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Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION

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Learning Objectives

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After this chapter you will be able to:
‐ Understand the limitations of analytical method(phương
pháp giải tích), and the need for numerical methods;

‐ Derive the differential equation(phương trình vi phân) of

heat conduction for a control volume;

‐ Present steps to perform numerical methods.

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1.1 Importance of heat transfer
1.1 Importance of heat transfer
Heat transfer is of fundamental importance in many branches
of engineering:
A mechanical engineer may be interested in…
An Electrical engineers are keen to avoid…
An electronic engineer is interested in…
A computer hardware engineer is interested in…
Chemical engineers are interested in…
What ?
A metallurgical engineer would be interested in…
Aeronautical engineers are interested in…
An agricultural engineer would be interested in…
A civil engineer would need to be aware of…
An environmental engineer is concerned with…
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1.2 Heat Transfer Modes
1.2 Heat Transfer Modes
The three modes of heat transfer are
1.2.1 Conduction
‐ Exchange of energy from one molecule to another
(interactions), or the motion of the free electrons.
‐ Takes place if a difference in temperature exists.
1.2.2 Convection
The transfer of heat from one region to another, due to
macroscopic motion in a liquid or gas.
1.2.3 Radiation
A propagation(lan truyền) of energy, carried by
electromagnetic waves, is emitted from the surface of
the body.
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1.3 The laws of heat transfer
1.3 The laws of heat transfer
For heat conduction, Fourier’s law for one dimension as
(W/m2)
For convective heat transfer, the rate equation is given by
Newton’s law as
(W/m2)

The maximum flux that can be emitted by radiation from a

black surface is given by the Stefan–Boltzmann law
(W/m2)
where σ0 is the Stefan–Boltzmann constant (5.67×10−8),
W/m2K4 and Tw is the surface temperature, (K).
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1.3 The laws of heat transfer
The heat flux emitted by a real surface

(W/m2)
The first law of thermodynamics, in differential form

The instantaneous time rate form of the energy balance is

Where t is the time

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1.4 Heat conduction equation
1.4 Heat conduction equation
The heat equation is the energy conservation equation to a
infinitesimal control volume.
Example 1: general differential equation for an internal
control volume

Where ρ[kg/m3] is the density, [W/m3] is the rate of energy

generation per unit volume, λ[W/(m⋅K)] is the thermal
conductivity, Cp[J/(kg⋅K)] is the specific heat and a=λ/ρCp is the
thermal diffusivity.
‐ For a steady one‐dimensional case without source term:

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1.4 Heat conduction equation
Example 2: derive the conduction equation for the fin(cánh)

Applying the energy balance to

differential element

Fourier’s law
Newton’s law where

differential equation p: perimeter(chu vi)

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1.5 Boundary conditions
1.5 Boundary conditions
‐The Dirichlet condition, in which the temperature on the
boundaries is known

‐ The Neumann condition, in which the heat flux is imposed

where C=const
if C=0 the insulated(cách nhiệt), or adiabatic(đoạn nhiệt).
‐ The convective heat transfer boundary condition

Question: What boundary condition for the tip?

Neglecting heat loss from the tip
Including heat loss from the tip
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1.6 Numerical methods
1.6 Numerical methods
 Analytical methods: are based on solving the differential
equation together with the boundary conditions.
temperature at every point in the medium
Example 3. Distribution of temperature in a wall

‐ Analytical methods: are limited to simplified problems.

‐ Complex problems (geometry, boundaries) analytical
solution is not possible
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1.6 Numerical methods
 Numerical methods
‐ Temperatures at n selected points are determined by replacing
the differential equations by a set of n algebraic equations
Example 4. Distribution of temperature in a wall

FVM

‐ Complex problems (geometry, boundaries) analytical solution

is not possible numerical methods are preferred
‐ Popular numerical methods: Finite Difference Method (FDM),
Finite Volume Method (FVM), Finite Element Method (FEM)
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1.6 Numerical methods
Basic steps of Numerical methods
• Firstly, divide region into a number of smaller regions.
• The differential equation for each region is approximated
by an algebraic equation.
• Solve the system of algebraic equations

The numerical methods are approximating differential

equations by algebraic equations.

Cooling gas turbine blades

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1.6 Numerical methods
 Why numerical methods
Reasons for searching for numerical methods.
 Limitations of analytical methods: solve simple problems,
complicated
 Better modeling a real problem than analytical methods;
 Flexibility, human nature.

• high‐speed computers Easy to solve Complex

engineering
• powerful software packages problems
 What engineers need
 Understand the physical nature
 Ability to interpret the results
 Understand how calculations are performed by computers
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1.6 Numerical methods
 What we will learn in this course
 how to formulate and solve heat write your own
transfer problems numerically programs to solve
using FVM, FEM methods problems
 Using commercial software package

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Exercises

Exercise 1 Consider the heat conduction in a large plate of

thickness L = 2 cm with λ = 0.5 W/m.K. The faces A and B are
at temperatures of 200°C and 100°C respectively. Assuming
that the dimensions in the y‐ and z‐directions are so large that
temperature gradients are significant in the x direction only,
calculate the steady state temperature distribution using
analytical method and compare the result to the numerical
result of the example 4.

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Exercises
Exercise 2 A large plate of thickness L = 2 cm with constant
thermal conductivity λ = 0.5 W/m.K and uniform heat
generation q = 1000 kW/m3. The faces A and B are at
temperatures of 200°C and 100°C respectively. Assuming that
the dimensions in the y‐ and z‐directions are so large that
temperature gradients are significant in the x direction only,
calculate the steady state temperature distribution using
analytical method.

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Exercises
Exercise 3 Aluminum fins of a rectangular profile are used to
remove heat from a surface whose temperature is
Tbase=100°C. The temperature of the ambient air Tf= 20°C. The
thermal conductivity of aluminum is λ = 160 W/m.K (W/m∙0C).
The natural convective heat transfer coefficient associated
with the surrounding air is  =30 W/m2.K (W/m2.°C). The fin
length L= 80 mm, 5 mm wide, and 1 mm thick. Determine the
temperature distribution along the fin using the analytical
method, including the heat loss through the tip of the fin.

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