Dept of Computer Engineering Tech AL-Maaref University College

Electrical LAB
Experimental Name

By
Student name

AHMED M. AWID

Supervised
Lecture Name

Electricity Foundetions

Objective: a report

Stage:The first

Theory: Thevenins theorem

Experiments: Experiment with resistance and voltage

Subject Doctor:Ahmed Farhan Mutlak

Department: Computer Technology Engineering

 :The concept of Thevenin’s theory

Thevenin's theorem is an analytical method used to change a complex circuit into a simple
equivalent circuit, consisting of a single resistor in series with a source voltage. Thevenin's
theorem states that "Any linear circuit containing many voltages and resistance can be
”.replaced by just one voltage in series with a resistance." One connected through the load

In other words, it is possible to simplify any electrical circuit, no matter how complex, into an
equivalent two-terminal circuit with only one constant voltage source in series with a
resistance (or impedance) connected to a load. Thevenin's theorem is particularly useful in
circuit analysis of power systems. Or batteries and other interconnected resistance circuits,
.as they will have an effect on the adjacent part of the circuit

As far as the load resistor RL is concerned, any complex “single-port” network consisting of
multiple resistive circuit elements and power supplies can be replaced by a single equivalent
resistance Rs and a single equivalent voltage, where Rs is the value of the source
resistance returning to the circuit and Vs is Open circuit voltage at terminals.The resistor
:network

First, to analyze the circuit, we must remove the central resistor connected across the points,
and remove any internal resistance associated with the voltage source(s). This is done by
shorting all voltage sources connected to the circuit, i.e. (v = 0), or opening the circuit to any
connected current sources that make (i = 0); The reason for this is that we want to have an
.ideal voltage source or an ideal current source to analyze the circuit

The equivalent resistance value Rs is found by calculating the total resistance looking back
from all the points with all the voltage sources shorted, then we get the final shorted circuit.
The voltage V is also defined as the total voltage across all the points when there is an open
.circuit between them, and this No load resistor RL is connected

Thevenin's theory can be used as another type of circuit analysis method, and is particularly
useful in analyzing complex circuits consisting of one or more voltage or current sources and
.resistors that are arranged in the usual parallel and series connections

While Thevenin's circuit theory can be described mathematically in terms of current and
voltage, it is not as powerful as: network current analysis or nodal voltage analysis in larger
networks; Because the use of network analysis or nodal analysis is usually necessary in any
Thevenin exercise, it may as well be used from the beginning. However, Thevenin equivalent
circuits of transistors and voltage sources such as batteries etc. are very useful in circuit
:design.Steps to implement Thevenin's theorem

Thevenin's theorem is another type of circuit analysis tool that can be used to reduce any
complex electrical network to a simple circuit consisting of a single voltage source V in series
with a single resistor Rs. When all points of the circuit are considered, this single circuit
behaves exactly the same electrically. Like the complex circuit they replace, these i-v
 relations are used in solving the circuit using Thevenin's theorem

:The basic procedure is as follows

.We remove the load resistor RL or the component in question

.Find RS by shorting all voltage sources or by opening a circuit to all current sources
.Find VS by the usual circuit analysis methods
.Find the current flowing through the load resistor RL
:Standard units of electrical measurement

The units used to express voltage, current, and resistance are volts [V], amperes [A], and
ohms [Ω], respectively. These electrical units of measurement are based on the International
(metric) system, also known as the SI system, with other commonly used electrical units
.derived from Basic SI

Sometimes, in electrical or electronic circuits and systems, it is necessary to use multiples or

submultiples (fractions) of standard electrical units of measurement, when the quantities
.being measured are very large or very small

To convert from one prefix to another it is necessary to either multiply or divide by the
difference between the two values, for example when converting 1 MHz to kilohertz, that 1
MHz equals one million (1,000,000) Hz and that 1 kilohertz equals one thousand (1 ,000) Hz,
.so 1 MHz is 1,000 times larger than 1 kHz

To convert megahertz to kilohertz we need to multiply megahertz by a thousand, because 1

megahertz equals 1000 kilohertz. Likewise, if we need to convert kilohertz to megahertz we
will need to divide by a thousand. The easiest and quickest way is to move the decimal point
either to the left or to the right. Depending on whether you need to multiply or divideIn
:electrical engineering to denote values and other quantities such as

Watt, the amount of electrical energy consumed by a circuit over a period of time For •
example, a light bulb consumes one hundred watts of electrical energy for one hour,
commonly used in the form of: watt (watt-hour), kilowatt-hour (kilowatt-hour). ) i.e. 1000
.watt-hours or megawatt-hours (MWh) i.e. 1,000,000 watt-hours

Decibel – The decibel is a decibel unit of Bel (symbol B), and is used to represent gain in •
either voltage, current or power. It is a logarithmic unit expressed in decibels and is
commonly used to represent the ratio of inputs to outputs in amplifier, audio circuits or
systems. Amplifiers For example, the ratio of dB of input voltage (VIN) to output voltage
(VOUT) is expressed as 20log10 (Vout / Vin), where the value in dB can be either positive
(20 dB) representing gain or negative (- 20 dB) represents a loss with unity, i.e. input =
.output expressed as 0 dB
 θ – phase angle, phase angle is the difference in degrees between the voltage waveform •
and the current waveform that has the same periodic time, as it is a time difference or time
shift and depending on the circuit element it can have a “leading” or “lagging” value, The
.phase angle of the waveform is measured in degrees or radians

ω Angular frequency, another unit used primarily in alternating current, circuits to represent •
a relationship between two or more waveforms is called angular frequency, symbol ω, this is
a unit of rotation for angular frequency 2πƒ in units of radians per second, radians/second,
.where a full cycle is one revolution 360° or 2° Thus, a half turn is given as 180° or π rad