Magnetic effects of electric current A substance which attracts small pieces of iron and points in North-South direction when suspended freely is called Magnet. In 1819,Hans Christian Oersted discovered a relationship between electricity and magnetism.When electric current is passed through circuit the position of compass needle changes. Thus we can soy that electricity and magnetism are linked to each other. Magnetic field and Field lines When a bar magnet is suspended freely from its centre bya thread,one end of magnet points towards north of earth called North seeking pole or North pale and other end of magnet points toward south of earth called South seeking pole or south pole. Like magnets Repel each other whereas unlike magnet attract each other. The force with which a magnetic pole of a magnet repel or attract another magnetic pole of anather magnet is called magnetic force. The space or region around a magnet within which its influence can be felt by another magnet is called magnetic field, It is denoted by symbol B To locate the magnetic field of a bar magnet,we use iron filling or a magnetic compass.A magnetic field is represented by a series of lines around a magnet. The path along which north pole moves ina magnetic field is called magnetic lines of force or magnetic field line. They show the direction and strength of magnetic field, If magnetic field lines are very close to each other in a particular region,then the strength of magnetic field in that region,is very large. If magnetic field lines are far from each other in a particular region,then the strength of magnetic field in that region,is very small. Stronger field (Lines closer) © Weaker field Magnetic field lines are closed continues curves. No 2 magnetic lines intersect each other. Magnetic field is uniform if its magnitude is equal and direction is same at every point in space,‘Magnetic fields is non-uniform if its magnitude is not equal and direction is not same every point in space, The direction of magnetic field is taken to be the direction in which a north pole ‘of compass needle move inside it. ‘Magnetic field lines emerges from North pole and enter the magnet at south pole Inside the magnet direction of field line is from south pole to north pole. netic field lines due to current carrying conductor When a conductor carries current,a magnetic field is set up around conductor,hh 1)Take a long straight copper wire,two or three cells of 1.5 V each,and plug key.Connect all of them in series. 2)Place the straight wire parallel to and over a compass needle. 3)Plug the key in the circuit. 4)Observe the direction of deflection of the north pole of the needle.If the current flows from north to south,the north pole of the compass needle would move towards east. 5)Replace the cell connections in the circuits. This would result in the change of direction of current through copper wire ie from south to north, 6)Now the needle moves in opposite direction ie towards the west,Magnetic Field due to a current through a straight conductor1)Take a battery rheostat,an ammeter,a plug key and a long straight thick copper wire. 2)Insert the thick wire through the centre,normal to the plane of a rectangular cardboard, Take care cardboard is fixed and does not slide up or down, 3)Connect the copper wire vertically between the point X and Y in series with battery.plug and key. 4)Sprinkle some iron filling uniformly on the cardboard. 5)Keep the variable of the rheostat at a fixed position and note the current through the ammeter. 6)Close the key so that a current flows through the wire.Ensure that the copper wire placed between the points remain vertically straight. ‘7)Gently tap the cardboard a few times.Observe the pattern of the iron filling, They will show a pattern of concentric circles around the copper wire. 8)Place a compass at a point over a circle. Observe the direction of the needle. 9)The direction of the north pole of the compass needle would give the direction of the field lines produced by the electric current through the straight wire at point.Intensity of magnetic field due to current carrying conductor depends on: 1)Amourt of current flowing through conductor Tf the current flowing conductor increases,then deflection of needle of magnetic compass placed near conductor also increases and vice versa. 2)Distance from conductor If magnetic compass is placed near the current carrying conductor, the deflection of needle of magnetic compass is large but if placed away from current carrying conductor the deflection will be small. Right hand Thumb Rule If a current carrying conductor is imagined to be held in right hard such that thumb points in direction of current,then curled fingers of hand indicate the direction of magnetic field, If current flows in upward direction then direction will be anticlockwise, Tf current flows in downward direction then direction will be clockwise.‘The magnetic field around a stroight current carrying conductor or wire can be increased by bending the wire into circular loop. A circular loop is made up of large number of very small straight wires. magnetic Field is produced by an electric current flowing through a circular coil of wire Each small section of current carrying wire contributes to magnetic field lines, At the centre of circular wire field lines become straight and perpendicular to ‘the piare of coil Right hand thumb rule is used to determine the direction of magnetic field produced due to current carrying circular wire, Factors on which magnetic Field produced at centre of a current carrying circular wire depends ore: 1)The amount of current flowing through wire Tf current is increased then deflection of needle of magnetic compass placed inside wire also increases. Strength of mogretic field is directly proportional to current. 2)Radius of circular wire Strength of mogretic field is inversely proportional to radius of circular wire. ‘The deflection of needle of magnetic compass placed at the centre of circular wire of smaller radius is more than that placed at centre of circular wire of larger radius, 3)Number of turns in circular wire If number of turns in circular wire are increased, Mogretic field at the centre of loop increases.. x He Sate, A solenoid is a coil of mary turns of an insulated copper wire closely wound in the shape of a tight spring. When an electric current flow through a solenoid,magnetic field is set up around solenoid similar to that of a bar magnet. One end of a solenoid act as a north pole and other as south pole, Magnetic field is represented by straight magnetic field lines parallel and very close to each other. Magnetic field inside a long solenoid decreases as we move towards ends of solenoid becouse magnetic field lines near the ends of soleraid start spreading out. orce ona current carrying conductor in a magnetic field When a current carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, the conductor experiences a force.orce on a current carrying conductor ina magnetic field When a current carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field,the conductor experiences a force, 1)Toke a small aluminium rod Using two connecting wires suspend it horizontally from a stand, 2)Place a strong horse-shoe magnet in such a way that the rod lies between the two poles with the magnetic field directed upwards For this the north pole of the mogret vertically below ard south pole vertically above the aluminium rod. 3)Conrect the aluminium rod in series with « battery.a key and a rheostat. 4)Now pass a current through the aluminium rad from end A to end 8, 5)It is observed that the rod is displaced towards the left. The red gets displaced, 6)Reverse the direction of current flowing through the rod and observe the direction of its displacement.It is now towards the right. Conclusion 1)Force is exerted on current carrying Aled when it is placed in a magnetic field, 2)Direction of force is reversed when direction of current through conductor is reversed. 3)If the direction of magnetic field is reversed the direction of force gets reversed.Fleming's left Hand Rule Stretch the left hand such that the thumb,first finger and central finger are mutually perpendicular to each other.If the first finger points in direction of magnetic field and central finger points in direction of current,then the thumb will point in direction of force. FE . fi ; i 1)Strength of Magnetic Field Force is directly proportional to strength of magnetic field. 2)Strength of electric field Force is directly proportional to strength of magnetic field. 3)Length of conductor. Force is directly proportional to length of magnetic field. F =K BII Ke F=BII