Centre Candidate

Surname
Number Number
First name(s) 2

GCE AS
Z22-B410U20-1
B410U20-1

FRIDAY, 27 MAY 2022 – AFTERNOON

CHEMISTRY – AS component 2
Energy, Rate and Chemistry of Carbon Compounds
1 hour 30 minutes

For Examiner’s use only

Maximum Mark
Question
Mark Awarded
ADDITIONAL MATERIALS
Section A 1. to 7. 10

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In addition to this examination paper,
you will need a:

01
Section B 8. 13
• calculator;
• Data Booklet supplied by WJEC. 9. 15

10. 13
INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES
Use black ink or black ball-point pen. Do not use gel pen 11. 19
or correction fluid. You may use a pencil for graphs and
diagrams only. 12. 10
Write your name, centre number and candidate number
in the spaces at the top of this page. Total 80
Section A Answer all questions.
Section B Answer all questions.
Write your answers in the spaces provided in this booklet. If you run out of space, use the
additional page(s) at the back of the booklet, taking care to number the question(s) correctly.
Candidates are advised to allocate their time appropriately between Section A (10 marks) and
Section B (70 marks).

INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATES

The number of marks is given in brackets at the end of each question or part-question.
The maximum mark for this paper is 80.
Your answers must be relevant and must make full use of the information given to be awarded full
marks for a question.
The assessment of the quality of extended response (QER) will take place in Q.10(a).

JUN22B410U20101 © WJEC CBAC Ltd. BE/JS*(S22-B410U20-1)

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SECTION A

Answer all questions.

1. Name the compound (CH3)4C. [1]

...........................................................................................................................................

2. State the meaning of the term ‘heterolytic bond fission’. [1]

3. Explain why propanoic acid is soluble in water but propane is not. [2]

4. Propanoic acid reacts with magnesium to form magnesium propanoate and hydrogen.

Write an equation for this reaction. [1]

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5. The enthalpy change for a reversible reaction is –98 kJ mol .

(a) On the axes below draw the energy profile for this reaction.

Label the enthalpy change. [1]

Energy

Extent of reaction

(b) The activation energy for the backward reaction is 234 kJ mol –1.

Calculate the activation energy for the forward reaction. [1]

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Activation energy = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kJ mol –1

6. A gas cylinder for a barbecue contains 9.0 kg of propane.

Calculate the number of propane molecules in the cylinder. [2]

Molecules of propane = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7. State how many isomers are represented by the formula C5H12. [1]

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SECTION B

Answer all questions.

8. Propane and propene are typical examples of hydrocarbons.

(a) Describe the nature of the bonding in propene and explain how this governs its chemical
behaviour.

A diagram may be used in support of your answer. [4]

(b) Propene can undergo polymerisation to form poly(propene).

Draw the repeating unit in poly(propene). [1]

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(c) Although propane is generally unreactive it can react with chlorine in sunlight to form
1-chloropropane as one of the organic products.

(i) Name the type of reaction mechanism which occurs in this case. [1]

(ii) Write the mechanism for the reaction to form 1-chloropropane.

Include one termination step. [4]

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(d) A hydrocarbon has a relative molecular mass of 136. The percentage composition, by
mass, is C 88.1%; H 11.9%.

Calculate both the empirical and molecular formulae of the compound.

You must show your working. [3]

Empirical formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Molecular formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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9. (a) Ethanol can be produced industrially by the hydration of ethene.

CH2 CH2(g) + H2O(g) CH3CH2OH(g) ∆H = _ 46 kJ mol–1

(i) Name the catalyst used in this production. [1]

(ii) Calculate the average bond enthalpy for the C — C bond using the enthalpy
change of reaction above and the average bond enthalpy values given in the
table. [3]

Bond Average bond enthalpy / kJ mol–1

C C 612

C H 413

C O 360

O H 463

Average bond enthalpy of C — C = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kJ mol –1

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(b) (i) State the meaning of the term ‘standard enthalpy change of combustion’, Δc H θ. [2]

(ii) The enthalpy change of combustion of ethanol is –1370 kJ mol–1.

The density of ethanol is 0.789 g cm –3.

Calculate the heat energy released, in kJ, when 0.350 dm3 of ethanol is burned.

Give your answer to an appropriate number of significant figures. [3]

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Heat energy released = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kJ

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(c) Ethanol can be heated under reflux with propanoic acid in the presence of concentrated
sulfuric acid to form an ester.

(i) Draw a labelled diagram of the apparatus you could use for heating under reflux.
[3]

(ii) Explain how this apparatus prevents escape of vapour and give a reason why the
escape of vapour should be prevented. [2]

(iii) Draw the structure of the ester that forms. [1]

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10. (a) Halogenoalkanes can be hydrolysed to give alcohols.

Devise an experiment to compare the rates of hydrolysis of

1-chlorobutane, 1-bromobutane and 1-iodobutane.

Include the expected results and use these to state the trend in the rates of reaction.
Explain this trend. [6 QER]

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(b) 1-Chlorobutane can be converted into 2-iodobutane in a two-stage synthesis.

CH3CH2CH2CH2CI CH3CH2CH CH2 CH3CH2CHICH3

Stage 1 has a 25% yield and stage 2 has a 92% yield.

Calculate the mass of 2-iodobutane made from 37.6 g of 1-chlorobutane. [3]

Mass of 2-iodobutane = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . g

(c) Chlorofluorocarbons, CFCs, were used for a variety of purposes but have now been
replaced by hydrofluorocarbons, HFCs.

Explain why HFCs have replaced CFCs. [4]

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11. (a) A student carried out an experiment to study the rate of the reaction between calcium
carbonate and hydrochloric acid.

CaCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) CaCl2(aq) + H2O(I) + CO2(g)

He used the following apparatus to measure the total mass of the reagents and the flask
every 30 s for 6 minutes.

cotton wool

HCI

CaCO3

weighing balance

The solution remained at room temperature and the reaction was still in progress when
the final measurement was taken.

His results are shown below.

Time / min Mass of reagents + flask / g

0 171.50
0.5 171.37
1.0 171.29
1.5 171.23
2.0 171.19
2.5 171.12
3.0 171.07
3.5 171.02
4.0 170.98
4.5 170.94
5.0 170.91
5.5 170.89
6.0 170.87

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(i) Suggest why cotton wool was placed in the neck of the flask. [1]

(ii) Briefly describe a different experimental method, other than loss of mass, that
would allow the rate of this reaction to be determined. [2]

(iii) Complete the plot for the results of the experiment and draw a line of best fit. [3]

171.5

171.4

171.3
Mass of reagents + flask / g

171.2

171.1

171.0

170.9

170.8
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Time / min

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(iv) Use the graph to calculate the rate of reaction, in grams per minute, at 1 minute.
[2]

Rate = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . g min –1

(v) He used 1.50 g of calcium carbonate and 40.0 cm3 of 1.50 mol dm –3 hydrochloric
acid.

Calcium carbonate is the limiting reactant. Calculate the mass of carbon dioxide
that would have been lost if the reaction had been allowed to go to completion. [2]

Mass of carbon dioxide = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . g

(vi) He then repeated the experiment using 1.50 g of powdered calcium carbonate.

Sketch on the graph in part (iii) the curve he would expect to obtain. Explain any
differences in the curves. [3]

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(b) Another student carried out an experiment to study the enthalpy change for the reaction
between calcium carbonate and hydrochloric acid.

She reacted 2.50 g of the carbonate with 50.0 cm3 of 1.00 mol dm –3 hydrochloric acid in
a polystyrene cup. The acid was in excess.

She used a thermometer that was accurate to ±0.1 °C and the temperature rose from
19.2 °C to 21.3 °C.

(i) Calculate the molar enthalpy change for this reaction, in kJ mol–1. [3]

ΔHθ = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kJ mol–1

(ii) Calculate the percentage error in the temperature rise recorded. [1]

Percentage error = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . %

(iii) She repeated the experiment but used 25.0 cm3 of 2.00 mol dm –3 hydrochloric
acid.

Predict the temperature change in this reaction. Give a reason for your answer. [1]

(iv) She repeated the experiment again but used 50.0 cm3 of 1.00 mol dm –3 nitric acid.

Predict the temperature change in this reaction. Give a reason for your answer. [1]

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12. Study the reaction scheme shown below and the other information that follows.

KOH(aq)
N K L

K2Cr2O7 / H+ with distillation heat H2 / Ni

O M

Compound L is a hydrocarbon. It does not show E-Z isomerism and its mass spectrum shows
a molecular ion peak at m/z 56.

The 1H NMR spectrum for compound K shows 3 peaks and the ratio of the peak areas
is 6:1:2.

The 13C NMR spectrum for compound N shows 3 peaks.

Compound O does not react with sodium carbonate.

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(a) Identify compounds K, L, M and N. Give your reasoning. [8]

(b) Name the homologous series to which compound O belongs. [1]

(c) State the reagent(s) and conditions needed for the conversion of compound K to
compound L. [1]

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END OF PAPER

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Question Additional page, if required. Examiner

number Write the question number(s) in the left-hand margin. only

18 © WJEC CBAC Ltd. (B410U20-1)

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Question Additional page, if required. Examiner

number Write the question number(s) in the left-hand margin. only

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PLEASE DO NOT WRITE

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 GCE AS

B410U20-1A Z22-B410U20-1A

FRIDAY, 27 MAY 2022 – AFTERNOON

CHEMISTRY – AS component 2
Data Booklet

Avogadro constant NA = 6.02 × 1023 mol –1

molar gas constant R = 8.31 J mol –1 K –1
molar gas volume at 273 K and 1 atm Vm = 22.4 dm3 mol –1
molar gas volume at 298 K and 1 atm Vm = 24.5 dm3 mol –1
Planck constant h = 6.63 × 10 –34 J s
speed of light c = 3.00 × 108 m s –1
density of water d = 1.00 g cm –3
specific heat capacity of water c = 4.18 J g –1 K –1
ionic product of water at 298 K Kw = 1.00 × 10 –14 mol 2 dm – 6
fundamental electronic charge e = 1.60 × 10 –19 C

temperature (K) = temperature (°C) + 273

1 dm3 = 1000 cm3

1 m3 = 1000 dm3
1 tonne = 1000 kg
1 atm = 1.01 × 105 Pa

Multiple Prefix Symbol Multiple Prefix Symbol

10 –9 nano n 10 3 kilo k
10 –6 micro μ 10 6 mega M
10 –3 milli m 10 9 giga G

© WJEC CBAC Ltd. BE*(S22-B410U20-1A)

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Infrared absorption values

Bond Wavenumber / cm –1

C Br 500 to 600
C Cl 650 to 800
C O 1000 to 1300
C C 1620 to 1670
C O 1650 to 1750
C N 2100 to 2250
C H 2800 to 3100
O H (carboxylic acid) 2500 to 3200 (very broad)
O H (alcohol / phenol) 3200 to 3550 (broad)
N H 3300 to 3500

13C NMR chemical shifts relative to TMS = 0

Type of carbon Chemical shift, δ (ppm)

C C 5 to 40

R C Cl or Br 10 to 70

R C C 20 to 50

R C N 25 to 60

C O 50 to 90

C C 90 to 150

R C N 110 to 125

110 to 160

R C (carboxylic acid / ester) 160 to 185

R C (aldehyde / ketone) 190 to 220

O
© WJEC CBAC Ltd. (B410U20-1A)
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1H NMR chemical shifts relative to TMS = 0

Type of proton Chemical shift, δ (ppm)

CH3 0.1 to 2.0

R CH3 0.9

R CH2 R 1.3

CH3 C N 2.0

O
CH3 C 2.0 to 2.5

O
CH2 C 2.0 to 3.0

CH3 2.2 to 2.3

HC Cl or HC Br 3.1 to 4.3

HC O 3.3 to 4.3

R OH 4.5 *

C CH 4.5 to 6.3

C CH CO 5.8 to 6.5

CH C 6.5 to 7.5

H 6.5 to 8.0

OH 7.0 *

O
R C 9.8 *
H

O
R C 11.0 *
OH

*variable figure dependent on concentration and solvent

© WJEC CBAC Ltd. (B410U20-1A) Turn over.

 THE PERIODIC TABLE
1 2 Group 3 4 5 6 7 0
Period s block
1.01 4.00

1 H Key He
Hydrogen Helium
1 relative
p block 2
atomic
6.94 9.01 Ar mass 10.8 12.0 14.0 16.0 19.0 20.2
Li Be Symbol B C N O F Ne
2 Lithium Beryllium Name Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
atomic
3 4 Z 5 6 7 8 9 10
number
23.0 24.3 27.0 28.1 31.0 32.1 35.5 40.0
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar

© WJEC CBAC Ltd.

3 Sodium Magnesium d block Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

39.1 40.1 45.0 47.9 50.9 52.0 54.9 55.8 58.9 58.7 63.5 65.4 69.7 72.6 74.9 79.0 79.9 83.8
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
4 Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
4

85.5 87.6 88.9 91.2 92.9 95.9 98.9 101 103 106 108 112 115 119 122 128 127 131

(B410U20-1A)
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
5 Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54

133 137 139 179 181 184 186 190 192 195 197 201 204 207 209 (210) (210) (222)

▴
Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
6 Caesium Barium Lanthanum Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
(223) (226) (227)

▴
▴
Fr Ra Ac
7 Francium Radium Actinium
87 88 89 f block

140 141 144 (147) 150 (153) 157 159 163 165 167 169 173 175

▴
Lanthanoid
elements Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium
58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71

232 (231) 238 (237) (242) (243) (247) (245) (251) (254) (253) (256) (254) (257)

▴
▴
Actinoid Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
elements Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium
90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103