables . However you
cannot delete or add a field if the
feature or features in the same
location is on edit mode

http://doc.arcgis.com/en/arcgis-online/create-maps/work-with-fields.htm

115
A.3 Generalization

A.3a Dissolve

This tool is useful in dissolving multiple features with the same field
attributes into one feature (depends on the selected fields). Examples are
slope and elevation data derived from Digital Elevation Models (DEMs)

Select the field to

be dissolved
1
3 1
1
2

3 2

1
If you want to automatically
calculate the area of the dissolve
features, fill up this option, choose 2
the area and Sum in the statistics 3
type

116
A.3b Eliminate

This tool is used to remove or eliminate sliver polygons (small

unwanted/residual polygons) which is caused by processes such as
identity or intersect tools.

Note: You must select the polygon to

be eliminated before selecting the tool

117
A.3b Eliminate

Here is an example of a slope data of Mt. Arayat with many After the elimination process, the data is now free of sliver
sliver polygons(selected features) poygons.

Sliver
polygons

Note: Sometimes this process is used repeatedly until the

feature polygons has no sliver polygons

118
A.4 Photos
A.4a Geotagged Points

Steps before converting your geotagged photos

1. Save your geotagged photos in one folder. Use

this folder as Input folder in Geotagged to Points
tool
1
2. Create a File Geodatabase for the location of
your output feature class (See Chapter IV.B 2
Making Geodatabase pp.56)

If you want
to view your
1 Geotagged photos as
Photos HTML pop-up

Note:
• Make sure that photos to be
processed are geotagged
Created
• An error will occur if you use
Geodatabase spaces or characters like $%*
2 in file names.

119
Sample Geotagged Points

Geotagged Photos

Photos can be viewed in

ArcMap™ as HTML pop-up .
This is an option in Geotagged
to points tool, to include
photos as attachment.

120
A.5 Projections and Transformations

A.5a Define Projection

• This is commonly used for shapefiles
derived from Manifold™ software.
• To identify and verify the shapefiles
projection, go to Manifold™ and
check the projection properties of
your data.

Select the
appropriate
coordinate system
of your shapefile

121
A.5a Project and Batch Project

Project and Batch Project tools are used to convert/project spatial data coordinate systems into another coordinates. For Single
conversion you can use Project tool, use while Batch project converting multiple data. (see Chapter 1.c Coordinate system for the list
of coordinate systems used in the Philippines

Choose your desired

Projection

Note:
• Batch project will
Automatically selected by use the original
ArcGIS filename of the
process data and
store it in
specified folder

122
A.5a Project Raster

This tool enables you to project raster data into another coordinate system

Note:
• If your raster consumes
computer storage and you only
want to display it for
visualization purposes , resize
the pixel by modifying the
output cell . However, please
note that the bigger the
number the coarser the quality
of your raster will be

123
A.6 Raster

A.4a Mosaic to New Raster These rasters represent

portion of the Mt. Arayat
National Park located in
Use this tool to mosaic several georeferenced rasters (ex DEM) into one raster data Pampanga which was
mosaicked into one raster
data
1 2

4 3

To determine the Pixel type

and cell size for mosaic to
new raster, Open the raster
properties and take note of
the needed data.

124
B. Extraction Tools

Extract Toolset is used to extract features and

attributes in a feature class or spatial extraction. Clip is
an extraction tool that separate input features that
overlay the clip features.

The usage of this tool is to cut out a piece of one

feature class using one of the features in another
feature class. This is particularly useful for creating a
new feature class also referred to as area of interest
that contains a geographic subset of the features in
another, larger feature class.

The Clip tool has three components. Input feature is

simply the features to be clipped. The clip feature is
features used to clip the input features. The output
feature is the feature class to be created.

125
B. Extraction Tools

1. Open the ArcMap™ . For this exercise we will determine

the no. of trees inside an are of interest. The data to be used
are sample trees in Norzagaray, Bulacan.

2. Go to ArcToolbox > Analysis Tools

> Extract > Clip Then, pop-up
window will appear.

3. Choose the trees and river in the drop down menu as the
Input Feature

4. Choose the area of interest in the drop menu as the Clip

Feature

5. Name the output file as clip_trees.shp and clip_river.shp

6. Lastly, click OK button.

Reminder: Points cannot be

used as Clip Features.

126
B. Extraction Tools

1. Open the ArcMap™ . . The data to be extracted is

the 2010 land cover of Cagayan province.

2. Go to ArcToolbox > Analysis Tools

> Extract > Clip Then, a pop-up
window will appear.

3. Choose the 2010 forestland cover phil shapefile in

the drop down menu as the Input Feature

4. Choose the Cagayan Province shapefile in the drop

menu as the Clip Feature

5. Name the output file as clip_tenure_cagayan.shp

6. Lastly, click OK button. Note: Clip is one of widely used

tool especially for analysis of
Area of Interest.

127
C. Overlay Tools

Overlay is the process of combining different thematic maps

to create a comprehensive dataset of your area. Thematic
maps or layers contain data on a specific theme like
elevation or road networks.

In forest management, overlay tools are commonly used for

suitability analysis. For example, you are tasked to delineate
potential areas for reforestation of narra based on soil,
elevation and precipitation information or determine
overlapping projects.

The first step is to gather thematic maps on soil, elevation

and precipitation. The thematic maps should be the same
type; overlaying a polygon with a line will not give your
desired results and you cannot overlay a raster with a
vector. Once data are complete, you can combine them
through different overlay tools. The resulting map now
contains information on soil, elevation and precipitation.
Using criteria from literature, you can now identify the
location of areas with the perfect combination of elevation
range, soil type and annual precipitation suitable for narra.

The most common overlay tools used in forest mapping are

identity, intersect, merge, and union.

128
C. Overlay Tools

• Identity – computes a geometric intersection of the input

features and identity features. The input features or portions Sample A
thereof that overlap identity features will get the attributes
of those identity features

• Intersect – computes a geometric intersection of the input

features. Features or portions of features which overlap in
all layers and/or feature classes will be written to the output
feature class.
Sample B
• Merge – combines multiple input datasets of the same data
type into a single, new output dataset. This tool can
combine point, line, or polygon feature classes or tables.
overlap
• Union - computes a geometric union of the input features.
All features and their attributes will be written to the output
feature class.

The choice of overlay tool takes into consideration the spatial

extent we need and the correct combination of attribute
features.

To better illustrate the difference of the four tools, we will use

two different slope shapefiles and overlay it using the four
tools. Sample A contains three slope records while Sample B
contains four slope records. The two shapefiles have an
overlap area as shown by the red arrow.

NOTE: Attributes are just copied from the input to the output.
When dealing with numeric values (ex. area or perimeter),
always recompute the output values

129
Identity
The extent of the input shapefile will always be the extent of the output shapefile. In our sample, only the extent of Sample A
was left because we used it as input feature. Similarly, only the extent of Sample B will be left if we used Sample B as inpu t
feature.

Before Identity After Identity

Sample A

Identity
(Input: Sample A)

Sample B

130
 Identity
The attributes of the input feature (Sample A) was combined with the attributes of the identity feature (Sample B). Columns
3-6 show the attributes of the input while columns 7-10 shows the attributes of the identity feature. Because the column
names are identical, ‘_1’ was appended to the identity feature columns.

For overlapping areas (highlighted in blue), only one record is created for every polygon
feature. The FID 2 polygon in Sample A was divided into two records to distinguish part of the
polygon that overlaps with Sample B. Now let’s look at the records of the identity output.
FID 0 shows part of the input feature that have no overlap with identity feature. Thus, the
attributes are blank for columns 8-10 while FID_1 is -1 (default value).
FID 1 shows the divided part of FID 2 in of the input feature that has no overlap with the
identity feature. Thus, the attributes are blank for columns 8-10 while FID_1 is -1.
FID 2 shows the divided part of FID 2 in Sample A that has overlap with Sample B. Thus,
attributes of identity features were added in columns 7-10.
FID 3 shows part of the input feature that completely overlaps with the identity feature.
Thus attributes of identity features were added in columns 7-10.

131
Intersect
Only the overlapping area the input shapefiles will be the extent of the output shapefile. Similarly, only the attributes of the
two overlapping areas are retained.

Before Intersection After Intersection

Sample A

Sample B

132
Merge
The extent of all input shapefiles will be the extent of the output shapefile. Unlike identity, the merge tool can be used to
overlay 3 or more shapefiles.

Before Merge After Merge

Sample A

Sample B

133
Merge
The attributes of all the input
features (Sample A and Sample
B) will be combined. Unlike
identity tool wherein the input
and identity features retain the
individual columns, the merge
tool combines similarly named
columns. Furthermore, no new
record for the overlapping area
is created.

In our example FID 2 polygon

retained its extent and
attributes and so did FID 5
polygon even though both have
overlapping areas.

NOTE: Using merge for

overlapping shapefiles
results to double
counting of extent (thus
overestimated area
computation).

134
Union
The extent of all input shapefiles will be the extent of the output shapefile. Similar with identity tool, the
columns of both input features are distinguished from each other and new records are created for overlapping
shapefiles.
Before Union After Union

Sample A

Sample B

135
Comparison between different overlay tools

Overlay
Extent Attributes
Tool

Columns of the input and identity features are retained. New

Identity Input features only
records are created for overlapping areas.

Overlapping areas of the

Intersect New records are created for overlapping areas.
input features

Extent of all the input Columns of the input features that are the same are
Merge
features combined. Overlapping areas also retain its record.

Extent of all the input Columns of the input features are retained. New records are
Union
features created for overlapping areas.

136
Identity

1. Open the ArcToolbox. Go to Analysis Tools then Overlay then Identity.

2. In the Identity window. Set your Input and Identity Features. If your shapefiles are
loaded in the ArcMapTM document you can use the drop down icon ( ) and select the
shapefile name. If not, use the folder icon ( ) to search through the computer files.
3. Set the output destination folder and name by clicking the folder icon beside the Output
Feature Class.
4. Leave the default values for the other parameters. Click OK. The output will
automatically be added to the Table of Contents.

TIP: You can

also use the
Search tab to
find the tool by
just typing its
name.

NOTE: The
extent of the
input feature
will be the
extent of the
output feature.
The shapefile of
your area of
interest (ex.
tenure or
province should
always be your
input feature.

137
C. Overlay Tools: Intersect

1. Open the ArcToolbox. Go to Analysis Tools then Overlay then Intersect.

2. In the Intersect window. Set your Input Features. If your shapefiles are loaded in the
ArcMap document you can use the drop down icon ( ) and select the shapefile name. If
not, use the folder icon ( ) to search through the computer files.
3. Set the output destination folder and name by clicking the folder icon beside the Output
Feature Class.
4. Leave the default values for the other parameters. Click OK. The output will
automatically be added to the Table of Contents.

TIP: If you
added a wrong
shapefile, just
select the
shapefile name
then click the
Remove ( )
icon.

138
C. Overlay Tools: Merge

1. Open the ArcToolbox. Go to Database Management Tools then General then Merge.
2. In the Merge window. Set your Input Datasets. If your shapefiles are loaded in the
ArcMap document you can use the drop down icon ( ) and select the shapefile name. If
not, use the folder icon ( ) to search through the computer files.
3. Set the output destination folder and name by clicking the folder icon beside the Output
Dataset.
4. Leave the default values for the other parameters. Click OK. The output will automatically
be added to the Table of Contents.

TIP: You can

remove
unnecessary
field attributes
in the output by
selecting it in
the Field Map
(optional) list
then clicking the
Remove icon
( )

139
C. Overlay Tools: Union
1. Open the ArcToolbox. Go to Analysis Tools then Overlay then Union.
2. In the Union window. Set your Input Features. If your shapefiles are loaded in the
ArcMap document you can use the drop down icon ( ) and select the shapefile name. If
not, use the folder icon ( ) to search through the computer files.
3. Set the output destination folder and name by clicking the folder icon beside the Output
Feature Class.
4. Leave the default values for the other parameters. Click OK. The output will
automatically be added to the Table of Contents.

140
D. Proximity Analysis

The Proximity Toolset can be used to identify proximity

of the subject area. Buffer are usually used to delineate
protected zone around a specific feature or to show areas
of influence. In short, it creates buffer polygons around
input features to a specified distance.

141
D. Proximity Analysis

1. Open the ArcMap™ . The data to be used are

sample watch tower in Jose Abad Santos, Davao del
Sur.

2. Go to ArcToolbox > Analysis Tool

> Proximity > Buffer Then,
pop-up window will appear.

4. Choose the watch_tower in the drop down menu as

the Input Feature

5. Name the output file as watchtower_200m

6. Set the distance of the linear unit in 200 Meters.

Note: In establishment of
7. Lastly, click OK button. watch tower, it is important to
know the proximity or range of
every watch tower.

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D. Proximity Analysis

1. Open the ArcMap™ . The data to be used are the

CBFMA areas of Doña Remedios Trinidad, Bulacan and
its DMA Topographic Map.

2. Go to ArcToolbox > Analysis Tool

3. > Proximity > Buffer Then,
pop-up window will appear.

4. Choose the clip_river in the drop down menu as the

Input Feature
Note: This tool can be used
in determining the areas for
Protection Forest. Based on
FMB Technical Bulletin No.
5. Name the output file as buffer_river_20m 5, strips of land ≥ 20
meters on both sides of
river within Tenure
Instruments is considered
as Protection Forest.
6. Set the distance of the linear unit in 20 Meters.

7. Lastly, click OK button.

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D. Proximity Analysis

1. Open the ArcMap™ . The data to be used is the

administrative boundary of province of Bohol with 20
meter-buffer zone.

2. Go to ArcToolbox > Analysis Tool

3. > Proximity > Buffer Then,
pop-up window will appear.

4. Choose the bohol in the drop down menu as the Input

Feature

5. Name the output file as buffer_bohol

6. Set the distance of the linear unit in 20 Meters.

Note: This tool can be used in

7. Lastly, click OK button. determining the areas for
Protection Forest based on
FMB Technical Bulletin No. 5,
the strip of mangroves or
swamplands 20 meters wide
along shorelines facing bodies
of water is considered as
Protection Forest.

144
E. Surface Analysis
Surface analysis enables us to illustrate a Digital Elevation Model or DEM into different types of visualization
using different raster surface toolset namely;

1. Aspect, Contour 4. Contour List

2. Curvature 5. Cut Fill
3. Hillshade and 6. Slope

By using these raster surface toolsets information such as the downslope direction, contours, illustration of
shaded reliefs and others can be generated. The Surface Analyst , which contain the surface analyst toolset,
can be found within the Spatial Analyst Tools. To find the Surface analyst toolset,

1. Click on the ArcToolbox found at the Toolbars the ArcToolbox tab shall appear and will contain all available
tools with installed licenses.
2. Click on the spatial analyst toolbox
3. Then select the surface analyst to display all the raster surface tools.

ArcToolbox -------> Spatial Analyst -------> Surface

NOTE : Spatial Analyst Toolbox comes should be available with Spatial Analyst License and a 3D License.

145
 When conducting surface analysis, it is crucial to identify the extent of the area of interest where the analysis will be
conducted. Oftentimes, DEM covers larger areas than our areas of interest and processing of large areas take longer
periods of time. Therefore, it is necessary to select only the area of interest.
NOTE : Raster data can be clipped by using the Extract by mask (Spatial Analyst)
Tool.

To use the Extract by mask Tool, Navigate your cursor to the Extraction Toolset by accessing the spatial analyst
Toolbox and select Extract by mask.
ArcToolbox -------> Spatial Analyst -------> Extraction -------> Extract by Mask

after clicking the tool, the extract by mask dialog box will appear will require field input such as raster input and
input feature

Input Raster (DEM,DTM etc)

Input Raster (Raster,Polygon,Etc)

Where the output is going to be saved

Extract by mask dialog box

146
Input Raster ( DTM, DEM etc ) Selection of area of interest using feature mask data
Feature polygon

Note: Make sure that both the

Input raster and Feature mask
data have the same projection
to avoid conflict in the
generated output

Masked raster dataset

The figure above illustrates the process of masking your raster dataset. Once your raster dataset is masked,
you can now perform different surface analysis using your masked raster as input raster. This manual will
only discuss the surface analysis tools commonly used in resources mapping.

147
E. i. Aspect
Aspect defines the downslope direction of the maximum rate of change per cell and its neighbors for a Digital Elevation Model or
DEM . The Aspect toolset produces a raster dataset that has general cell values 0, 45, 90, 135, 180, 225, 270 and 315
corresponding to True Azimuth directions expressed in degrees (°) or may produce other values depending on the DEM input.

Generating aspect is useful for planning purposes as it shows the downslope direction of your location of interest. Its best
example of application is in the establishment of nurseries where the preferred orientation of the seedbeds is set on a east-west
orientation to maximize exposure to sunlight received by the seedlings.

Input Raster (DEM,DTM etc)

Location of Outputs

Source:http://desktop.arcgis.com/en/arcmap/10.3/tools/spatial-analyst-toolbox/how-aspect-works.htm

148
 1. A color represents a
azimuth direction

Masked raster dataset Aspect Surface showing the downslope direction of the masked raster dataset

Your masked raster dataset shall serve as the input raster data to be done with aspect tool once your Dialogue
box appears. Once all fields are finished you can now press the “Ok” Button to executed the
command.

E. ii. Contour
Contour lines represent areas that have the same value. These lines usually go over an area and always close.
Contour lines are great representation of continuous phenomenon such as temperature, precipitation, pollution
atmospheric pressure but are often used to represent elevation. Contour lines connect cells of same value in the
input data showing the change in value across a surface.
The use of contours is advisable for simultaneously viewing steep and flat surfaces. Best representation of
contour maps are often when doing profiling of sites or area or viewing the changes that occur across our plane
of observation.

1 Image source : http://desktop.arcgis.com/en/arcmap/10.3/tools/spatial-analyst-toolbox/how-aspect-works.htm

Source : http://desktop.arcgis.com/en/arcmap/10.3/tools/3d-analyst-toolbox/how-contouring-works.htm

149
 The Contour dialoge box will
require inputs in order to
create the contour with
specific contour intervals, a
base contour (optional) and z
factors (optional). The b
Browse to Folder icon c
will direct the location where
input or output files will be d
accessed or saved. e
a. Input Raster – raster
dataset to be used in
creating the contour.

b. Output Polyline Features –

where the generated data
output shall be saved.

c. Contour Interval –Any positive number that will assign the distances between the generated lines .

d. Base Contour – Optional Entry, created to highlight a certain contour interval and to generate contours above
and below the base contour

e. Z Factor – Optional entry. For example, consider an input raster in WGS_84 geographic coordinates and
elevation units of meters for which you want to generate contour lines every 100 feet with a base of 50 feet (so
the contours will be 50 ft, 150 ft, 250 ft, and so on). To do this, set the Contour interval to 100, the Base contour
to 50, and the Z factor to 3.2808 (since 1 m = 3.2808 ft). So the raster input will generate contour lines every 100
feet since the set z factor is 3.2808.

Source : http://desktop.arcgis.com/en/arcmap/10.3/tools/3d-analyst-toolbox/how-contouring-works.htm

150
 Masked raster dataset Contour Surface showing a 100m Contour Interval

You can further organize the contours by going to the properties and matching settings to desired specification
by grouping contour values in the symbology in layers properties.
E. iii. Contour List
Using this surface tool allows you to generate specified contour lines without considering regular intervals that
the contour tool generates. Only the contour values or intended elevation values to be marked added in the list
will be generated
The Contour list prompt
window will require inputs in
order to create the contour a
list of specific elevations. b
c
a. Input Raster – raster
dataset to be used in
creating the contour. d
b. Output Polyline Features –
where the generated data
output shall be saved.

Source:http://desktop.arcgis.com/en/arcmap/latest/tools/3d-analyst-toolbox/contour-list.htm

151
c. Contour Values – input field where the desired elevation values to be generated are entered.
d. Contour Values List – Stores and displays the entered desired values of elevation

Masked raster dataset Contour Surface showing a 450m,500m,530m,560m etc Contour Interval

E. iv. Contour with Barriers

There are cases in which surveys would identify obstructions which limits or reduces the area of interest, obstructions
referred to as barriers are normal in field surveying and are common in network analysis. Barriers can be translated to
lines, polygons or points and the Contour with Barrier tool allows you to generate contour lines covering barriers. Also,
This tool automatically allows the creation and classification of index contours and explicit contours by creating another
field named “Type” and assigning 1 to a normal contour, 2 to index contour and 3 to an explicit contour. Explicit
contours are like values of elevation that you enter on the contour list.

This tool can be useful in visualizing particular contours that are needed to be
represented. Refer to the contour output at the left, the contour was set to a
50m interval represented by the black line, having the base contour at 50m,
index contours at 100m as represented by the red lines and explicit lines
generated from a random list and is represented by the blue dashed line.
Explicit contours are best used in setting activities that have a specific elevation
range. For example, species A can only thrive in elevation 100m to 2500m so
listing 100m and 2500m in the explicit contour list is in order to identify these
areas where planting of species A can be done.
Sample output for contour with barrier

Source:http://desktop.arcgis.com/en/arcmap/latest/tools/3d-analyst-toolbox/contour-with-barriers.htm

152
The Contour with barriers dialog window will
require entries in setting the surface, of which
some are an optional field. a
a. Input raster - raster dataset to be used in b
creating the contour. c
b. Input Barrier Feature – Optional Entry. When
d
there are barriers identified along with the
raster data. e
c. Output Contour Features - where the generated f
data output shall be saved. g
d. Type of Contours – Optional Entry. Choose
h
between a Polyline of Polygon contour output.
There are some versions where only polyline i
output is supported. j
e. File Containing Contour Value Specification –
input text file field enabling you to set the base
contour, contour interval, indexed contour
interval and explicit contour values. k
f. Enter Explicit values only - Optional. ticking the
box field generates only explicit contours
entered either by the explicit contour values list
or the File Containing Contour Value l
Specification .

g. Base Contour - Contours are generated above and below this value as needed to cover the entire value range of the input
raster. The default is zero.
h. Contour Interval – Optional entry. Any positive number that will assign the distances between the generated lines.
i. Index Contour Interval - Contours will also be generated for this interval and will be flagged accordingly in the output feature
class.
j. Explicit Contour Values Entry Field – field entry for desired explicit contours.
k. Saved Explicit Contour Values - Stores and displays the entered desired values of elevation.

153
E. v. Hillshade
Creating hillshade allows us to view a raster data in which a shaded relief is created for better visualization of topography.
The shaded relief appears to have a shadow casted across your surface with a light source which was assigned from an
azimuthal degree that you can set.

Hillshade Surface
Masked raster dataset

The hillshade
dialog box will require
entries in setting the a
surface, of which some b
are an optional field.
c
a. Input raster - raster d
dataset to be used in
e
creating the contour.
b. Output Contour f
Features - where the
generated data
output shall be
saved.

154
c. Azimuth - Angle of the light source. Azimuth values are positive values assigned in clockwise direction from 0° to 360°.
d. Altitude – Assigns the altitude angle of the light source. Expressed in 0° to 90°
e. Model Shadows - Model shadows (optional entry) Type of shaded relief to be generated.
Unchecked—The output raster only considers local illumination angles; the effects of shadows are not considered. The
output values can range from 0 to 255, with 0 representing the darkest areas, and 255 the brightes
Checked—The output shaded raster considers both local illumination angles and shadows. The output values range
from 0 to 255, with 0 representing the shadow areas, and 255 the brightest.
f. Z Factor - Number of ground x,y units in one surface z unit.
The z-factor adjusts the units of measure for the z units when they are different from the x,y units of the input surface.
The z-values of the input surface are multiplied by the z-factor when calculating the final output surface. If the x,y
units and z units are in different units of measure, the z-factor must be set to the appropriate factor, or the results will
be incorrect. For example, if your z units are feet and your x,y units are meters, you would use a z-factor of 0.3048 to
convert your z units from feet to meters (1 foot = 0.3048 meter).

The hillshade surface can be combined with different surfaces as it supplements better visualization for the
surface displays the relief of the coverage area. Refer to the figures below for example.

Hillshade combined elevation surface

Hillshade combined with contour lines Surface

Source: *ArcGIS Help Tool

155
E. vi. Slope

Slope surface allows us to view a raster data showing the maximum change in Z-values from adjacent cells. It shows the
maximum change in elevation over a unit distance between the eight cells showing the steepest downhill direction from the cell.
There are 2 kinds of range values that can be derived using the surface slope tool namely; (1) slope values ranging from 0 t 90
for degree values, and (2) 0 to infinity for percent rise.

Slope values in degrees are expressed in *angle of inclination of the slope from a flat inclination of 0 degrees to a vertical
inclination of 90 degrees. Slope values in percent ( or percent rise ) are expressed by rise divided by run multiplied by 100. Rise is
expressed in unit elevation and run, in unit distance. It may be observed that the value in percent may come at a value greater
than 90 percent. This is because as the slope reaches a slope angle vertical ( close to 90 degree ) the value in percent approaches
infinity.

Masked raster dataset Slope raster dataset

*Source: http://desktop.arcgis.com/en/arcmap/10.3/tools/3d-analyst-toolbox/how-slope-works.htm

156
a. Input raster - raster dataset to
be used in creating the contour.
b. Output Contour Features -
where the generated data
a
output shall be saved.
c. Output Measurement – input
considers the measurement to
b
be used whether it may be c
expressed in degrees or in
percent ( or percent rise). d
d. Z factor – Optional entry
Number of ground x,y units in
one surface z unit. The z - factor
adjusts the units of measure for
the z -units when they are
different from
the x,y units of the input surface. The z-values of the input surface are multiplied by the z-factor when calculating the
final output surface. If the x,y units and z units are in different units of measure, the z-factor must be set to the
appropriate factor, or the results will be incorrect. For example, if your z units are feet and your x,y units are meters,
you would use a z-factor of 0.3048 to convert your z units from feet to meters (1 foot = 0.3048 meter).

*Source: http://desktop.arcgis.com/en/arcmap/10.3/tools/3d-analyst-toolbox/how-slope-works.htm

157
F. Conversion Tools

The Conversion Toolset provides wide range of tools in

converting various data types. It includes 3D features, raster,
terrains, TINs and even LAS datasets. Converting any feature
class including geodatabase and shapefile containing points,
lines and polygon features can be converted to raster dataset.

158
Polygon To Raster (Sample data -Landcover 2010)

1. Open the ArcMap™ . The data to be used is the

2010 land cover of Gabaldon, Nueva Ecija using 400 by
400 meter-plot.

2. Go to ArcToolbox > Conversion Tool

> To Raster
> Polygon to Raster Then, pop-up
window will appear.
3. Choose the clip_2 in the drop down menu as the Input
Feature.

4. Name the output file as raster_clip2.

5. Set the distance of every cell size in 400.

6. Lastly, click OK button.

Closed Forest
Tip: Adjust the Cell Size to
Open Forest
attain better raster resolution.
Shrubs
Wooded grassland
Grassland

159
Raster to Polygon (Sample – SRTM DEM)

1. Open the ArcMap™ . The data to be used is the

SRTM elevation model of San Luis, Aurora.

2. Go to ArcToolbox > Conversion Tool

> From Raster
wee> Raster to Polygon. Then, pop- up
ewe window will appear.

3. Choose the mask_3 in the drop down menu as the

Input Feature.

4. Name the output file as poly_3.

5. Lastly, click OK button.

Note: Occurrence of irregular

size squares is due to same
Cell Value of adjacent square.

160
Chapter 8. PivotTable Analysis
As we have learned in Chapter 7, attribute table contains the non-spatial data that describes a feature. This tabular information can be
further analyzed and presented using any spreadsheet application (ex. Microsoft Office, OpenOffice, LibreOffice). One very important
tool used for summarizing, analyzing and presenting attribute information in spreadsheets is PivotTable.

We are going to look at a sample area of study containing information on administrative boundaries (regional, provincial and municipal
levels), 2003 and 2010 land cover and its changes, and area in hectares. Microsoft Excel 2007 was used in this manual although you
can also do PivotTable analysis in OpenOffice Calc and LibreOffice Calc.

Tip: Check and organize

your data first in
ArcMapTM before opening
in Excel. (check for
spellings , uppercase or
lowercase characters )

161
1. Open Microsoft Excel. Click the Office button ( ) at the upper right corner then click Open.
2. In the Open dialogue box, search for the folder containing your shapefiles.
3. Once inside the desired folder location, change settings beside the File name box into All Files or dbase files.

162
4. Select the DBF File of your desired shapefile. As
mentioned in Chapter 1, each shapefile is
composed of different file types (i.e. SHP, DBF,
PRJ). The attribute information of a shapefile is
stored in the DBF File. It is used to open and
analyze your attribute table in any spreadsheet
software.
5. Click Open. The Excel spreadsheet displays the
same data and format as your attribute table.

NOTE: You cannot make changes in the attribute

table in ArcMapTM while it is open in Excel. Likewise,
any changes in Excel will not be reflected in the
attribute table. It is good practice to save your
analysis in a new Excel file.

163
6. Go to the Insert Tab and click Insert PivotTable.
7. In the Create PivotTable dialogue box, the Table/Range will automatically select the whole dataset if your active cell is
inside the dataset. Leave the default setting of New Worksheet. Click OK.

164
Your PivotTable will appear in a new worksheet. There are 5 important parts of a PivotTable worksheet:

• PivotTable Field List – contains the field names/headers of the

attribute table. These headers summarize the field values. For
example a field header of PROVINCE contains duplicate values of
Nueva Ecija, Pangasinan and Tarlac. In the PivotTable, these multiple
values may be reported as one, either in the row or column, and the PivotTable
number of times it appeared may also be counted. Numerical values Field List
can also be reported as SUM, COUNT, and AVERAGE.
• Report Filter – used to select field values that will be displayed. For
example you can use a region filter to display only the provinces of
Region 3 (Nueva Ecija and Tarlac).
• Column Labels – used to select the field header/s displayed as
column labels. You can select multiple fields in the Column Labels;
the arrangement of fields in the PivotTable will be displayed
according to its arrangement in the Column Labels.
• Row Labels – used to select the field header/s displayed as row
labels. You can select multiple fields in the Row Labels; the Report Filter
arrangement of fields in the PivotTable will be displayed according to Column Labels
its arrangement in the Row Labels.
• Values – used to display and summarize field values. Numerical
values are usually used and summarized into SUM, COUNT, Row Labels
AVERAGE, MIN, MAX, among others. Values

You can use different combinations of fields for columns, rows, filters and values depending on the analysis and report neede d.
Field headers can be dragged from the PivotTable Field List to the Report Filter, Column & Row Labels and Values. The succeeding
pages will show different kinds of analyses and reports that can be generated using PivotTable.

165
One Field as Row and Column Label

This is the most basic PivotTable analysis. The

Column Label contains the analysis interest (ex.
forest cover change, land cover) while the Row
Label usually contains jurisdiction (ex. Provincial
boundary). The column and row label may be
interchanged depending on the needed analysis and
report. The Values usually contain the summary or
count of the analysis interest per column label (ex.
area in hectares of forest cover change per
province).

This example shows the changes in forest cover by

province in terms of area in hectares of our sample
study area.

1. Drag the CHANGE field to Column Labels.

2. Drag the PROVINCE field to Row Labels.
3. Drag the AREA field to Values. The default
summary for numerical values is SUM
although it can be changed to other
mathematical and statistical computations.

166
Two or more fields as Column
and/or Row Label.

As mentioned earlier, arrangement of fields is very

important in this analysis. The broader field is
usually placed first followed by the more specific
fields. You can drag and move the field headers to
change its arrangement.

In this example, the data area arranged by region,

province and municipality. It will be easier to
identify the relative location or provincial jurisdiction
of each municipality. It also reduces the duplication
of putting province and region value for each row.

1. Drag the CHANGE field to Column Labels.

2. Drag the REGION field to Row Labels; then
drag the PROVINCE field below the REGION
field then the MUNI_CITY field below the
PROVINCE field. The arrangement should be
the same as shown in the sample image.
3. Drag the AREA field to Values.

Tip: right click on main pivot

table and select pivot table
options and input in box for
empty cells option as “0” for
numerical values

167
Report Filter Value

When dealing with large datasets, you can use Filter values
to highlight certain data values or to create a report/analysis
for each data group (ex. data for each province or region).
You can use multiple fields as filter.

In this example, only the municipalities in Tarlac are

displayed.

1. Drag the CHANGE field to Column Label,

MUNI_CITY field to Row Label and AREA field to
Values.
2. Drag the PROVINCE field (data
wherein the filter will be based) to
Report Filter box. The field
name (PROVINCE) will then be
displayed in Cell A1 while the
selected field values will be in
displayed in Cell B1. The default
value for cell B1 is (All).
3. Click the Selection button beside
the selected field values (Cell B1).
It will display all the unique values
of the chosen field.
4. Tick the box beside Select
Multiple Items. Tick the box
beside Tarlac to display only the
municipalities found in Tarlac.
Click OK.

168
Value Field Summary

The only value setting for text field values is COUNT wherein it just counts the number of times a certain
value (ex. Municipality) appears on the dataset. Meanwhile, the default value setting of numerical field
values is SUM but it can be change into other numeric computations such as average, minimum, and
maximum.

This example shows the number of parcels with forest cover change by municipality.

1. Drag the CHANGE field to Column Label, MUNI_CITY field to Row Label and AREA field to
Values.
2. Click the Selection button beside the AREA field in the Values box. Select Value Field
Settings…
3. In the Value Field Settings dialogue box, set the Summarize value field by to Count. Click OK.

169
Chapter 9: Map Layout
A. Layout View

Creating a map layout in the Layout View is the final step

after data creation, editing and analysis. Layout view allows
you to create and modify different map elements that
will appear in your final map output. Although minor
editing can also be done in the Layout View, it is advisable
to do it in the Data View as it is easier and more accurate.

To toggle between Data and Layout View, click the View

menu and select “Layout View”.

You can also switch between the two views by clicking the
Layout View icon found below the main map area.

The most common tools used in creating the final map

output are the Layout and Draw tools.

Layout tools:

Draw tools:

To activate these tools, right-click on any blank (grey)

space outside the main map area and click the “Draw” and
“Layout” tools. A check mark beside the tool name will
indicate if the toolbar is active.

170
Now let’s take a closer look at the Layout and Draw The Draw toolbar on the other hand, contains tools used
toolbars. for adding and editing various map element.

The Layout toolbar contains tools that allows navigation

The Select button allows you to select, resize and
within the page layout. The most commonly used tools
move text, graphics and other elements placed on the map.
are described in the table below:

To add a text, click the Text button.

Icon/ To add a rectangle, click the Rectangle button.
Name Function
Button
You can also add the following types of texts and graphics:
Zooms in on layout by clicking a
Zoom In
point or dragging a box
Zooms out on layout by clicking a
Zoom Out
point or dragging a box
Allows you to pan through the layout
Pan
in a fixed zoom level
Zoom to Adjusts the view to 1:1 page scale,
100% (according to the actual page size)
Fixed Zoom
Zooms in on the center of the layout
In
Fixed Zoom Zooms out from the center of the The following are used to edit text and graphics properties
Out layout (size, color, style etc.) respectively:
Go Back to Allows you to go back to the
Extent previous extent (and zoom level)
Go Forward Allows you to go forward to the next
to Extent extent (and zoom level)
Zoom to Sets the page to a desired
Percent percentage

171
B. Map Elements
5 4
There are different elements are found in a map but there
are basic elements that each map should have. 3
Depending on the source that you want to refer to, map
elements can be as few as four or as many as nine. For the
purpose of creating your final map, we will include the
following basic elements:

1. Map Title
- gives the map reader an idea on what the map is all
about
2. Legend
- tells a map reader the meaning of the symbols used to
represent features on the map1
3. Scale Bar
1
- provides a visual indication of the size of features and 2
distance between features on the map2
4. Directional Indicator/North Arrow
- indicates the orientation of the map3
5. Inset Map
- a map in the same sheet that (usually) shows the larger
extent that surrounds the area of interest4
6. Sources/Citation and Disclaimers
- gives the map reader information about the origin and
possible limitations of the datasets used
1,2,3
from ArcGIS Help Section
4from Maps and Cartography; Geospatial Resources & Map Collection Maps
Tutorial: The Elements of a Map by the Ball State University Libraries 6

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C. Base Map

Another important consideration for the final map is the

base map which is a map “depicting background reference
information such as landforms, roads, landmarks, and
political boundaries, onto which other thematic
information is placed” 1. In terms of thematic layers, the
base map is found at the bottom of the stack.

Before adding a base map, your objectives for doing so

must be clearly set. What do you want to see in the
base map? Do you want to see your area in terms of the A set of thematic layers in GIS. Depending on the purpose, one of
these layers may serve as the base map2.
most recent satellite imagery? Or do you want to see its
terrain/relief? Are you interested in the streets or just
the administrative boundaries? Remember that the base
map serves as the background of your final map, and 1 2
you are likely to make major adjustments in the Layout
process to accommodate it.

There are a number of base maps available in ArcMapTM.

These include the world street map, ocean base,
imagery and topography. The availability of each type,
however, depends on a number of factors; including the 3 1. Satellite imagery of an area
location of the area you want to see. For example, if near the Freeport of Bataan.
you’re working on a major city/urban area, there is a high from Google Earth
probability of finding a street base map for it compared to a 2. Open Street Map of the Quezon
rural area. City Circle and its surroundings
3. Ocean base layer east of
Dinagat Islands and Surigao
del Norte from ArcMapTM

1 from http://support.esri.com/other-resources/gis-dictionary/term/basemap
2 from http://edndoc.esri.com/arcobjects/9.2/NET_Server_Doc/manager/geodatabase/
designing_a_geodatabase/an_over-776141322.htm

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Base maps in ArcMapTM are online. You need to have a
strong and reliable internet connection to be able to access
these maps. Bear in mind that working in the Layout View
entails a lot of navigating within the data frame, this
means that every time you pan, zoom in or out, the map
area/view refreshes. This will significantly increase the
time needed by the interface to properly load and
display the base map of the area you are working on.

To choose a base map from ArcMapTM, click the small drop

down arrow beside the Add Data icon

The following options will appear:

Click Add Basemap. The maps that you will see here are Available base maps from ArcMapTM.
from ArcGIS Online. Do not choose any map yet and click
Cancel.

174
To know more about the base maps, click the Add Data
From ArcGIS Online option.

Type in “base map” in the search bar and make sure to

select the Data radio button.

Click the magnifier icon to start the search.

A number of options (including the base maps you have seen

in the Add Basemap) will appear. Some of these maps are
global in scale, while some are limited to certain areas only.
Click on Details, found at the bottom right corner of each
base map, to know more about the type of map you wish to
use.

175
 To load the base map you have chosen, click the Add Data
icon/button on the upper right portion of the window.

Note that these are only supplemental resources that can

serve as base maps. Depending on your needs/objectives,
you can also use other data for your base map such as
open-source vector and raster files or georeferenced
Google Earth imagery.

When you click Details, a window will appear in the right

containing the following tabs: Description, Properties and
Comments. Each tab contains information on the base map
such as data source, resolution, projection, extent etc. Scroll
and click on the list on the left side to see the other maps.

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D. How to create a final map using the Layout View
of ArcMapTM

For this exercise, we will be using the following scenario:

Suppose you are a GIS technologist in the regional office of

DENR Region 1. You receive a request from the Garcia Agri-
Industrial Development Incorporated which has an existing
Integrated Forest Management Agreement (IFMA) in the
province of Pangasinan, to verify if there are existing DENR
projects within the Parcel 2 of its IFMA area.

After doing your GIS analysis, you find out that there are a
few existing DENR projects within the area namely:

1. 2014 and 2015 NGP Sites

2. CBFMA Areas
3. SIFMA Areas

After performing all the necessary data creation and editing,

you are now ready to create the final map. To save the
edits you have made, click the Save Edits option in the Next, click the Layout View icon to switch from Data
Editor toolbar, then click Stop Editing. View.

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Notice the difference between the two views?

Data Frame

Canvass/Map Sheet

Data View Layout View

In the Layout View, a data frame/main map area and a canvass have been added to the interface. Think of the canvass as a
“paper” where you will be “drawing” your map. For this exercise, we will be making the map in an A4 sheet.

178
Initial Set Up

To change the paper size, click File, then click Page and
Print Setup. This will allow you to specify the page size
and orientation of your map.

The window on the right will appear. If you have a specific In the Map Page Size, select A4 in the Standard Sizes
printer and you want to use it, select it from the Name, and choose “Landscape” in the Orientation. You can also
find and select the “A4” in Size, then select “Landscape” in check the Use Printer Paper Settings if you want to use
the Orientation option. Otherwise, leave this option blank. the settings for your printer.

179
Now we will add a “neat line” to your map to make it look
neat. To do this, click the rectangle icon from the
Draw toolbar.

A crosshair cursor will appear on the screen. Do a

left-click on the mouse, hold down and drag all the way
to the lower right edge of the canvass, then let go.

You will see the dialog box below. Click the Change
Symbol… and you will see the properties of the box.

By default, a yellow rectangle will appear on the screen.

You must change its properties by doing a right-click or
a double click on it, then click properties.

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 Click the Size and Position tab. Type in 11.45 for width
and 8 for height and check Preserve Aspect Ratio. Click
Apply then OK. A hollow rectangle is now added to the
canvass. Make sure it is placed at the center. Right-click
on the rectangle and mouse over Align. Select Align to
Margins. After that, click Align Center and Align
Vertical Center. The rectangle will serve as the frame of
your canvass.

This portion shows you the properties of text or graphics

(in this case the rectangle) in terms of fill color, outline
color, width/thickness etc. You will learn more about
these properties later. There are default styles available
and you can also customize according to your preference
in future exercises. For now, click the Hollow option, then
OK. This will make the fill of the rectangle hollow, and its
outline black with a width of 0.4.

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Let’s now go to the main map area.

The main map area contains the primary area of concern/study. Sometimes, it may also contain other map elements such as
notes on map use, sources, directional information, scale etc. Most of the time, the decision to put other map elements here is a
case to case basis. For this exercise, we will only include sources and notes on use in the main map area.

Data Frame

To change the current size, right-click the data frame and choose Properties. Click the Size and Position tab. Type in “7.5”
in both Width and Height. Click Apply, then OK.

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There are more tools available in the software to help you in the map layout. Click the View tab in the menu bar.

Data Frame

Click the Rulers, Guides, and Grid.

Notice that there will be a few things that will appear on the interface.

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 Rulers
- Serve as guides for measuring and positioning your map
elements such as text and graphics. The units are usually
expressed in inches.

Guides
Data Frame - Lines that run from the rulers to the edge of the interface.
You can use them to align the different map elements. To
change the position of the guides, mouse over the small
arrow icon on the ruler and wait for the double arrow
head icon to appear over it . Hold it down to move left
or right.

Grid
- You can also use this grid of dots for positioning the map
elements.

To know more about these options, right click on the ruler

and click Options.

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Before proceeding, take a look at the entirety of your map sheet to see how the other elements will fit in. In the Drawing toolbar,
click the Zoom to 100% icon. You will see the map sheet as a whole (desktop) or only a large portion of it (laptop).

Data Frame

Aside from having correct and truthful data, your map must also have good contrast, balance and unity to be able to convey
necessary information. At this point, the only element we have is the main map area. The remaining space on the right side will
be allotted for the other map elements. Keep in mind that you will always have to view your map in entirety from time to
time as you add the different map elements.

185
To separate the data frame from the rest of map sheet, you
will add a vertical line. Click the small drop down arrow
beside the Rectangle icon and click Line.

A crosshair cursor with a slanted dash on its lower

right corner will replace the mouse pointer.

Starting from the 8-inch mark of the horizontal ruler, left-

click and hold-down your mouse to create a straight
vertical line.
Double click to finish the line. Match the length of the
line to the height of the neat line by changing its height to 8
inches. Right click on the line, and click Properties.
Choose the Size and Position tab and type 8 in the height
box. Click Apply and OK.

We will call this line “separator” in the succeeding pages.

186
To align the separator to the neat line, click the it, hold
down the CTRL key and click the neat line. The neat line
and the separator should be highlighted/selected as
seen below.

Data Frame

The separator is now aligned with the neat line. Since you
set the separator height similar to the height of the neat
line, there will be no excess lines outside the neat line.

Notice that the cursor changed .

Right-click on the page and mouse over align. Click Align

Top.

187
We now go to the data frame. Depending on the Adding a Grid
need/circumstance, you might have to adjust the scale of
the map for better overall visualization. The grid uses coordinates to show the spatial reference of
the map. To add a grid, right click the data frame and
The example we are using has a total area of more than click Properties. Look for the Grid tab and click New
6,000 hectares which is quite large. Since we are only Grid. Three options will appear.
interested in the existing projects inside it, we will set the
scale to 1:90,000.

Data Frame

188
 B. Leave the options to default settings and click Next.

1. Graticule – divides the map by meridians and parallels

2. Measured grid – divides the map into a grid of map
units
3. Reference Grid – divides map into a grid for indexing

We will add a Graticule first, then a Measured Grid.

Select Graticule then click Next.

On the next page, click Labels only and set the intervals
to 0 Deg, 2 Min and 0 Sec for both latitude and
longitude. Click Next.

189
Leave the options to default settings and click Finish.
Click Apply then OK.
Data Frame

Your output should look similar to this:

Five tick marks are added to both x and y axis. We need to

reduce this number to three to make the data frame less
cluttered. To do this, right click the data frame and click
the Grids tab. Can you see the new graticule on the left
side? Click Properties.

190
You will see the following tabs: Axes, Interior Labels, Next, click the Labels tab. For the Vertical Labels in
Labels, Lines, Hatching, and Intervals. Click the Label Orientation, select Left and Right.
Intervals tab.

The three boxes for both X and Y Axis indicate intervals in

degree(°), minute(ʹ) or second(ʺ) where tick marks will be Change the font size from 6 to 7 and the color from
placed. Change the 2 minute mark to 3 to decrease the black to Mars Red. Click Apply, then OK.
tick marks. Choose the Use origin from the current
coordinate system.

191
Both x and y axis now contain only three tick marks. The Choose Measured Grid, click Next.
left and right labels are now rotated.

Data Frame

Choose Labels Only and set the intervals to 5700 Meters.

Let’s add a measured grid. Right-click on the data frame,

click Properties and under the Grids tab, click New
Grid…

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Keep the other values at default and keep clicking Next To change these, right click the data frame, click
until you reach Finish. Click Apply, then OK. Your data Properties and select the Grid tab. Choose the Measured
frame should look similar to the one below: Grid and click Properties.

Data Frame

Note that the default setting for the font is 8.75 and bold You will see five tabs: Axes, Labels, Lines, System and
and there are unnecessary zeros after the measured grid Intervals.
tick marks.

193
In the Labels tab, change the font size to 7 and click
Additional Properties.

The Grid Label Properties box will appear. Click the Change the Number of decimal places from 6 to 0.
Number Format. The Number Format Properties box Click OK.
will appear.

194
In the Intervals tab, choose the Use origin from the The data frame should look like this:
current coordinate system. Click Apply, then OK.

Data Frame

Some of the tick marks of the measured grid overlap. It is

up to you if you want to adjust the intervals to avoid
The Data Frame Properties dialog box will appear. Click overlaps. Remember that the grid properties/settings of this
Apply, then OK. map are not necessarily applicable to other maps you
will be making in the future and you will have to adjust
accordingly.

195
Adding an Inset Map Right-click the new line and select Rotate or Flip. Click
Rotate Right. The line is now rotated.
As mentioned in the previous section, an inset map provides
the larger context of the study area. Essentially, an inset
map is also a data frame, albeit a smaller one. For this
purpose, we will name the inset map as the location map.

Before you add a location map, you must first determine

the amount of space to allocate for it. Instead of drawing a
new line, we will duplicate the first line/divider you have
created earlier. Click the line, then press and hold the
CTRL key on your keyboard and press C, then V. Another
line will appear beside the first one.

Data Frame
Right click the line and click Properties. In the Size and
Position tab, change the width to 4.3 inches.

196
Click the line and the cursor will change.

Position the line somewhere between the 1st graticule

tick mark and the 2nd measured grid tick mark of the
right Y axis.

Data Frame

Your map should look like this now:

Data Frame

At your first attempt, the line would not necessarily fall

exactly inside the blank space. This is ok. To keep it within
the bounds of the blank space, click the line, then press
and hold CTRL key and click the neat line. Right click
and choose Align, then click Align Right.

197
Adding a Location Map Data Frame

Click the Insert tab from the menu bar and choose Data
Frame.

A new data frame will appear on the sheet and in the

Table of Contents. Note that it is still empty.

198
In the new data frame, we will include Parcel 2 and a
typical municipal boundary as a base map.

In the Table of Contents, right-click Parcel 2, and

choose Copy.

Data Frame

Right-click on the New Data Frame and click Paste

Layer(s). Parcel 2 is now copied in the New Data
Frame.

199
You need to resize the new data frame to fit the allotted To add a new layer/.shp file to the new data frame, it must
space. Select it and use the double arrowhead cursor be activated first. Right click the new data frame and click
to resize. Activate. This ensures that all operations you want to
make in this data frame are directed to it.

After resizing, position the new data frame in the center of

the allotted space using the cursor .

Add a municipal boundary to the new data frame using

similar methods discussed in Chapter 5.

200
For this example, we will use an-open source municipal At this point, your map should look similar to this:
boundary from the gadm.org.

You will now change the symbology of the municipal

Add a Graticule for the new data frame using the boundary. Double click the symbol below the layer name
instructions you have learned in the previous part. Adjust of the municipal boundary.
the size of the new data frame accordingly.

To have a better view of the area surrounding Parcel 2, you

need to rescale the new data frame. Go to the Map Scale
icon in the standard toolbar and type 1:1,000,000.

The Symbol Selector box will appear.

201
Click the Fill Color and choose More Colors. The new data frame should look similar to this:

Now, add labels to the municipalities. Double-click the

MuniCities layer and the Layer Properties will appear.

Set the RGB to 255,255 and 214. This will change the
color to a faint yellow, similar to the ones used in Google
Maps. Leave the outline width and color at default values.

202
In the Labels tab, click the Label features in this layer Click the Placement Properties and choose the following
box. Follow the settings below: settings. Click Apply then OK.

NOTE: In this example, MUNI_CITY is the Label Field that

contains the name of the municipality for each of the
polygons in the .shp file.

If you opt to use another municipal boundary, make sure

that it has a field containing the names of the
municipalities. Otherwise, you will not be able to put labels
for the municipal boundaries.

203
Some of the labels are placed on top of Parcel 2. You Select the following options and click Convert:
might want to re-position these labels.

To do this, right click the MuniCities layer and choose the

Convert Labels to Annotation.

An Overflow Annotation box will appear. This contains

the labels that cannot be accommodated in the new data
frame. Leave it as is.

204
Double click the Infanta label/annotation. Notice that the Using the methods you have learned in the previous pages,
new data frame is now focused (outlined by slanted lines). change the color of Parcel 2 to Mars Red and remove
You can now drag the annotation away from Parcel 2. the outline. Copy and Paste the MuniCities layer and
change its symbol to Hollow. Place in above Parcel 2. This
is the correct order of the layers.

At this point, the new data frame should look like this.

Do the same for the Santa Cruz annotation. Parcel 2 is

now more visible.

We will now change the background color to achieve the

color of the sea.

205
Right click the new data frame and choose Properties. In To lighten the color a little bit, click the Change Symbol in
the Frame tab, click Background and right-click the color the Background dialog box.
Lt Blue and choose Properties.

Using the methods you have learned on changing colors,

set the RGB of Lt Blue to 219, 243 and 255. Apply the
changes. Your new data frame should look like this.

Notice that the background is now light blue, with just

enough contrast to separate it from the municipal
boundary.

206
Add a title to your map. Click the Text icon from the In the Mask tab, choose Halo and leave the size to 2. Click
Layout toolbar and click anywhere on the canvass. Type in OK.
Location Map in the “Text” with a blinking cursor .
Make sure to remove the “Text” before typing.

To change the properties of the text, you will use the tools
in the Layout toolbar. Click the text you just typed and
click the Bold button. In the size box, type in 9.5.

Now, double-click the text and choose Change Symbol.

The Symbol Selector box will appear. Choose Edit
Symbol.

Place the text on the lower left corner of the new data
frame.

207
Adding a Scale Bar

Next, add a scale bar. Remember that the new data frame
must be activated first. Click the Insert from the standard
toolbar and choose Scale Bar. Choose the Alternating
Scale Bar 1.

The resulting scale bar looks like this. You will still modify it.
Resize the scale bar using the double arrowhead cursor .
The resulting scale bar should look like this:
Double-click the scale bar and the Alternating Scale Bar
Properties will appear. Choose the Scale and Units tab.
Change the options for Number of divisions,
subdivisions, Division Units and Label Position as seen Position the scale bar in the upper right corner of the new
here. Click Apply then OK. data frame.

208
You will now add a label for Parcel 2. Click the Text icon
from the Layout toolbar and choose Callout. By default, a
yellow callout will appear. Type This Site in the callout.

Right-click the callout and choose Properties. Click

Change Symbol .

In the Symbol Selector box, scroll all the way down and
select Bullet Leader. Do not click OK yet.

Click Edit Symbol. In the Mask tab, choose Halo and

leave the size to 2.

Click OK and Apply the changes you have made.

The resulting callout should look this:

209
Position the callout in the new data frame. Use the Enter key to jump to the next line. The title must
be set to Bold. Place it on the upper portion of the space
allotted for the remaining map elements.

Your canvass should look like this now:

Adding a Title

You will now add a map title for your main data frame.
Insert a text using the methods you have learned earlier
and type:

You will now work with the main data frame, so it must be
set as the active layer. Right-click the Layers on the table
of contents and click Activate.

210
Adding a Legend

Click Insert from the standard toolbar and choose

Legend. A Legend Wizard box will appear.

All the data layers (in the active data frame) in the Table
of Contents are available for legend creation in the
Legend Wizard. NOTE: Before adding any layers, remember that the names
of the data layers will be reflected in the resulting legend. If
you want to rename the layers, long-click each layer and
type your desired name.

You can also opt to convert the resulting legends to

graphics to have more flexibility in terms of customization.
For the purpose of this exercise, you will use the names as
seen here.

Include all the layers as seen above and click Next.

211
Set the Legend Title to the settings below and click Next: Double-click the legend and the Legend Properties box
will appear. Follow the settings for the NGP Area layer.

Next, choose the Apply to the heading and follow the

settings.
Keep clicking Next until you reach Finish. The legend
should look like the ones below. Notice that the NGP Area
and Year are written in Bold and you need to change that.

212
Except for the Legend title, all the labels must be set to Click on a blank area to de-select the labels. Now, select the
size 9. Legend label with the CTRL key pressed down, and select
Parcel 2, SIFMA and CBFMA. Right-click and select
Group. Repeat for the rest of the labels.

Position the two grouped labels side by side. Select both

groups, right-click and choose Align Bottom. The legend
looks like this now:

Since an A4 sheet is quite small, you need to convert the

legend into graphics and split the labels into two.
This is a crucial step. Remember that the legend is
linked to the Table of Contents (TOC). After the
conversion, the legend will no longer be linked to the TOC Now group them to avoid misplacement. Leave them for
and any change will have to be done manually. Make sure now. Using the methods you have learned earlier, insert a
that all the labels are sized 9 and none of them are bold. To Text for the location of Parcel 2. Follow the text below.
convert this to graphics, right-click the legend and choose Again, you must use the ENTER key to jump to the next
Convert to Graphics . line. Also, you need to press the SPACEBAR a few times
for each entry to have the proper alignment.
The legend still looks like the previous one. Right-click it
and choose Ungroup .

213
Repeat the steps, this time for the Barangay names. Now, insert a Text for the size of Parcel 2 using the
following settings: Make the text bold. Place the text below
the municipal and barangay names.

Position the names side by side, select them and click Align
Top. Place them under the map title as seen below:
Adding a scale text

Insert a scale text using the Insert tool from the standard
toolbar. Choose the Absolute (unit less) scale, click OK.
Change its font to Arial 9 and make it bold. Convert it to
graphics and type SCALE: before the numbers as seen
below:

214
Place the scale text below the label for the Parcel 2 size. Now, insert a Text for the projection details as seen below.
Italicize the text and position it below the scale bar.

Add a scale bar using the methods you have learned earlier. The elements should look like this now:
Position it under the scale text.

215
Now, place the grouped legend below the projection details. Adding a logo/certification section
The map looks like this now:
Insert a line (graphics) below the legend using the methods
you have learned earlier. This will separate the elements
from the logo/certification section.

Now, depending on the circumstance, it is up to you if you

want to place office/DENR logos in this portion or use it to
the put the names of the people who will sign to certify the
map. For this case, we will put FMB-FGDIS and DENR logos.

216
Insert a Picture using the Insert tool from the standard Note that you cannot create texts with different
toolbar. Navigate to the location of the two logos and make formats in a single line. You have to insert an individual
sure both have white back ground. Set the size of both text for each one. After creating the texts, select the first
logos to .5 inch and check the Preserve Aspect Ratio. and second text, right click and choose Align Center. This
This ensures that the logos will not be distorted when will ensure that each line will be aligned at the center of
resized. Do not position the logos yet. each one. Repeat for the remaining text lines.

Now position the logos and texts in the remaining space as

seen here:

Now, insert the following texts with the respective formats:

Arial, Bold, Size 9, Black

Republic of the Philippines

DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES
FOREST MANAGEMENT BUREAU
Forest Geospatial Data Infrastructure Section
Visayas Avenue, Diliman, Quezon City

Arial, Bold, Size 9, Mars Red

Arial Narrow, Bold, Size 9, ALL CAPS, Tarragon Green

Arial, Bold, Size 8.5, Black

Arial, Bold, Size 8.75, ALL CAPS, Cretan Blue Do not forget to align the logos at the center of the texts.

217
Adding Citations/References and Disclaimers Disclaimers or notes of use can also be included. Examples
of this are the following:
The last element that you will add is the source/citation
of all the references you have used in coming up with the 1. Boundaries and figures are not necessarily
final map. Make sure that all final maps have these authoritative and should only be used for planning
information as they are very crucial for the users and purposes.
public officials who will certify the tenure proposals. - This is used when the .shp files and statistics found in the
map are generated from GIS processing and are only meant
These are the references used for this exercise: to provide supplemental information on the tenure
1. National Greening Program Sites – Forest Management proposal. The task of assessing the accuracy, completeness
Bureau and suitability of the map for other purposes relies on
2. Tenure Instruments – Forest Management Bureau potential end-users. End-users must also accept that the
3. Administrative Boundary – gadm.org map contains inherent inaccuracies that may result from
4. Parcel 2 – Garcia Agri-Industrial Development human and technological errors.
Incorporated
2. The information presented above are generated
Insert a text for the sources with the format: Arial 8, italicized from all available data at the time.
Place the text on the lower right corner of the main data - This is used when all available data has been utilized and
frame. it is possible that updated data was not yet available at the
time the map was made.

3. The Forest Management Bureau must be cited as

the source of the final map.
- FMB (or your office) must be cited in all derivatives,
published and unpublished works, statistics and other
outputs that shall make use of the map.

218
The final map should look like the one below. From the File menu, click Export Map and set the DPI and output file directory.

Location Map with:

Main Map Body/ 1. Title
Data Frame 2. Labels
3. Scale Bar
4. Site
5. Site Indicator

Map Title

Location Information

Area Information
Scale Text
Scale Bar

Projection Information

Legend

Sources Logos

Agency Information

Measured Grid Graticule Neat Line

219
Important things to consider after completing this Layout 7. As much as possible, do not limit yourself to the use
Exercise: of this manual when doing your map layout. Feel free
to check the ArcMapTM Help and other reputable
1. Doing a map layout requires patience and attention resources (publications, websites, forums etc.).
to detail. Just like any other skill, it requires practice 8. Keep save a copy of the map layout and its
and diligence. resulting versions so you will minimize the risk of
2. The map created using this guide has gone through having to redo it when the need arises.
various trial and error stages in aspects like element
placement and color, font size and style etc. prior to its
usage as an example. Keep in mind that there are
many instances that will require you to change
the default symbology of the map elements to better
represent the information you are trying to convey.
3. The layout in this exercise used an A4 sheet. It is
inevitable to change or redo the entire process
when migrating to larger paper sizes (A3, A1 etc.).
4. The purpose of this chapter is to recommend a basic
layout for the final map. Although the process of
doing a map layout may vary from person to person,
there are certain basic elements and principles
(contrast, balance, harmony etc.) that must be
observed.
5. Keep the map layout free from unnecessary
elements (ornate texts and symbols, flashy colors) that
may distract the user from seeing the actual
information.
6. Make sure to exhaust all possible means to obtain
the necessary data for your map. Be responsible and
cite all limitations and possible errors that users
may encounter in the map.

220
Chapter 11: Data Visualization in
Google Earth Pro
A. Introduction to Google Earth Pro

Google Earth Pro is a free, online platform that allows users to view and manipulate GIS data in the context of satellite imagery.

Recently, Google launched a version of the Google Earth Pro for the Chrome browser. Since most of the useful tools are not yet
available in the Chrome version, we will use the Google Earth Pro for desktop.

221
The Google Earth Pro Interface
1
1. Menu Bar
contains the following menus: 2
a. File
3
b. Edit
c. View
d. Tools
e. Add
f. Help
2. Search Bar
a window for searching locations by typing either:
a. City
b. Country
c. Street Name
d. Specific Address
e. Zip Code
f. Longitude, Latitude
g. General Places
3. Side Bar
contains the Places and Layers pane where contents
can be turned on or off. The panes look similar to the
Table of Contents of ArcMapTM.

222
4. Tool Bar
contains tools for viewing, creating and manipulating
GIS data and satellite imagery 4
5. Viewer
the primary viewing area 5
6. Navigation Tools
contains buttons for panning, zooming in/out and
orientation
7. Scale Legend
provides a visual indication of the size of features and
distances in the viewer 6
8. Status Bar
provides information on the current view such as
imagery date, coordinates, elevation and altitude

Working with Google Earth Pro (GEP)

Google Earth Pro (GEP) contains various applications/tools

that are useful for mapping. For this exercise, we will only
discuss the basic steps for visualization and you will use
the same area from the Map Layout exercise (Parcel 2).

Using the methods you have learned earlier, change the

outline color of Parcel 2 to Yellow and export it to KML or 7 8
KMZ. GEP uses WGS 1984 as its default projection.
Make sure to set the projection of the KML to WGS 1984.

223
Click File from the menu bar, choose Open and navigate
to the directory where you saved the Parcel 2 KMZ.

Notice that the KMZ is automatically placed under the

Temporary Places in the Places pane. This means that
if you close GEP, you will have to re-load it. Also, the
symbology of the .shp file prior to its export to KMZ is
retained. You have to option to save Parcel 2 under the My
Places folder (still under the Places pane) so you do not
have to re-load it when you open GEP. Right-click Parcel 2
and choose Save to My Places.

224
Parcel 2 is now represented by the GEP icon . Click the
drop-down arrow beside the check box of Parcel 2.
This will reveal the Parcel 2 folder. Click the drop-down
arrow beside the Parcel 2 folder to see the Parcel 2
polygon.

Folder
Polygon

Click the Parcel 2 polygon in the viewer. A dialog box

containing information will appear. The Edit Place Mark dialog box will appear, along with
four tabs: Description, Style, Color, View, and
Altitude. Click the Style, Color tab and look at the
following options: Lines (color, width, opacity) and Area
(color, opacity).

Notice that the options look similar to the symbology

customization of ArcMapTM.

The fields listed above are the same fields from the shape
file you have used to create the Parcel 2 KML/KMZ.

Suppose you want to change the colors and properties of

Parcel 2. Right-click the polygon and choose Properties.

225
In the Lines option, click the yellow color box . You may choose to keep this color for the rest of the
The Choose Line Color dialog box will appear. exercise.

If you mouse over each color, you will notice that the
colors do not have names. Instead, the RGB and HSV
values for each color are displayed. Click the turquoise
color (northwest of the current color) and click OK.

Parcel 2 looks like this now. The Width indicates the thickness of the line while the
Opacity sets the lack of layer/polygon transparency.
The Filled + Outlined… option lets you choose the style
of the polygon, if you want it just filled, outlined or both.
For the mean time, keep these options at default and just
explore them at a later time.

226
Navigating within the GEP Interface To change the orientation of the viewer, you can use the
Orientation tool or you can click and hold the mouse
We will use the following mouse and on-screen controls scroll wheel until the arrow and compass appear.
for navigating within the GEP interface:

Try to zoom in/out of the viewer by clicking the zoom

in/out tool or the mouse scroll wheel.

As you zoom-in the GEP interface, you will notice that the
street view option appears below the pan tool. It looks
like the icon below:

We use this option to see the street view of our chosen

location (if available). This option is useful for places that
To move from left to right, or up and down of the viewer, are highly populated or urbanized.
use the arrows on the Pan tool or click and hold on
the viewer until the hand/pan icon appears, then move
accordingly. Take time to familiarize yourself with these controls by
using them to explore and navigate within the Parcel 2 KMZ
in the following pages.

227
Let’s now go to Layers of the Side Bar. This section The Borders and Labels contains boundaries and
contains various data layers from the GEP Database. names of major places (countries, cities, provinces,
towns, water bodies, geographic features etc.) in the
map. Keep in mind that the boundaries used here are not
authoritative and are just meant for visualization
purposes.

The Layers contain many types of information but we will

only discuss the following:

1. Borders and Labels The names are usually placed in town centers or well
2. Places known areas. Since the boundaries are not authoritative,
3. Roads some names are placed in the “center” of each
4. Terrain municipality/town. Note that not all places are named,
especially small and relatively remote ones such as sitios.

228
Next is Places. Places indicate the location of various Click the POI near the Eastern portion of Parcel 2.
points of interest (POIs) such as government buildings,
schools, hospitals, restaurants, transport terminals, hotels,
gas stations etc.

The POI is the Pogomboa Barangay Hall. It contains a

picture and a brief caption.

These icons represent transportation

points such as taxi bays, bus/train stations and airports.

These icons represent common

infrastructures such as schools, hospitals, and government
buildings.

The availability of these POIs is dependent on the chosen

location. As you move away from roads or towns, the
number of POIs may decrease.

229
Let us now explore Roads. Roads are symbolized by Here are the roads on the eastern side of Parcel 2.
yellow lines (default), with names given in bold, white
text.

Approximately 11 kilometers from the eastern side of

Parcel 2, you will see several roads. These are the:
1) Tarlac-Pangasinan Road
2) Urbiztondo-Lingayen Road
3) Mangatarem-Urbiztondo Road
4) San Carlos-Urbiztondo Road
5) Binmaley-San Carlos Road

3
Sometimes, trails, foot paths, narrow streets and other
minor roads are not given names.

230
The last item is Terrain. Terrain provides a “3D” view of 1
the surface of the area you are viewing.

To see the effects of terrain:

1. Click and hold the mouse scroll wheel and drag all the
way towards the direction indicated by the arrow.
Release the mouse scroll wheel.
2. The view will change, similar to the ones seen on the
right. You can now easily see and identify high and low
points of the area you are viewing.

241
231
3. You can use the Pan and Zoom tools to move around NOTE: The appearance of the Terrain depends on the
the area. Vertical Exaggeration (VE) value set in the GEP Options.

Vertical Exaggeration is a scale that emphasizes vertical

measurements over horizontal measurements in an area.
The formula for deriving VE is:

VE = horizontal scale / vertical scale

For example, the vertical scale is set to 1 inch = 1,000 ft.

and the horizontal scale at 1 inch = 2,000 ft. Using these
values in the formula gives us a VE value of 2,000, which
means that the vertical measurements are exaggerated
twice than the horizontal measurements1. VE is useful for
visualizing subtle changes in the vertical features of an
area. In GEP, you can choose from 0.01 to 3 levels of
vertical exaggeration. Values less than 1 indicate a
reduction in the vertical scale and 1 means no VE.

In the menu bar of GEP, click Tools. Choose Options.

232
 The Status Bar

As mentioned earlier, the Status Bar provides information

on the current view such as imagery date, coordinates,
elevation and altitude.

Click the 3D View tab. You can change the VE (or

elevation exaggeration) value by typing in the box under
the Terrain category. Try using different values to see the
resulting terrain.

You may explore other parameters of Google Earth

Options on your own at the end of the exercise.

233
 Exploring the Tool Bar

In this section, we will focus on four basic tools:

1 2 3 4 5
1. Hide Sidebar
1. Imagery Date displays the acquisition date of the 2. Historical Imagery
satellite image used in the current view. If the view is 3. Sunlight
made up of two or more satellite image tiles, the 4. Ruler
date will change when you move the mouse
across the different parts of the view. You can also 1. Click the Hide Sidebar icon to collapse the sidebar
see the name of the image provider above the date and maximize the viewing area. Click it again to restore the
(example shown below). sidebar.

NOTE: Contrary to popular belief, images seen in GEP

are NOT IN REAL TIME. They are just mosaicked
(stitched) satellite images used to render the Earth’s
surface.

2. Coordinates are given for the current location of the

mouse pointer.
3. Elevation is also given for the current location of the
mouse pointer.
4. Eye Altitude tells you how far your view (hence the
term “eye”) is from the ground/nadir.
5. Loading Indicator is a small, halo-like graphic that
spins and turns blue once the satellite images are
successfully loaded in the viewer.

234
2. Click the Historical Imagery icon to see the area This is Parcel 2 in 2016.
in different time periods. A bar with a slider will appear on
the viewer.

The year on the left is the oldest available imagery for

the area while the year on the right is the most recent.
The marks indicate available imagery in between the
oldest and most recent years. Use the slider to move to
2004. This is how Parcel 2 looks like in 2004.

Note that there are some missing images and “strips” in

Parcel 2. This means that there are portions that do not
have available historical imagery and some areas are
stitched together to complete the scene.

Click the X mark to close the Historical Imagery.

235
3. Click the Sunlight icon to help you visualize how A. Click the ruler icon and the Line tab will be selected by
the area looks like at a certain time of the day. default. The Line option measures a straight distance
between two points.

The cursor will change to a hollow square with four tick

marks .

Press the Clock + Play icon and a night and day In the viewer, click on the point where you want to start
animation will automatically play in the view. Click it your measurement. Click again on the point where you
again to stop the animation. Use the slider to see a want to end it. Release the cursor to finish the line.
specific time and click the X Mark to close.

4. The Ruler allows you to measure lines, paths

polygons etc. in the viewer. We will use the line, path, and
polygon for the following exercises.

NOTE: To get better measurements, make sure to

turn off the TERRAIN in Layers and press the R key to
go back to the “flat” view.

236
The measurement will be displayed. Tip: You can cancel a point by doing a right-click.

The measurement will be displayed. Click Clear to remove

the path.

You can change the units by clicking the drop down

arrow beside Kilometers. Click Clear to remove the line.
C. Next is the Polygon. It allows you to measure the
B. Path is similar to Line except that it allows you to perimeter and area of a polygon. Click the Polygon tab
create a measurement with more than two points. This is and start “digitizing” the area you want to measure.
useful for measuring distances along rivers or roads.

Click the Path tab. Repeat the steps in creating a line

measurement but continue to click until you create five
vertices.

237
The polygon will automatically close after you make the Additional Notes for GEP
last point.
You can explore other features and options available from
the menu bar and tool bar of GEP.

Should you use any kind of information or imagery from

GEP, make sure to cite it (and the corresponding data
providers) as the source in your map.

The measurement will be displayed.

Click Clear to remove the polygon.

You can explore the other options (circle, 3D path and 3D

polygon) on your own.

238
References and Photo Credits
References:
1995-2013 Esri ArcGIS 10.2 Help
ArcGIS Help Section
ArcGIS Help Tool
help.arcgis.com/en/arcgisdesktop
http://desktop.arcgis.com/en/arcmap/10.3/guide-books/map-projections/about-map-projections.htm
http://desktop.arcgis.com/en/arcmap/10.3/main/get-started/a-quick-tour-of-arccatalog.
htm#ESRI_SECTION1_8EE6001E73B84E238A3B7DCF559C905A
http://desktop.arcgis.com/en/arcmap/10.3/manage-data/feature-datasets/an-overview-of-working-with-feature-datasets.htm
http://desktop.arcgis.com/en/arcmap/10.3/manage-data/geodatabases/types-of-geodatabases.htm
http://desktop.arcgis.com/en/arcmap/10.3/manage-data/raster-and-images/fundamentals-for-georeferencing-a-raster-dataset.htm
http://desktop.arcgis.com/en/arcmap/10.3/manage-data/raster-and-images/fundamentals-for-georeferencing-a-raster-dataset.htm,
http://desktop.arcgis.com/en/arcmap/10.3/map/working-with-arcmap/about-packaging-and-sharing-data.htm
http://desktop.arcgis.com/en/arcmap/10.3/map/working-with-arcmap/setting-map-document-properties.htm#GUID-C366757A-FFCB-
4670-8D24-D4BEC393C203
http://desktop.arcgis.com/en/arcmap/10.3/tools/3d-analyst-toolbox/how-slope-works.htm
http://desktop.arcgis.com/en/arcmap/latest/get-started/introduction/a-quick-tour-of-arcmap.htm
http://desktop.arcgis.com/en/arcmap/latest/manage-data/editing-existing-features/about-spatial-adjustment-transformations.htm
http://doc.arcgis.com/en/arcgis-online/create-maps/work-with-fields.htm
http://edndoc.esri.com/arcobjects/9.2/NET_Server_Doc/manager/geodatabase/designing_a_geodatabase/an_over-776141322.htm
References and Photo Credits

http://geology.isu.edu/wapi/geostac/Field_Exercise/topomaps/vert_ex.htm
http://giswin.geo.tsukuba.ac.jp/sis/tutorial/Fundamentals_of_GIS_Estoque.pdf
http://gisgeography.com/spatial-data-types-vector-raster/
http://resources.esri.com/help/9.3/arcgisengine/dotnet/89b720a5-7339-44b0-8b58-0f5bf2843393.htm
http://support.esri.com/other-resources/gis-dictionary/term/basemap
http://web.gps.caltech.edu/gislab/HowTo/ESRI%20-%20Map%20Projections.pdf
http://webhelp.esri.com/arcgisdesktop/9.3/index.cfm?TopicName=An_overview_of_the_Data_Management_toolbox
http://webhelp.esri.com/arcgisdesktop/9.2/index.cfm?TopicName=North_American_datums
http://www.csun.edu/~dlb10399/Docs/Geog406_Fall09/Lectures/Lect8_OnlineGIS.pdf
http://www.enggpedia.com/civil-engineering-encyclopedia/79-geographic-information-system-gis/1581-what-is-gis
http://www.esri.com/what-is-gis/howgisworks
http://www.essex-countynj.org/GIS.pdf
http://www.lib.umd.edu/binaries/content/assets/public/gov-info-gis/research-and-instruction/introduction-to-gis-workbook.pdf
http://www.rst2.edu/ties/gentools/comp_gis.html
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/49ab/064c737a38e45d8f49483f3d7089262198d4.pdf
https://www.fema.gov/media-library-data/20130726-1550-20490-9389/ot_gis1.pdf
https://www.gislounge.com/gis-software-components-examples-using-openmap-and-mapobjects/
https://www.gislounge.com/the-components-of-gis-evolve/
Maps and Cartography; Geospatial Resources & Map Collection Maps Tutorial: The Elements of a Map by the Ball State University
Libraries
References and Photo Credits

Photo Credits:
Front Cover; Google Earth Pro Images
ArcGIS Base map/ webhelp.esri.com/arcgisdesktop/9.2
essex-countynj.org/GIS.pdf/ rst2.edu/ties/gentools/comp_gis.htmls
Google Earth Pro Images (from various satellite imagery providers)
web.gccaz.edu/~lnewman/gph111/topic_units
For more information, visit the FMB website at: http://forestry.denr.gov.ph