Index I-1

A B, 471, 479 polar, 421, 538, 607, 611 Brachistochrone, 527

A B C, 490 surface of revolution, 389, 423 Breadth first search, 698

A B, 486, 488, 492 under a curve, 236, 648 Buffon’s needle, 266
 
.A B/ C, 493, 495 under cycloid, 528 Burst of speed, 62, 344
under e
x , 610
2
Absolute minimum, 154, 581 Bus, 632
Absolute value, 53, 145, 266, 425, 429 under parabola, 236 Business, 332, 465, 593
Acceleration, 11, 69, 113, 153 Arithmetic mean, 437, 472 Butterfly, 420
Acceleration vector, 521, 534, 538, 542 Arrows, 299, 307, 466

B 2 4AC , 176, 178, 586
Add exponents, 17, 21, 32 Associative law, 505
Addition formulas, 82, 84, 109, 350 Astroid, 386, 528, 529 Cable, 336, 340
Addition of vectors, 466, 467 Astronomy, 193, 540 Calculator, 181, 195, 279
Advanced placement, 212, 344 Asymptote, 162, 163, 168, 174 Cantor set, 192, 448, 451
AIDS, 97, 100 Attracting fixed point, 181 Capital letters, 58, 66
Alcohol, 58 Australia, 628 Car, 63, 71, 104, 521, 525, 531, 534, 626
Algorithm, 437, 682, 699 Cardioid, 417, 530
Average, 248, 263, 264, 392, 396
Aliasing, 280 Catalyst, 322
distance, 266, 614, 624, 628
All Values Theorem, 42 Catenary Front cover, 336
slope, 12, 105
Alternating series, 432, 448, 450 Cauchy, 128, 130, 370, 472
value, 261, 609
Ampère’s law, 680 Cauchy-Riemann, 653, 655
velocity, 87
Cavalieri, 381
Analytic geometry, 170 Axis, 173, 426, 673
Celsius, 58, 216
Angle between planes, 477
Census, 321
Angle between vectors, 472 b x , 286 Center, 166, 171, 172
Angular velocity, 402, 675 Back substitution, 513 of curvature, 535
Annuity, 305, 332, 371 Backward, 6, 11, 260 of gravity, 609
Ant, 316 Bagel, 377 of mass, 399, 400
Anticommutative, 487 Balance of force, 345 Centered difference, 35, 92, 155
Antiderivative, 234, 249 Balk, 79 Centering, 166, 172, 176
Approximation, error, 139, 156, 158, Ball, 73, 77, 78 Central force, 537, 539, 541
202, 275, 558 Bar, 345 Central limit theorem, 396
linear, 138, 188, 312, 557, 563 Base of logarithm, 10, 33, 284, 287 Centroid, 401, 403, 582, 613, 617
quadratic, 157–158, 315 Base plane, 567, 657, 659 Chain, 204, 220
to e, 293, 297 Baseball, 104, 522, 525, 563, 590 Chain rule, 31, 47, 206, 269, 573–575
to integral, 275–282 Basepoint, 453, 587 Change of limits, 241, 259, 268
Arc length, 111, 383, 423, 520, 638 Basin of attraction, 180, 187, 561–563 of coordinates, 167, 626
Arch, 336 Basis, 684, 687 of variable, 242, 356
Archimedes, 416, 437 Basketball, 72, 150, 390 Chaos, 190–193, 540, 561
Area, 26, 27, 231–234, 254, 260, 268, Bell-shaped curve, 294, 393, 394, 609 Chemistry, 551
367 Bending, 11, 25, 153, 154, 167 Circle, 172, 413, 415, 418, 521, 526
between curves, 373 Bernoulli(s), 201, 528 Class size, 265, 266
definition, 254, 256, 269, 648 Beta function, 371 Clock, 334, 473
of band, 388 Binomial coefficients, 453, 461 Closed curve, 648, 651, 652
of circle, 271 Binomial formula, 94, 247, 433 Closed interval, 197
of ellipse, 174, 275, 541, 647 Binomial series, 43, 460, 463 Cobb-Douglas, 596
of parallelogram, 486, 488, 495, Binomial theorem, 17 Cobweb, 180, 185
612 Binormal vector, 533, 535 Coefficient matrix, 497
of region R, 646 Biochemistry, 323 Cofactor, 510
of ring, 608 Biology, 100, 270, 317, 322 Coffee, 309
of slice, 600 Bipartite, 698 Cofunction, 226
of sphere, 389, 424, 660 Birdfeeder, 150 Coin tosses, 392
of surface, 388, 657, 658 Bisection, 196 Column picture, 508, 512
of tilted square, 606 Black hole, 371 Column space, 684
of torus, 390 Blackjack, 50 Compact disc, 487, 632, 675
of triangle, 415, 488, 495 Borderline, 367, 368 Company, 230
of washer, 377 Boundary, 581, 584, 672, 680 Comparison test, 369, 441
of wedge, 421, 424 Box, 127, 132, 150, 490, 509, 615 Complementary angle, 83, 84
I-2 Index

Complete graph, 697 addition formulas, 82, 109 directional, 565, 566
Completing the square, 172, 358, 586 derivative of, 29, 77, 112 B BB
mixed 2 f = x y, 551, 553, 588
Complex conjugate, 425 law of, 84, 625 of dot product, 537
Complex number, 425–426, 685 series, 452 of inverse function, 218, 224, 226
Composite function, 220 Cost, 582 of b x , 289, 293
Composition, 47, 204 Cotangent, 81, 190, 226, 314 of e x , 292, 326
Compound interest, 20, 21, 289, 302, Cover-up method, 363 of e u.x / , 295
326, 327, 334 Cramer’s rule, 499, 505, 511 of f .g.x//, 42, 206
Computing, 68, 332 Critical point, 145 of ln x, 42, 293, 312
Concave, 113, 153, 158, 282, 587 Cross derivative, 552, 582 of logb y, 289, 293
Concentration, 322 Cross product, 486, 488, 492, 656 of sin
1 y, 224
Cone, 375, 390, 545, 550, 619, 657 Cross-section, 376, 379, 550 of sinh x and cosh x, 336
Conic section, 170, 176, 418 Crosscut, 648, 676 of tan
1 y, 225, 227
Conjugate (complex), 425 Cube, 273, 619 of x 2 , 9, 63
Connected, 648, 655, 700 Curl, 641, 670, 672, 674, 677 of sin x and cos x, 28, 109
Conservation of energy, 408, 640 Current, 632, 677, 692 of x n , 12, 95, 118, 121
Conservation of mass, 671 Curvature, 531, 533, 535 one-sided, 54, 550
Conservative, 631, 641, 646, 653, 677 Curve ball, 522 partial, 549
Constant Curve, integral along, 638 second, 11, 113, 122, 222
C , 233, 254, 259, 642 length of, 383, 385 total, 575
coefficients, 693 parametric, 414, 523, 524 Descartes, 170
factor, 250 polar, 416, 421 Determinant, 490–492, 515, 687
from y0 , 688 simple smooth, 645 in Cramer’s Rule, 499, 511
Constraint, 591, 593 slope of, 12, 103, 107 in cross product, 673
Continuable function, 135 Cusp, 527, 529
in inverse matrix, 499, 509, 685
Cycle, 185, 190, 192, 563
Continuity equation, 671, 672 Jacobian, 611, 626
Cyclic, 488
Continuous, 128, 131, 132, 209, 257, Dice, 264, 397
Cycloid, 526, 528, 529
550, 553 Difference calculus, 44
Cylinder, 151, 381, 621, 657
compounding, 15, 20, 328 Difference equation, 326, 329, 332, 693
Cylindrical coordinates, 621
interest, 302, 308 Differences, 25, 61, 230
Czar’s disease, 323
probability, 264, 391 Differentiable, 133, 135
uniformly, 258 dy=dx, 9, 45 Differential, 140, 149, 252, 557, 649
Contour line, 545, 546 d 2 y=dx 2 , 11, 45 Differential equation, 15, 20, 37, 39, 96,
Convergence, 123, 440, 561 Dam, 409, 411 299, 345, 428, 681, 688
absolute, 458 Damping, 690 logistic, 38, 318, 324
by comparison, 369, 441 de Moivre’s formula, 426 partial, 552, 574, 653
conditional, 448 Decay, 40, 300, 301, 306, 307, 329 second order, 312, 689
interval, 458 Decibels, 290 separable, 317
of series, 440, 447, 458 series solution, 435, 456
y 1 D cy, 37, 299, 303
Decimal, 130, 432
squeeze theorem, 128
y 1 D cy C s, 37, 317
Decreasing, 90, 143
tests, 441–445
y 2 D y, 39, 114
Definite integral, 238, 254, 279, 406
to L, 124 Degrees, 58, 74, 79, 216, 575

to zero, 123, 124 Del (r), 669 Differentiation
Convex, 153, 547, 548 Del(), 567 exponential (ED), 316
Coordinate-free, 570 Delta Airlines, 636 implicit (ID), 211–215, 578
Coordinates, change of, 610 Delta function, 42, 63, 66, 68, 164, 344, logarithmic (LD), 313, 316
cylindrical, 621 347, 650, 652, 667, 682 Diffusion equation, 301
polar, 412, 537, 542, 575, 611 Deltoid, 529 Digital, 62
spherical, 623, 626, 660 Demand, 89, 98, 330, 559 DiMaggio, 397
Corner, 54, 89, 582, 595 Density, 399, 409, 603, 638 Dimension, 5, 167, 193, 684
Corpse, 307 Dependent variables, 90, 545, 557 Dimensionless, 318, 323
Correction terms, 243, 246 Deposit, 302, 329 Dimple, 417, 420
Cosecant, 118 Depth first search, 698 Dipole, 347
Cosh x, 336, 340 Derivative, 77, 87, 91, 549 Direction, 466, 470, 565, 631
Cosine, 29, 74, 76, 80, 114, 430 along path, 570 Directional derivative, 565, 566, 675
 Index I-3

Directrix, 171, 419 Enzyme, 322 Finite differences, 20

Discontinuous, 44, 54, 132, 135 Epicycloid, 528, 529 First order, 9, 156, 275, 308, 334
Discounting, 332 Epsilon-delta, 127, 136, 257, 553 Fixed point, 179, 330
Discrete growth, 326 Equal angle , 151 Flight time, 525
Discrete mathematics, 682, 697 Equation Florida, 95, 548, 575
Discrete sine, 66 heat and wave, 553 Flow, 636, 650, 666
Distance, 51, 81, 570 Laplace, 576, 579, 653, 670, 682 Flow field, 632, 636, 651, 669
between planes, 484 logistic, 38, 318, 319, 324, 363 Flower, 416, 420
to plane, 480, 481, 495 of a line, 102, 478, 518 Flux, 636, 650, 652, 654, 662, 663, 668,
Divergence, of curl, 674 of a plane, 477, 492 669
of series, 431, 440 of conic section, 170–176, 418 FM signal, 205
of vector field, 651, 661, 670 of normal line, 103, 554 Focus, 171, 173, 418
Theorem, 666, 678 of tangent line, 10, 103 Football, 548
Domain of function, 2, 55 Equator, 623 Force, 406, 409, 624
Dot product, 470, 471, 537 Equilibrium, 148, 559, 653, 669 Force field, 636, 669
Double angle, 82, 349 Equipotential, 633 Forward-back, 6, 53, 58, 62
Double integral, 599, 606, 610 Error, 183, 203, 333 Four-dimensional, 273
Double sum, 248 in approximation, 142, 158, 159, Fourier series, 164, 350, 353, 682
Doubling time, 100, 300, 302 558 Fourth order, 278
Doughnut, 377, 423, 655 Error function, 394 Fractal, 134, 186, 188, 192
Driving a car, 575, 689 Escalante, 344 Fraction, 362, 432, 438
Driving backward, 53 Escape velocity, 371, 410 Fractional power, 19
Driving time, 147, 164, 169 Escargot, 417 Franklin, Ben, 302
Drug, 308 Euclid, 170 Frequency, 290, 693
ds, 383, 385, 422, 520, 638 Euler, 292, 335, 693, 696 Function, 2, 54, 55
dS, 656–660, 664 Euler’s constant , 442, 447, 451 continuable, 132, 135
Duhamel, 304 Euler’s Formula, 19, 22, 41, 339, 427, continuous, 131–134, 198, 257
Dummy variable, 240, 242 455 delta, 42, 44, 63, 68, 164, 650, 667,
Euler’s method, 20, 333, 334, 694 682
e, 292, 294, 311 Even, 119, 260, 266 discontinuous, 132
e x , 15, 219, 220, 283, 292, 299, 311, 326, Exact, 649, 655 even and odd, 260, 266
329 Expected value, 263, 392, 435 hyperbolic, 336, 358
e ix or e i , 41, 339, 429 Exponent, 283, 285 inverse, 19, 32, 216, 223, 286, 337
Earth, 420, 542 Exponential, 1, 15, 61, 219, 285, 292 pairs of, 3
Earthquake, 290 differentiation (ED), 316 probability density, 265, 391
Eccentricity, 418–420 solution, 299, 428, 685 rational, 362, 366
ECG or EKG, 160, 468, 481, 484 Exponential series, 16 step, 42, 52, 65, 89, 131, 257, 344
Economics, 97, 100, 546, 560, 563, 580, Extreme Value Theorem, 134, 146, 198 Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, 26,
595 42, 69, 77, 199, 267, 629, 642
Effective rate, 302, 331 Factor, 362 before limits, 230
Eigenvalue, 687 Factorial, 16, 368, 434 Future value, 302, 331, 332
Einstein, 118, 142, 176, 214, 408, 411 Faraday’s Law, 676, 680
Elastic, 148, 406 Fast Fourier transform, 682 g and G, 11, 540, 632
Elasticity (economics), 97, 318 Feigenbaum , 192 Gabriel’s horn, 390
Electrocardiogram, 160, 468, 481 Fence, 151, 590 Galileo, 70, 176, 402
Elevator, 397 Fenway Park, 530 Galois, 211
Elimination, 507, 513, 515 Ferris Bueller, 53 Gambler, 18
Ellipse, 170, 173, 176, 418, 538, 540 Feynman, 144 Gamma, €, 99, 371
area of, 647 Field line, 633 , 442, 447, 451
in polar coordinates, 418, 421, 539 Field, conservative, 641, 649, 653, 677 Gas law, 577, 580
parametric, 524 gradient, 631, 636, 641, 646, 674, Gauss, 393, 437, 667–670
perimeter of, 273 677 Gauss points, 262, 279
Ellipsoid, 618 position, 633, 666 Generalized mean value, 201
Endpoint, 134, 145 spin, 630, 673 Geometric, mean, 437, 472
Energy, 406, 408, 640 vector, 629 series, 16, 41, 66, 157, 233, 248,
Engineering, 404, 629, 691 Finance, 304, 308, 331 330, 431, 433
I-4 Index

Gibbs phenomenon, 169 Imaginary number, 189, 310, 338, 425, volume, 375, 378, 599, 615
Gradient, 567, 568, 570, 669 455 Integral Calculus, 25
Gradient field, 631, 636, 640, 641, 646, Imaginary part, 428, 455 Integrating factor, 304
674, 677 Impedance, 695 Integration
Graph, 46, 57, 86, 160, 162, 545 Implicit differentiation (ID), 211–214, by parts, 670
nodes and edges, 697 555, 578 numerical, 275–279
of inverse, 218 Improper integral, 367–370 Interest, 15, 289, 302, 327, 330, 334
semilog, 287, 290 Income, 230, 235 Intermediate Value Theorem, 134, 136,
zoom, 167 Income tax, 61, 65 262
Graphing calculator, 45, 56, 164 Increasing function, 90, 144, 155, 203 Interval, 134, 197
Gravitation, 11, 407, 537, 624 Increasing sequence, 258 Inverse, 19, 32, 216, 286, 293
Gravitational constant, 540, 632 Indefinite integral, 238, 249, 406 hyperbolic functions, 337
Gravity field, 628, 633, 634, 666 Independence of path, 640 matrix, 221, 499, 501, 505, 509,
Great circle, 636 Independent variable, 90, 545, 577 612, 685
Greedy algorithm, 699 Indeterminate, 201 secant, 226
Green’s Theorem, 645–654, 670, 678 Indians, 302 sine, 223
Groove, 424 Indifference curve, 546 square law, 624
Growth rate, 3, 34, 299, 318, 685 Induction, 119, 242, 247 tangent, 225
Gyration, 404 Inequality, 595, 596 trigonometric functions, 223–228
Schwarz, 248, 451 Invertible, 217, 221, 683
Half-life, 300, 308 Infarction, 161 Involute, 529
Half-plane, 584 Infinite series, 15, 21, 29, 41 Iteration, 179, 182, 205, 209, 330, 561,
Hall’s theorem, 699 Infinity, 162, 201 563
Halley, 195, 420, 436, 540, 542 Inflection point, 24, 38, 154, 319, 586
Initial condition, 317, 690 Jacobian, 563, 611, 626
Hammer, 74
Inner product, 471 Jerk, 46
Hanging cable, 336
Input, 2, 32 Jump, 57, 63, 89, 131, 344
Harmonic motion, 75, 77, 114, 408
Harmonic series, 125, 436, 440, 441, 446 Inside function, 204, 207, 251
Kepler, 176, 537, 538, 540, 543
Heart, 160, 417, 468, 481, 484 Instability, 333
Kidney stone, 174
Heat equation, 553 Instant slope, 13
Kinetic energy, 408, 410, 640
Helix, 521, 532, 533 Instantaneous, 5, 67, 87
Kinetics, 308, 322
Hexagons, 85 Instructor, 447
Kite, 151
Highlights, 23, 45 Integral, 77, 232, 234
Hole, 258, 377, 378, 441, 641, 648 along curve, 636, 638 Lagrange multiplier, 585, 590, 592–595,
Hollow sphere, 626 definition, 257, 258, 598 597
Homogeneous function, 580 double, 599 Lamp, 390
Homogeneous solution, 307, 693, 695 inner and outer, 600 Laplace equation, 576, 579, 653, 655,
Hooke’s law, 148, 345, 406 length, 383, 385 670, 682
Horizontal, asymptote, 162 line, 636, 638


a Law of averages, 396
line test, 221 of 1= 1 x 2 , 355, 360 Law of cooling, 306
slices, 272, 374 of cos2 x , 343, 355 Law of cosines, 84, 471, 625, 628
Hose, 525, 528 of sec x, 352 Law of mass action, 319, 322, 323, 325
Hyperbola, 170, 174, 176, 418 of sec3 x , 354 Lawyer, 327
Hyperbolic functions, 336–338 of sin px cos qx, 350 Leading terms, 9, 130, 244, 276
Hyperbolic substitutions, 358 of sin m x cosn x, 348
Least squares, 150, 502, 503, 684


a
Hyperboloid, 556 of 1 x 2 , 355
of tan
1 x, 343
Lebesgue, 258
Hyperplane, 508, 617 Leibniz, 87, 91, 207, 229, 234, 502
of e
x , 610, 614
2
Hypocycloid, 386, 415, 528, 529, 654 Lemniscate, 419, 424
of v.x/ı.x/, 345 Length, of cardioid, 423
i and i, 425, 469 of x
1 , 290 of vector, 469
Identity, 81, 83, 190 of xe x , 344 of curve, 383, 385
function, 205, 216 of e cx , 295 of ellipse, 384, 387
matrix, 501 surface, 388, 665, 667 of polar curve, 422
If and only if, 125, 130 test, 441, 442 of space curve, 387
Imaginary exponents, 19 triple, 615, 621, 624 of spiral, 423
 Index I-5

Level curve, 545, 546, 571 Marginal, 97, 100, 149, 551 Newton, 91, 198, 229, 322
Level direction, 566, 567, 571 Mars, 417, 420, 542 law, 306, 402, 408, 537, 539, 691
Lewis Carroll, 502 Mass, 75, 78, 399, 603, 638 method, 36, 169, 182–195, 203,
l’Hôpital’s rule, 42, 199, 203, 298 Mass action, 319, 322, 324 222, 560, 561, 563, 588
Light ray, 103, 108, 214 Matching, 699, 700 program, 194
Limaçons, 417, 424 Mathematica, 249, 349 Non-independent variables, 577
Limit, 20, 69, 87, 123, 124, 129, 294, 553 Mathematical induction, 119, 242 Nonlinear equation, 38


of ln.1 1=n/n , 335 Matrix, 490, 491, 497, 683 Nonsingular, 498
of .sin x/=x, 109, 110, 114 multiplication, 500, 509 Normal, distribution, 294, 393–395, 610,
of f =t, 87, 88 Maximum, 23, 134, 143, 581, 586 614
of an , 123 local or absolute, 145 equations, 502, 503, 685
of f .x/, 127, 131 test for, 146, 156, 586 line, 554, 562
of .1 C x=n/n , 329 Mean, 439, 472 to curve, 633, 646


of .1 cos x/=x, 109, 112 Mean Value Theorem, 43, 68, 137, 144, to plane, 476–554
Limit comparison test, 445, 447 197, 201, 269, 270, 384, 553 to surface, 568, 656, 657
Limit, one-sided, 128, 135 for Integrals, 262, 267 vector, 531, 533, 534, 656, 664
Limits of integration, 234, 238 Median, 467, 474 Notation, 207, 240, 502
Line, 102 Medicine, 468, 483 Nullspace, 686
equation of, 103, 478, 518, 519 Mercator, 352, 354 Number e, 17
integral, 629, 638 Mercury, 418
0
normal, 103, 562 Mean, 394, 395, 400 0 , 5, 88, 110, 199, 201, 553
parallel or skew, 524 Michaelis-Menten (MM), 323 Odd, 163, 260, 266
secant, 105 Midpoint rule, 245, 257, 277, 604 Odd numbers, 230
tangent, 102, 103, 138, 153, 187 Minimum, 23, 134, 143, 581, 584 Odometer, vii, 51, 53
Linear, 4, 55–57, 116, 545, 681 energy, 148 One-sided, 128, 131, 135
algebra, 681, 683 constrained, 591–597 Open, 134, 197
approximation, 138, 188, 202, 312, test for, 586 OpenCourseWare, 23
558, 563 Mirror image, 218 Optimization, 593
combination, 116, 497, 684 Mistake, 100, 266, 347, 424 Order of accuracy, 275, 694
differential equations, 685, 688 MIT, 146 Orientable, 664
equations, 244, 496, 498, 507, 683 Mixed derivative, 551, 588 Orthogonal, 416, 611, 634
programming, 593, 595, 681 MM equation, 322, 324 Oscillation, 40, 62, 73, 75, 691
Linear approximation, 10, 36 Möbius strip, 552, 664, 665, 675 Outer integral, 600
ln x, 32, 220, 293, 310 Modified Newton, 185 Output, 2, 32
Loan, 305, 326, 332 Modulus, 425 Outside function, 204
Local, 71, 137, 197 Moiré, 86
maximum, 144, 153, 581 Moment, 399, 401, 486, 603, 609

p series, 444
Log scale, 34 Moment of inertia, 400, 401, 403 Pacemaker, 161, 481
Log-log, 288 experiment, 402, 404, 628 Paddlewheel, 675, 679
Log-log graph, 34, 35, 288, 290 Monopoly, 99 Pappus, 404
Logarithm, 19, 219, 283, 297, 310, 315 Monotonic, 124 Parabola, 67, 108, 170, 176, 191, 418
approximation, 312, 459 Mountain, 546–548 Paraboloid, 378, 550
derivative of, 290, 293, 312 Multiplication, 434, 454 Paradox, 214, 371, 424, 439, 576
rules for, 260, 285, 290 Multiplier, 183, 184, 591, 595, 596 Parallel axis theorem, 404
series, 435, 438 Multiply exponents, 18 Parallel line, 498, 519
Logistic equation, 38, 318, 320, 324, 363 Multiply series, 435, 454, 463 Parallel plane, 477
Loop, 546, 698 Parallelogram, 466, 474, 488, 495
LORAN, 175 n choose j , 95 Parameter, 385, 389, 518, 638
Los Angeles, 546, 636 Napoleon, 178 Parametric, circle, 414
Lottery, 95, 101, 305, 398 Natural logarithm, 19, 32, 219, 293, 310 cycloid, 527
Lower rectangles, 239 Nearest point, 583 equation, 414
Necessary, 125 projectile, 525
Maclaurin series, 453 Needle, 266 surface, 657–662
Magnetic field, 632, 677 Nephroid, 420 Partial, derivative, 544, 549
Malthus, 301 Network, 699 differential equation, 574
Map, 352, 546 New York Times, 326, 396 fractions, 296, 320, 362–366
I-6 Index

sum, 440, 450, 452 Pyramid, 375, 410 Royal Mint, 174, 540
Particular solution, 307, 692 Pythagoras, 73, 81, 480, 489, 495 Rules, for derivatives, 42
Pascal’s triangle, 43, 95 for integrals, 249
Path independence, 640 Quadratic approximation, 156–158 for limits, 126
Perimeter, 271, 273 Quadratic convergence, 184 numerical integration, 602
Periodic, 163, 276, 350 Quadratic formula, 691 Runge-Kutta, 693, 694, 696
Permutation, 515 Quark, 542 Russian toast, 289
Perpendicular (see Normal), 103, 214, Quotient rule, 30, 118
471, 519, 633, 684 S-curve, 319, 320
Petal, 416, 420, 423 Race to zero, 133 Saddle point, 550, 585, 590
Phase angle, 354 Radial field, 631, 634 SAT, 393–395
, 266, 292, 432, 436, 437 Radians, 28, 62, 73, 74, 80 Scalar product, 471
Piecewise, 219, 221 Radioactive, 301 Scale, 85, 167
Pivot, 513, 516 Radius of convergence, 458, 460, 461 Schwarz inequality, 248, 451, 472, 474
Plane, 122, 392, 476, 492, 554, 556 Radius of gyration, 404 Scientific computing, 332
Planet, 537, 539 Ramp function, 42, 44, 209, 347 Screw, 487
Plato, 127 Random, 264–266, 392–398 Secant, 81, 118, 226, 314
Point source, 652 Range, 2, 55, 217, 525 Secant line, 70, 105
Rate of change, 55, 91, 569 Secant method, 194–195
Point-slope, 103, 478
Ratio test, 444, 447, 458 Second, degree, 170, 176
Poisson, 392, 395
Rational function, 132, 362, 366 derivative, 11, 109, 153, 222, 575,
Polar, angle, 623
Ray, 108, 171–175 586
coordinates, 412–415, 537–542,
Real part, 428, 455 difference, 12, 66, 155
576, 610
Rearrange, 450 order, 156, 277, 558, 689
graph, 413–420
Reciprocal rule, 118 Self-similar, 192
rectangle, 607
Rectangles, 231–233, 243–245, 256–259 Semilog graph, 34, 287, 290
Pole, 131
Red light, 104 Sensitivity, 557, 592, 597
Pool, 152, 411
Reduction formula, 347, 350, 351, 360 Separation of variables, 317, 688
Population, 8, 38, 155, 239, 301, 319
Reflection, 151, 172–175, 178 Sequence, 123, 440
Position vector, 517, 538, 630
Related rates, 212–215 Series, 431, 439
Potential, 406, 408, 482, 632
Relative change, 97, 141 absolutely convergent, 448
energy, 527, 640 Relative error, 246 alternating, 448
function, 631, 637 Relativity, 118, 142, 214 binomial, 43, 461
Pound, 406, 540 Remainder, 43, 395, 438, 459, 462 convergent, 443, 449, 458
Power rule, 13, 119, 207 Removable, 131, 203 cosine and sine, 29, 41, 451
Power series, 41, 431, 450–463 Reordering, 450 exponential, 41, 326, 444, 455
Preconditioner, 182 Repeated factor, 365 geometric, 248, 431–440
Present value, 302, 331, 332 Repeated root, 40, 690 harmonic, 125, 440–442, 446
Pressure, 307, 409, 411, 551 Repeating decimal, 432, 438 Taylor, 41, 43, 453–456
Prime number, 315, 447 Repelling fixed point, 181 Serret-Frenet, 535
Principle of virtual work, 346 Rescale, 169, 361 Shadow, 75, 212, 659, 680
Probability density, 265, 391 Resonance, 688, 693 Sharp point, 559
Product rule, 13, 30, 116, 122, 342, 670 Reverse order, 602 Shear field, 634, 674
Professor, 116, 130, 222, 265 Revolution, 376–382, 388–390, 622 Shell, 271, 378–381, 417, 625
Profit, 149, 150 Richter scale, 290 Shift, 166, 208, 251
Program Riemann, 258, 443, 653 Shortest distance, 480, 484, 582
cobweb iteration, 180, 181 integral, 256, 259 Shortest path, 697, 700, 701
Newton’s method, 194 sum, 255, 257 Sigma, 240, 247
secant method, 194 Rings, 271, 377 Simple, 132, 645, 647
Projectile, 525–528 Rolle’s Theorem, 197, 198, 203 Simply connected, 648, 649, 655
Projection, 479, 480, 484, 495, 502, 503 Roller-coaster, 104, 569, 572 Simpson’s Rule, 245, 620, 696
Proof without words, 245, 247 Root test, 444, 446, 458 Sine, 29, 62, 73, 79, 114, 339, 412, 427
Properties of integrals, 260, 266 Roots, 363, 689 addition formulas, 82, 84, 109
Properties of logarithm, 286 Rotation, 73, 168, 176, 486, 606 derivative of, 28, 77, 109
Pump liquid, 409 Rough point, 145, 582, 584 of n, 85
Pure exponentials, 690 Row picture, 497, 507 series, 114, 455
 Index I-7

.sin h/= h, 110, 114 successive, 185 Total derivative, 575

sin
1 y, 223 trigonometric, 356 Total differential, 557
Singular, 512 Sufficient, 125 Train, 528
Sinh x, 336, 340 Suitcase, 406, 407 Transform, 166, 682
Sink, 303, 650 Sum, 25, 240–250, 440 Transient, 306
Skew lines, 524 
1 C C n, 240–243 Transpose, 494, 685
Slices, 374–377, 379, 390 1 C x C x 2 C C x n
1 , 130, 433
 Trapezoidal rule, 276, 334, 620
Slide rule, 284 
12 C C n2 , 243, 247 Tree, 698
Sliding time, 527 
13 C C n3 , 247 Triangle, 80, 467, 488, 494, 582
Slope, 9, 52, 70, 422, 569 
1p C C np , 246 inequality, 472, 474
average, 4 Sums and differences, 59, 65, 229, 242 Trigonometry, 29, 73, 80–83
Sloping asymptote, 163 Sun, 420, 537, 539, 668 Triple chain, 208
Smooth, 383, 645 Superattractive, 181 Triple integral, 615, 621, 622, 624
Snell’s law, 151 Supply D demand, 99, 335 Triple product, 491, 495
Socrates, 124, 127 Surface, 388, 464, 545, 656 Trivial Pursuit, 404
Solid of revolution, 376, 379, 622 area, 388–390, 423–424, 624, 656– Trochoid, 529
Source, 302, 329, 650, 652, 667, 669 661 Turning, 630
Space curve, 517, 673 integral, 661–665, 667 Two-point form, 105
Spanning tree, 698–700 Symmetry tests, 416
Speed, 5, 11, 71, 386, 520 Uncle Sam, 326
Table, area and volumes Undetermined coefficients, 304, 692
Speed of light, 214
v, , N, a, 534 Uniformly continuous, 258
Speedometer, vii, 51, 53
Table, areas and volumes, 379 Unit, 5, 118
Sphere, 376, 555, 621, 623, 660
inverse trig. functions, 226 circle, 337, 416, 428
Sphere-with-hole, 379, 382
of probability, 396 hyperbola, 337
Tan
1 x, 226, 228
Spherical coordinates, 623, 660
step function, 65, 209
Spike (see Delta fcn.), 63, 344, 650
Tangent, 80, 119, 314, 517, 529 vector, 469, 470, 537, 565, 570
Spin field, 630, 631, 639, 642, 673
arrows, 299, 307 United Nations, 155, 319
Spiral, 386, 416–420, 428, 536, 545
line, 10, 36, 102, 138, 153, 187 United States, 174, 321, 327
Spline, 347
plane, 554, 556 Universities (map), 546
Square, 272 vector, 569 Uphill, 546, 568, 571
root, 142, 188–189 Tax, 61, 65 Upper limit, 240, 255, 268
rule, 91, 93, 117 Taylor series, 41, 157, 453–456, 587, Upper sum, 256
wave, 164, 353 588, 590
Squeeze, 111, 128, 130 Taylor’s formula, 347 Variable, 69, 147, 544
Stable, 690, 696 Telescope, 230, 247, 446 Variance, 395, 397, 400, 610
Staircase, 65, 387 Temperature, 58, 216, 306, 545, 551, 575 Vector, 466, 475, 517
Stand and Deliver, 344 Tennis, 439 acceleration, 521, 523, 534, 538
Standard deviation, 294, 394, 395 Tensor, 570 addition of, 466, 467
State, 682, 697, 698 Terminal velocity, 322 angle between, 475
Stationary point, 145, 581 Test D, 641, 677 binormal, 533, 535
Statistics, 682 Test H, 652 field, 629–635, 651
Steady state, 179, 306, 319, 321, 330, Tetrahedron, 494, 602 position, 517, 538, 630, 666
331, 335 Theorem projection, 479, 480
Steepest descent, 588 Extreme Value, 42, 134, 146, 198 space, 683
Steiner problem, 582–584, 590 Intermediate Value, 42, 134, 262 tangent, 520
Step function, 42, 52, 65, 89, 131, 257, Prime Number, 315 unit, 469, 479, 565, 630
579, 682 Rolle’s, 197, 198, 203 velocity, 517, 538, 631
Stirling’s formula, 298 squeeze, 111, 128, 130 Velocity, 51, 74, 197, 467
Stokes’ Theorem, 645, 673–680 Stokes’, 675, 680 Verhulst, 319
Streamline, 633, 634 Thief, 108, 215 Vertex, 171, 174, 582
Stretching, 626 Thousand points, 85 Vertical line test, 221
Strip, 273, 352, 372, 664 Tilted square, 606 Video, 23, 45
Subspace, 683 Torque, 402, 404, 486, 542 Volume, 490, 509, 551, 599
Substitution, 251–255, 296, 354–360 Torsion, 535 by shell, 380
hyperbolic, 358 Torus, 376, 377, 390, 665 by slices, 375–377, 380
I-8 Index

in cylindrical coordinates, 621 w (weight-density), 409 Whispering gallery, 174

in spherical coordinates, 623, 626 Waiting time, 265, 395, 398 Witch of Agnesi, 529
of a cone , 621 Washer, 377, 379 Work, 346, 406, 409, 636, 639, 641, 677
Writing, 50, 78
of a sphere, 271, 617 Wave, 340, 464
of a torus, 377 Wave equation, 553, 579, 682 Zeno, 240, 439
of an ellipsoid, 618, 619 Weather map, 546 Zeta function, 443
of the box, 490, 492, 509 Wedge, 273, 355, 381, 421, 613 Zoom, 49, 56, 165, 169

Exponentials and Logarithms Equations and Their Solutions

y D bx Ø x D logb y Ø x D ln y
y D ex y 1 D cy y0 e ct
P8 1 1
e D lim.1 C n / D nD0 nŠ D 2:71828 
1 n
y D cy C s y0 e ct C cs .e c t
1/
d D c
yby0
P8 x n
e x D lim.1 C xn /n D nD0 nŠ
y 1 D cy
by 2 c
bCde
ct 0
ry
ln y D 1 dx ln 1 D 0 ln e D 1 y 2 D
2 y cos t and sin t
x
ln xy D ln x C ln y ln x n D n ln x my 2 C dy 1 C ky D 0 e 1 t and e 2 t or te 1 t
an y0 C s aa

11
n
loga y D .loga b/.logb y/ loga b D 1= logb a ynC1 D ayn C s
e x Cy D ex ey bx D e x ln b e ln y D y
Matrices and Inverses
Vectors and Determinants Ax D combination of columns D b
A D a1 i C a2 j C a3 k Solutions x D A
1 b if A
1 A D I
|A|2 D A  A D a12 C a22 C a32 (length squared) Least squares AT Ax D AT b
A  B D a1 b1 C a2 b2 C a3 b3 D |A||B| cos  Ax D x ( is an eigenvalue)
#
1
|A  B| ¨ |A||B| (Schwarz inequality: | cos  | ¨ 1/ "
a b 1
"
d
b
#
D ad
bc
|A C B| ¨ |A| C |B| (triangle inequality) c d c
a
|A  B| D |A||B|| sin  | (cross product) .AB/
1 D B
1 A
1 ; .AB/T D B T AT
i.a2 b3
a3 b2 / 3
1
 


i j k 

2 2
b c
3

AB D a a a D Cj.a3 b1
a1 b3 /
 


1 2 3 
 4 a b c 5 DD
6 7 1 6 c a 7 
b1 b2 b3 Ck.a1 b2
a2 b1 /
4 5
ab
 

Right hand rule i  j D k, j  k D i, k  i D j  

 a1 a2 a3 

Parallelogram area D |a1 b2
a2 b1 | D |Det|

 
 
C a1 b2 c3 C a2 b3 c1 C a3 b1 c2
b1 b2 b3 D
Box volume D |A  .B  C/| D |Determinant|







a1 b3 c2
a2 b1 c3
a3 b2 c1
c1 c2 c3

SI Units Symbols From To Multiply by

length meter m degrees radians :01745
mass kilogram kg calories joules 4:1868
time second s BTU joules 1055:1
current ampere A foot-pounds joules 1:3558
frequency hertz Hz 1=s  feet meters :3048
force newton N kg m=s2   miles km 1:609
pressure pascal Pa N=m2  feet=sec km=hr 1:0973
energy, work joule J Nm   pounds kg :45359
power watt W J=s  ounces kg :02835
charge coulomb C As   gallons liters 3:785
temperature kelvin K horsepower watts 745:7
Speed of light 
c D 2:9979 108 m=s Radius at Equator R D 6378 km D 3964 miles
Gravity G D 6:6720 10
11 Nm2 =kg2
 Acceleration g D 9:8067 m=s2 D 32:174 ft=s2
MIT OpenCourseWare
https://ocw.mit.edu

Resource: Calculus
Gilbert Strang

The following may not correspond to a particular course on MIT OpenCourseWare, but has been
provided by the author as an individual learning resource.

For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit: https://ocw.mit.edu/terms.