Pervious Concrete Pavement 2019

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

Pervious concrete is a type of concrete having sufficient interconnected voids to allow

water to pass through the material. Pervious concrete state as “no-fines” concrete, a regular
concrete material without fine aggregates. This lack of fines result in an increase in the amount
of voids.

The defining feature of all pervious concrete is the low water-to-cement ratio used
during mixing. Traditional concrete has a water-to-cement ratio that allows the cement to from
slurry and bond the aggregate together. The slurry fills all of the voids between the aggregate.
Pervious concrete reduce the water-to-cement ratio such that the cement forms a paste. The
goal of the mixing process is to coat the aggregate with the cement paste and then compress
or consolidate the material to increase bonding strength. Given that the original aggregate has
large amounts of voids between them, the addition of the paste does not completely fill the
voids. These results in the presence of voids connected completely through the pervious
concrete.

These project provides a description of the chemical admixtures used to improve the mixing,
handling and performance of pervious concrete. The data is presented. Ferguson identifies
nine categories of permeable pavement (reference paper): porous aggregate porous turf,
plastic geo cells, open-jointed paving blocks, open-celled paving grids, porous concrete, porous
asphalt, soft paving materials, and decks. Because of their many environmental benefits there
has been is increase in the use of permeable pavement over the past few year. Conventional
normal weight Portland cement concrete is generally used for pavement construction. The
impervious nature of the concrete pavements contributes to the increased water runoff into
the drainage system, over-burdening the infrastructure and causing excessive flooding in built-
up areas. Pervious concrete has become significantly popular during recent decades, because
of its potential contribution in solving environmental issues. Pervious concrete is a type of
concrete with significantly high water permeability compared to normal weight concrete. It
has been mainly developed for draining water from the ground surface, so that storm water
runoff is reduced and the groundwater is recharged.

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Fig. 1.1 Sample of pervious concrete

1.1 HISTORY

How is it that concrete, a rock-solid building material, can be embraced as

environmentally? Thanks to development in concrete business over the last 30 years, concrete
can now be made pervious (opposite of the impervious surface that is was long designed to
be). As long as a century ago, designer in Europe recognized the value of porous concrete as a
structural insulation for building. And about 80 years ago in Europe, pervious concrete was
starting to be use for road as well. It’s only in the last 20 years that porous concrete has gained
a foothold for general construction purposes in US.

1.2 OBJECTIVES

Operating on a “rain and drain” philosophy, porous concrete pavement is able to collect
the first-flush rainfall and allows it to drain immediately into the ground to recharge water
table. The primary aspiration of this research project is to optimize the strength of porous
concrete mix design without sacrificing permeability.

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The main objective of this study are to:

1. High quality drainage is essential for safe and comfortable traffic at inter
sections.
2. There is potential for pervious concrete utilization on limited intersection
areas in order to enhance pavement drainage.
3. The main objective is to investigate the performance characteristics of the
pervious concrete such as porosity, compressive strength, infiltration rate, etc.

1.3 SCOPE OF THE INVESTIGATION

1) A number of pervious concrete is produced with different proportion of fine and course
aggregate. The main properties studied include density, porosity, compressive strength
and drying shrinkage. These properties were compared with those for conventional
concrete.
2) Although water permeability is the most important characteristics of the pervious
concrete, there is no well-established method for its qualification.
3) Pervious mortar is developed with modified pore sizes to make the pervious pavement
surface smoother. Pervious mortars are evaluated for there and engineering properties
similar to those for pervious concrete.

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CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY

RafBouteligier et. Al. In June 2003 a research project on permeable concrete block paving was
initiated at the Belgain Road Research Centre (BRRC) in Sterrebeek (Belgium). As part of the
project a parking area was constructed to test the rainfall runoff retention capacity of different
types of permeable concrete block paving and different types of base layer. The paper shows
the results foe two stomas in September 2005 for three different types of permeable block
paving and different types of base layer. Results show that a significant retention of rainfall
runoff is attained in all cases and that the type of base layer plays a major role in the hydraulic
response of the permeable pavement structure. No significant differences could be seen
between different types of concrete block paving.[1]
Amanda Lidia Alaica, et al(2010) The main objective of this research paper is to favorable
strength of a Pervious concrete pavement without sacrificing permeability. Various types of
mix were consider for achieving strength using supplementary cementitious material, ground
granulate blast furnace slag, silica fumes, Metakaoline, fibers, chemical admixtures. The
relationship between permeability and porosity is discussed. And also between permeability
and tensile strength is discussed. Experimental results showed that optimized pervious
concrete mix was achieved using aggregate size of 10-13mm, an A/CM ratio of 4, and a temary
cementing blend of silica fume and slag. Use of fibers and various cementitiousmaterial
improves the strength of concrete. [2]
YANG Zhifeng, et al (June 2008), the optimum continues graduation limit off the aggregate for
Porous Concrete Previous road base material is recommended according to the theoretical
calculation and experimental results. And thereby he concluded that with increase in fine
aggregate content, the strength increases whereas permeability decreases.
Karthik H. Obla (August 2010), the paper gives general information about pervious concrete. It
also highlights the application, Material used, Properties, Mixture proportioning Construction,
Design, Testing and Maintenance.[3]
Sileiman, et al. Paper summarizes a study performed at Iowa state University to investigate the
effects of compaction energy on previous concrete void ratio, compressive strength, tensile

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strength, unit weight, and freeze-thaw durability. It also summarizes the laboratory test results
of small scale samples. Laboratory results show that compaction energy significantly affects
previous concrete compressive strength, split tensile strength, unit weight and freeze-thaw
durability. When subjected to freeze-thaw cycles, samples prepared at regular compaction
energy failed through the aggregate, while failure through aggregate and paste was observed
for mixes prepared at low compaction energy. [4]
C. Lian, (May 2009), they tried various mix design and observed there effects on the
compressive strength and permeability of porous concrete. They performed uniaxial
Compressive strength, Flexural strength and permeability of the cubes. Silica and Super
plasticizer as an admixture. They concluded that use of Silica fume were not effective in
increasing the compressive strength, on the other hand using some amount of quarry sand
increases the compressive strength.[5]
Mark A. Bury, et al. this paper provides a description of the chemical admixtures used to
improve the mixing, handling and performance of previous concrete. Test data is presented,
along with two test methods used to evaluate the hardned performed of pervious concrete.
The paper also contains a case study to illustrate the effects of the admixture system on the
placement of previous. [6]

Concrete. A viscosity-modifying admixture provides insurance against paste draindown. They

carried out a case study of previous concrete in Atlanta, GA in June, 2005 from this case study
they concluded that novel admixture system help in placement and consolidation of previous
concrete.

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CHAPTER 3
MATERIALS

3.1 CEMENT
Literally cement means the binding material. It has a property of setting hardening when mixed
with water. Cement is a material that has cohesive and adhesive properties in the presence of
water. Cement well known building material and has occupied an indispensable place in
construction works.
The cement nay be natural of artificial. Natural cement is manufactured by burning and then
crushing natural cement stones which contains argillaceous and calcareous matter. It is not
strong as artificial cement hence obsolete these days. Artificial cement is manufactured by
burning appropriately proportional mixture of argillaceous and calcareous materials at a very
high temperature and then grinding resulting mixture to a fine powder.

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Fig.3.1 Cement Bag

There are a variety of cement available in the market and each type is used under certain
conditions due to its special properties. Out of different types of cement available in market
we used ordinary Portland cement, the color of which is similar to a type of sand stones
available in Portland, England.
Other types of cement includes rapid hardening cement, low heat cement, sulphate resisting
cement, blast finance slag cement, air entraining cement, white and colored cement, high
alumina cement, pozzolona, quick setting cement are used in specific situations.
Portland cement is defined as hydraulic cement. Cement not only hardness when mixed with
water but also forms a water resistant product. Although all material that go into a concrete
mixture are essential, cement is far the most important constituent because it is usually the
delicate link in chain.

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The main function of cement is, first to bind the sand and coarse aggregate together
and second to fill the voids between sand and coarse aggregate particles to form a compact
mass. Although cement constitutes only about 10% of total volume of the concrete mix, it is
the active portion of binding medium and the only scientifically controlled ingredient of
concrete.

3.2 AGGREGATE
Aggregate properties are generally influenced the behavior of concrete, since they occupy
about 80% of the total volume of the concrete. The aggregate are classified as

Fine aggregate are the material passing through an IS sieve that less than 4.75mm gauge
beyond which they are known as coarse aggregate. Coarse aggregate from the main matrix of
the concrete, which has fine aggregate from the filler matrix between the course aggregate.
The most important function of fine aggregate is to provide workability and uniformity in
mixture. The fine aggregate also helps in cement paste to hold the coarse aggregate is being
held the coarse aggregate particle in suspension. According to IS 1686:1976 the fine aggregate
is being classified in to four different zone ,that is Zone I, Zone II, Zone III, Zone IV. Also in case
of aggregate maximum 20mm coarse aggregate is suitable for concrete work. But where there
is no restrictions 40mm or long size may be permitted. In case of close reinforcement 10mm
size also used.

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Fig.3.2 Aggregates

Construction aggregate, or simply aggregate, is a broafd category of course particulate

material used in construction, including sand, gravel, crushed stones, slag, recycled concrete
and geosynthetic aggregate. Aggregates are the most mined material in the world. Aggregates
are component of composite material such as concrete and asphalt concrete; the aggregate
serves as reinforcement to add strength to the overall composite material. Due to the relatively
high hydraulic conductivity value as compared to most soils, aggregates are widely used in
drainage applications such as foundation and French drain, septic drain, retaining wall drains,
and road side edge drains. Aggregates are also used as base material under foundation, roads,
and railroads. In other words, aggregates are used as a stable foundation or road/rail base with
predictable, uniform properties (e.g. to help pavement differential settling under the road or
building), or as a low-cost extender that binds with more expensive cement or asphalt to form
concrete.
The American Society for Testing and Machine published an exhaustive listing of
specifications for various construction aggregate products, which, by their individual design,

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are suitable for specific construction purposes. These products include specific types of coarse
mixes, as well as other construction uses. State transportation departments further refine
aggregate material specification in order to tailor aggregate use to the needs and available
supply in their particular locations.
Sand is a naturally occurring granular material composed of finely divided rock and
mineral particals. The composition of sand is highly variable, depending on the local rock
sources and conditions, but the most common constituent of sand in inland continental setting
and non-tropical coastal setting is silica (silica dioxide, or SiO2), usually in the form of quartz.
It is form of silica, which may be siliceous, argillaceous according to composition. It is formed
by decomposition by sandstones due to various weathering effect.
Sand obtained from pits, shores, river beds, sea beds is known as natural sand whereas, sand
obtained from crushing of stone is known as ‘Artificial Sand’.
Sand is mostly used as inert material in mortar and concrete. Sand increases and volume of
motor, thereby making the mortar economical and also prevents excessive shrinkage of
cement paste, thereby avoid crack during setting. Fine sand occupies the voids in the coarse
aggregate. This helps in making concrete a solid, waterproof material. Very fine and coarse
sand are objectionable in a sense that, fine sand is uneconomical whereas coarse sand gives
harsh, less workable mix.

USES:

and pre stressed concrete.

sometimes, coarser sand is applied in the form of sand face plaster on external walls of
buildings.

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CHAPTER 4
CONCRETE MIX DESING

4.1 INTRODUCTION
The process of selecting suitable of concrete and determining their relative amount with the
objective of producing a concrete of required, strength, durability, and workability as
economically as possible, is termed the6 concrete mix design. The proportioning of ingredients
of concrete is govemed by the required performance of concrete in stages, namely the plastic
and the hardened states. It the plastic concrete is not workable, it cannot be properly placed
and compacted. The property of workability, therefore, becomes of vital importance.
The compressive strength of hardened concrete which is generally considered to be an index
of its other properties, depends upon many factors, e.g. quality and quantity of cement, water
and aggregates; batching and mixing; placing, compaction and curing. The cost of concrete is
made up of materials, plant and labor. The variation in the cost of material arise from the fact
that the cement is several times costly than the aggregate, this the aim is to produce as lean a
mix as possible. From technical point of view the rich mixes may lead to high shrinkage and
cracking in the structural concrete, and to evolution of high heat of hydration in mass concrete
which may cause cracking.
The actual cost of concrete is related to the cost of materials required for producing a minimum
mean strength called characteristics strength that is specified by the designer of the structure.
This depends on the quality control measures, but there is no doubt that the quality control
adds to the cost of concrete. The extent of quality control is often an economic comprise, and
depends on the size and type of job. The cost of labor depends on the workability of mix, e.g.,
a concrete mix of inadequate workability may result in a high cost of labor to obtain a degree
of compaction with available equipment’s.

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4.2 REQUIREMENTS OF CONCRETE MIX DESIGN

The requirements which form the basis of selection and proportioning of mix ingredients are:
a) The minimum compressive strength required from structural consideration.

b) The adequate workability necessary for full compaction with the compacting equipment
available.

c) Maximum water-cement ratio and/or maximum cement content to give adequate durability
for the particular site conditions.

d) Maximum cement content to avoid shrinkage, cracking due to temperature cycle in mass
concrete.

4.3 TYPES OF MIXES

4.3.1 NOMINAL MIXES
In the past the specifications for concrete prescribed the proportional of cement, fine and
coarse aggregates. These mixed of fixed cement-aggregate ratio which ensures adequate
strength are termed nominal mixes. The offer simplicity and under normal circumstances, have
a margin of strength above that specified. However, due to the variability of mix ingredients
the nominal concrete for a given workability varies widely in strength.

4.3.2 STANDARD MIXES

The nominal mixes of fixed cement-aggregate ratio (by volume) vary widely in strength and
may result in under-or over-rich mixes. For this reason, the minimum compressive.

4.3.3 DESIGNED MIXES

In this mixes the performance of concrete is specified by the designer but the mix proportions
are determined by the producer of concrete, except that the minimum cement content can be
laid down. This is most rational approach to the selection mix proportions with specific
materials in mind possessing more or less unique characteristics. The approach results in the
production of concrete with the appropriate properties most economically. However, the
designed mix does not serve as a guide since this does not guarantee the correct mix
proportions for the prescribed performance.

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For the concrete with undemanding performance normal or standard mixes (prescribed in the
codes by quantities of dry ingredients per cubic meter and by slump) may be used only for very
small jobs, when the 28-day strength of concrete does not exceed 30N/mm^2. No control
testing is necessary reliance being placed on the masses of the ingredients. Strength has been
included in many specifications. These mixes are termed standard mixes.
IS 456-2000 has designated the concrete mixes into a number of grades as M10,
M15,M20,M30,M35, and M40. In this designation the letter M refers to the mix and the
number to the specified 28 day cube strength of mix in N/mm^2. The mixes of grades M10,
M15, M20, M25 correspond approximately to mix proportions (1:3:6), (1:2:4), (1:1:5:3) and
(1:1:2) respectively.

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CHAPTER 5
CONCRETE MIX DESING BY Ultra -Tech cement

5.1 INTRODUCTION

Concrete Mix Design is step by step procedure to work out the various proportion of
the ingredients which go to make concrete. There are various methods of mix design
available. These methods only can give guidelines to Site Engineer to Work out the various
parameter of concrete mix and it may or may not be necessary to make minor adjustments
thereafter. However, it may very easy for the Site Engineer to get the feel of the concrete
materials & concrete by continuous checks on workability, cohesiveness, finished surface,
strength & durability parameters. It is only then that the Engineer acquires the art of
designing the concrete mixes.

Calculations and filling worksheets is necessary to work in a systematic manner but

these should be backed up by feedback data and observations made at site during concreting
and thereafter by observing concrete surface finish and cube strength etc, it is difficult to
design concrete mixes in our country as the materials available from time to time At are not
consistent in quality. Therefore a watchful eye and skills of the engineer designing the
concrete mix plays an important role. Adjustments may be required to be made quite
frequently depending on day to day observation and test results. At the same time efforts
must be made to obtain consistent quality materials at site. Besides consistency, the quality
of the material also has to be good so that durable concrete is made, and costly time
consuming repairs are avoided in future.

This booklet covers one simplified method of carrying out the concrete mix design
with two illustrative example worked out step by step. This method has been adopted on
several sites in and around Mumbai and has given technically and economically good results.
This method is now popularly known as Ultra-tech METHOD, However, the Engineer have an
option to follow any other method of Concrete Mix Design they are more accustomed to.

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5.2 CONCRETE SPECIFICATIONS

Before commencing the concrete mix design it is necessary to study the specifications
of concrete and also to have enough information of environment around the structure, the
size and cross section of structure, reinforcement details the methods proposed to be
adopted for batching, Mixing, transporting, placing and compacting of concrete.

5.3 MAXIMUM SIZE OF THE AGGREAGATES

Most concretes contain aggregate of maximum size of 20 mm or 40mm grading going

down to 150 micron size or even finer. At times maximum aggregate size (MAS) of 10mm or
above are used.

In and around Mumbai crushed downgraded aggregates are screened through rotating

screens having a rounded mesh of 1-1/2** diameter and3⁄4** size instead of square mesh.
Hence, crushed aggregates are available with maximum aggregate size of 1-1/2** (30mm)

diameter and 3⁄4** (15mm) resp. Generally MAS is finalized from the percentage passing
20mm sieve by carrying out the sieve analysis. The ranges of percentage passing 20 mm sieve
against the Mas to be considered are given in TableNo.5.1

Percentage of aggregates passing 20mm Maximum aggregate size

sieve (MAS)
0-25 40
25-75 30
75-100 20
Table 5.1 Maximum Aggregate Size (MAS)

Economical concrete is produced by using as large MAS as possible this reduces the amount of
cement required in the Concrete due to reduction if surface area per unit weight of the
aggregates. It is therefore recommended to use as high MAS as possible.

The limitations of MAS can be due to following reasons.

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 The minimum dimension of the concrete sections to be cast should not be less than
about four times the MAS.
 The concrete cover to embedded steel generally should not be less than the MAS or
better still it should be 5 mm more than MAS.
 For densely reinforced concrete members, MAS is generally restrited to 5 mm less than
the minimum clear between the main bars.

5.4 AGGREGATES

5.4.1 TYPE OF AGGREGATE

There are various physical and chemical properties of aggregates which influence concrete
properties as listed below in Table No. 5.2.

Sr. No. Properties Influence on concrete

Property
1. Specific gravity/porosity Strength/absorption.
2. Chemical stability Durability.
3. Surface texture Bond grip.
4. Shape Water demand (strength).
5. Gradation or particle size Water demand (strength), cohesion,
distribution bleeding and segregation.
6. Maximum size Strength and water demand.
7. Deleterious materials Water demand (strength), bond,
cohesion and durability.
Table5.2: Properties of Aggregates

5.4.2 SHAPE OF AGGREGATES:

The concrete mix design is depended on the slope of the aggregates. Aggregates are
classified based on the slope and are given as follows:

 Round gravel aggregates

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 Irregular gravel aggregates

 Crushed rock aggregates

5.5 REQUIREMENT FOR CONCRETE MIX DESIGN

To summarize the following details are required to commence the actual

working of the concrete mix design.

 Specified minimum or characteristics strength of concrete.

 Durability requirement of concrete depending on environmental conditions.
 Type, average compressive strength and standard deviation (monthly) of cement.
 Workability of concrete in slump (mm).
 Maximum size of the aggregate.
 Fineness based on percentage passing 600 micron size sieve or zone of fine
aggregates.
 Specific gravity of aggregates.

5.6 CORRECTION FOR OVER SIZE PARTICLES PRESENT IN FINE AGGREGATES

Many times considerable quantity of coarse particles (retained on 4.75 mm sieve) is

present in the fine aggregates. There are two options under such cases:

 To screen the fine aggregates and removed the coarser particles retained on 4.75mm
sieve.

This is not preferred as it will cause additional work at site and there is a likelihood
of inefficient screening resulting in variation in the fine aggregate grading. If screening of
moist aggregate is done the finer sticking to moist coarse particles will also get removed
causing considerable drop in fineness.

 To adjust the proportion of the aggregates by carrying out the correction required for
oversize material present in them and incorporating them in the concrete mix design
calculations.

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5.7 DETERMINATION OF AGGREGATE TO CEMENT (A/C) RATIO

Road Research Laboratory of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research in

UK formulated tables based on grading zone of aggregate, degree of workability, water to
cement ratio, shape of the aggregates and the MAS. The tables give the aggregate to
cement ratio of the concrete mix when the following factors are known or determined.

Shape of the aggregate (rounded gravel aggregate, irregular gravel aggregate or crushed
rock aggregate)

MAS (10 mm, 20mm, or 40mm) since in Mumbai and its neighboring areas the
downgraded aggregates available have MAS of 15mm or 30mm, tables are developed for
this size also and printed in this booklet.

5.8 CONCRETE MIX BY WEIGHT

5.8.1 WATER CONTENT

Once Cement Content is determined then water requirement can be calculated.

Water content (lit. Or Kg./CuM) = W/C × Cement Content.

5.8.2 TOTAL AGGREGATE CONTENT:

The Total Aggregate Content also can be determined.

Aggregate Content (Kg./CuM)= A/C Cement Content = Y Kg/CuM.

5.9 ADJUSTMENT FOR MOISTURE CORRECTION

Natural sand is generally moist or wet and many contain certain percentage of surface
moisture and similarly during the monsoons all aggregates will have surface moisture and
therefore the mix will require moisture correction.

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Percentage of surface moisture present in course and fine aggregates is determined in the
laboratory by surface drying the aggregates and weight of water by way of surface
moisture is calculated for the aggregates which are observed to have surface moisture.

If aggregates are totally dry, then depending on their porosity they will absorb water, and
therefore additional water will have to be added based on the absorption capacity or
porosity of the aggregates. Adding additional water to cater to absorption does not change
the free water/cement ratio as long as the aggregates are surface dry.

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CHAPTER 6
TESTS AND RESULTS

Fig. 6.1 Concrete Cubes

Fig. 6.2 Compression Testing Machin

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Fig. 6.3 Cube Testing

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6.1MIX PROPORTION

Material Quantity
Cement 980.39 Kg
CA 3927.68 Kg
Water 431.37 Kg
Table 6.1 Mix 1:M15

RESULTS:

Actual (N/mm2) Expected (N/mm2)

3 Days 3.33 6.37
7 Days 4.88 8.23
28 Days 6.88 10.5

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CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSION

 Pervious concrete pavements are a very cost effective and environmentally friendly
solution to support sustainable construction.
 Its ability to capture storm water and recharge ground water while reducing storm
water runoff enables pervious concrete to play a significant role.
 Pervious concrete is a smart sustainable option with very high potential.
 Pervious concrete is an ideal solution to control storm water, re-charging of ground
water, flood control at downstream and Sustainable land management.
 Knowledge on pervious concrete is very well received by the Specifies / Architects /
Engineers.

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CHAPTER 8
REFERENCES

1) Making Previous Concrete Placement Easy Using a Novel Admixture System by Mark A. Bury.
BFSF Admixtures, Inc. Christine A. Mawby, BASF Admixtures, Inc. Gale Fisher, PCL System, LLC.

2) Optimum mix design of enhanced permeable concrete – An experimental investigation e.

Lain, Y. Zhuge.

3) Previous Concrete Mix Proportioning By Grace Construction Products. 4) Effwct Of

Compaction Energy On Previous Concrete Properties, Suleiman M.T, Kevern J. Schaefer V. R.
and Wang K.

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