Exercises of

ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
Code No. MP 323

By

Dr. Abdel-Moniem M. Nassib

Mechanical Engineering Department
University of Assiut

2020/2021
 DISCUSSION TOPICS AND PROBLEMS ON CHAPTER ONE
P2-s1.3 1.1. Name and describe the four major layers of the atmosphere.
1.2. What are the major components of the troposphere?
1.3. Name at least two international organizations initiating air-monitoring
P6-s1.4 programs and discuss the importance of worldwide cooperation in solving
air pollution problems.
P6-s1.5 1.4. In what units of measurement might you expect to see the following
pollutants listed in an air-pollution survey report? (a) Dustfall (b)
Suspended particulates (c) SO2
1.5. From which natural sources might the following pollutants arise:
P7-s1.6
Hydrocarbons, CO, H2S, CH4, and particulate matter (dust, smoke, etc.)
1.6. Calculate the volume of 5 mol of methane at 31°C and 740 mmHg.
P7-s1.5 1.7. Gas from a thermal pool has an SO2 content of 7 ppm at 760 mmHg and
50°C. Calculate the SO2 concentration in micrograms per cubic meter and
milligram per cubic meter.
1.8. The NO2 content of a sample of stack gas measured at 950°C at 2 atm
pressure was 9 ppm. Determine the NO2 concentration in micrograms per
cubic meter and milligrams per cubic meter.
P8-T1.4 1.9. Which of the four main sources is the single largest source of air pollution?
P9-s1.7.1 1.10. What are primary pollutants? Secondary pollutants? Give examples.
P9-s1.7.3 1.11. Define and discuss the settling out potential of particulate and gaseous
pollutants. Give examples of each.
P11 1.12. Define dusts, smokes, mists, fumes, and vapors.
1.13. Determine the settling rate of fly ash composed of 10-µm particles in air at
21°C.
1.14. Calculate the settling rate of a dust cloud generated by a sandblasting
operation if the average particle size is 17 µm in air at 27°C.
1.15. Determine the settling rate of smoke from a grass fire if the average
particle size is 0.8 µm and the temperature is 12°C.
1.16. Calculate the settling rate of dust clouds in a desert dust-storm if the
average particle size is 200 µm and the temperature is l6°C.
P13-s1.9 1.17. In what size range do particles most effectively reduce vision?
P15-T1.7 1.18. Discuss the defense mechanisms of the human respiratory system against
coarse dust, smoke particles, and fumes.
P17-s1.13 1.19. What is the major source of lead in our environment?
P17-s1.14 1.20. How are settleable particulates measured? Suspended particulates?
1.21. A Hi-Volume sampler operated at 1.57 m3/min. The sampling period was
24 h. The filter paper weighed 3.1690 g at the start of the run and 3.5882 g
at the end of the sampling period. What is the concentration of the
suspended particulate in micrograms per cubic meter?
1.22. Why are alkenes more important in the study of air pollution than alkanes?
P20-s1.19.1.1
2
 1.23. What hazards are posed by the polynuclear group of aromatic
P20-s1.19.1.2 hydrocarbons?

1.24. What are the primary natural and anthropogenic sources of the
P20-s1.19.1.3 hydrocarbons found in the atmosphere? What is the major anthropogenic
source?
P21-s1.20
1.25. In 1977, the total emission of CO on a weight basis accounted for slightly
over half (53 percent) of all anthropogenic air pollutants. Discuss the short-
term and long-range hazards posed by large increases in the CO content of
the atmosphere.
P23-s1.21 1.26. List the oxides of sulfur and indicate which are of primary concern in air
pollution.
P23-s1.21.1.11.27. What particular health hazards are posed by SO2 in a dusty atmosphere?
Discuss these hazards in relation to major air-pollution disasters of this
century.
P25-s1.21.1.31.28. What is the mechanism by which H2SO mist can cause destruction of
limestone surfaces? Show the chemical reaction.
P25-s1.21.21.29. On a national basis, what are the principal sources of SO x emissions to the
atmosphere?
1.30. A power plant burns 20 tones of coal per hour, and the average sulfur
content of the coal is 4.5 percent. What is the approximate emission of SO2
in tones per day?
1.31. Which two of the gases that make up the oxides of nitrogen are of primary
P26-s1.22 concern to air- pollution-control officials? Of these two gases, which one is
emitted into the atmosphere in the largest quantities? Which one of these
two gases is most toxic as far as humans are concerned?
P27-s1.23 1.32. What are two chemical compounds that are necessary ingredients for the
production of photochemical smog?
1.33. What are the major natural and anthropogenic sources of nitrous oxides in
P27-28-s1.23.1 the atmosphere?

P28-s1.23.1 1.34. Discuss the causes and relevance of diurnal variations in NO and NO2.
1.35. The average car emits about 4 g of nitric oxide (NO) per mile. The average
automobile in this country travels about 16,000 mile/yr. Estimate the
simple calculations number of tones of NO emitted by each automobile per year. The number
of automobiles in the United States is about 110 million. Calculate total NO
emissions from automotive transportation in tones per year.
1.36. What is the major photochemical oxidant found in the atmosphere? What
P29-s1.24
detrimental effects does this oxidant have on humans and animals? On
plants?On materials?
P31-s1.25.21.37. What is a PSI? What are the six descriptors used in the PSI health-effects
P32-T1.19 ratings?
P33-s1.25.4.21.38. Define emission inventory and discuss the methods used in such an
inventory and the uses to which the inventory may be put.

3
 1.39. What are the five basic air pollutants that have traditionally been included
in an emission inventory? Which of these pollutants has been dropped from
some inventories? Why?
P16-s1.12.2 1.40. The measurement of the dust size distribution in an industrial plant yielded
T1.7-F1.7 the following data:
Particle size, µm %, wt.
fraction
0-1 8
1-2 10
2-3 12
3-4 15
4-5 19
5-6 14
6-7 13
7-8 9
What estimated fraction of these particles would be retained in the lungs if
the particles are retained in accordance with Fig. 1-5? How many would be
retained by a person doing light work and breathing at 20 L/min for an 8-h
workday if the air contains 600 g/m3 of this suspended particulate?
P31-s1.25.21.41. a. Define the pollutant standards index (PSI) and the emission factor.

P32-s1.25.4 b. What are the six descriptors and the five basic air pollutants used in
establishing the pollutant standards index ?
1.42. The ambient-air-quality standard for particulate matter is 260 g/m3
(maximum 24-hour concentration and not to be exceeded more than once a
year). If the daily concentration of the particulate matter was measured in a
city for different days and was found to be: 90, 1200, 730, 390, and 240 
g/m3, calculate the PSI for each day and show the suitable descriptor used
in health effect rating.
1.43. Put the mark (  ) for the correct statements and the mark ( X ) for the
wrong statements:
Q1.47.a a- The layer of atmosphere of greatest interest in pollution control is the
troposphere.
P6-s1.5 b- The units for particulate fallout, or dustfall, is to be expressed in
mg/cm2.
c- Smoke consists of finely divided, noncombustable particles contained in
P11-s1.8.1.6 flue gases from combustion of coal.
d- Fly ash consist of finely divided, noncombustible particles contained in
flue gases from combustion of coal.
1.44. Define the primary and secondary pollutants. (Give two examples for
P9-s1.7.1
each).
1.45. The NO2, and SO2 concentrations of a sample of stack gases at 130 C and
870 mm Hg pressure were CNO2 = 9 ppm and CSO2 = 15 ppm . Determine
P7-s1.5 the NO2 and SO2 concentrations in mg/m3, and in μg/m3 if the molecular
4
 number (MN) for O2 = 46 and for (SO2 ) = 64. The standard conditions
(temperature, pressure, and volume) are: 273 K, 760 mm Hg, 22.4 L/mol
respectively.
1.46. Which of the following pollutants is considered primary pollutant and
P9-s1.7.1 secondary pollutant? Why?
Sulfur Dioxide, Ozone, Carbon Monoxide, Peroxyacetyl nitrate,
Hydrocarbon
1.47. Complete the following sentences:
P3-s1.3 a- The four major anthropogenic sources of air pollution are: 1-…...2-
…....3-…..….4-……, and the atmospheric layer of the greatest interest
P7-s1.6
in pollution control is the………….because 1-……..,2-……..
b- The purposes of an emission inventory are: 1-..…2-….…3-…….. The
P33-s1.25.4.1:2
emission inventories are used to 1-…….2-……
c- Particles may be classified according to their mode of formation as
P10-s1.8.1.2 solids such as:-
1-…….2-…....3-….….4-…….and liquids such as 1-……..,2-……..
d- Particulates in the size range of ….to …m and gas molecules such as
ch2
……are the major contaminants that contribute to reduce ……
e- The five basic air pollutants that have been included in an emission
P33-s1.25.4.2 inventory are:-
1-….…2-…...…3-…..….. 4-……...5-……..…
f- Settleable particulates are usually measured by means of a………, while
P17-s1.14 suspended particulates matter are often sampled by means of a
………..and ………….

5
DISCUSSION TOPICS AND PROBLEMS ON CHAPTER TWO
2.1 Name the elemental properties of the atmosphere.
2.2 Discuss the scales of motion in relation to their influence on air quality.
2.3 Explain the relationship between the adiabatic lapse rate of a rising plume
of stack gas and the ambient lapse rate.
2.4 What is the dry adiabatic lapse rate? The wet adiabatic lapse rate? Explain
why they differ.
2.5 Explain the relationship between ambient and adiabatic lapse rates and
atmospheric stability. What is the boundary line between stability and
instability in Fig. 2-3?
2.6 A rising parcel of dry air has a temperature of 15°C at sea level. Assuming a
dry adiabatic lapse rate, determine the temperature at 1000 m.
2.7 A rising plume of stack gas has a temperature of 1000°C at 200 m.
Assuming a dry adiabatic lapse rate, determine the temperature at 800 m.
2.8 A parcel of dry air rising over a grass fire has a temperature of 60°C at 10m.
Assuming a dry adiabatic lapse rate, determine the temperature at 200 m.
2.9 Name and define the two types of thermal inversions. Which type prompts
the formation of fog?
2.10 What weather is usually associated with high-pressure systems? Low-
pressure systems? Discuss the weather generated by such systems in
relation to air pollution problems.
2.11 Define: Cyclone - anticyclone - relative humidity - wind rose - sea breeze
land breeze washout - cold front - warm front – psychrometer - acid rain -
rainout - super adiabatic rate.
2.12 Sketch the following plume phenomena and discuss each sketch in relation
to dry adiabatic lapse rate: (a) looping. (b) fanning. (c) trapping, (d) neutral,
(e) lofting, (f) coning, and (g) fumigating.
2.13 Under ordinary circumstances what should the height of a stack be in
relation to the height of nearby structures?
2.14 Determine σz, at the point of maximum concentration downwind from a
source with effective stack height of 60 m.
2.15 Determine σz, at the point of maximum concentration downwind from a
source with effective stack height of 80 m.
2.16 Determine σz, at the point of maximum concentration downwind from a
source with effective stack height of 120 m.
2.17 What is meant by effective stack height and what factors control this?
2.18 A coal-fired power plant burns 24,000 tones of coal per day. The coal has a
sulfur content of 4.2 percent. The physical stack height is 200 m. The inside
diameter of the stack is 8 m. The stack-gas exit velocity is 18.3 m/s; the gas
has a temperature of 140°C. The ambient air temperature is 8°C. The
atmospheric pressure is 1000 millibars, and the average wind speed is 4.5
m/s.
6
2.19 Compute the effective stack height. What is the maximum ground-level
concentration of SO2 and how far is this from the plant? Does this plant by
itself cause concentrations at the receptor in excess of the annual ambient-
air-quality standard? Use moderately unstable conditions.
2.20 A coal-burning power plant burns 6.25 tons of coal per hour and discharges
the combustion products through a stack that has an effective height of 80
m. The coal has a sulfur content of 4.7 percent and the wind velocity at the
top of the stack is 8.0 m/s. Atmospheric conditions are moderately to
slightly stable. Determine the maximum ground-level concentration of S02
and the distance from the stack at which the maximum occurs.
2.21 Assuming a wind speed of 1 m/s and a source emitting 0.7 g of air
contaminants per second, what is the contaminant concentration in the
plume? What is the contaminant concentration in the plume assuming wind
speed increases to 8 m/s and contaminant emission rate remains the same?
2.22 A power plant burns 7.30 tones of coal per hour and discharges the
combustion products through a stack with an effective stack height of 75 m.
The coal has a sulfur content of 4.1 percent and the wind velocity at the top
of the stack is 3.0 m/s. Atmospheric conditions are stable. Determine the
maximum ground-level concentration of SO2 and the distance from the
stack at which the maximum occurs.
2.23 From the data in Prob. 2-21 determine the ground-level concentrations at a
distance of 2.5 km downwind at the centerline of the plume and at a
crosswind distance of 0.3 km on either side of the centerline.
2.24 From the data in Prob. 2-22 determine the ground-level concentrations at a
distance of 3.25 km downwind at the centerline of the plume and at a
crosswind distance of 0.5 km on either side of the centerline.
2.25 From the data in Prob. 2-23, determine the ground-level concentrations at a
distance of 4.2 km downwind at the centerline of the plume and at a
crosswind distance of 0.4 km on either side of the centerline.
2.26 Determine the effective height of a stack given the following data:-
(a) Physical stack is 180 m tall with a 0.95-m inside diameter.
(b)Wind velocity is 2.75 m/s.
(c) Air temperature is 20°C.
(d) Barometric pressure is 1000 millibars.
(e) Stack gas velocity is 11.12 m/s.
(f) Stack gas temperature is 160°C.
2.27 Determine the effective height of a stack given the following data:-
(a) Physical stack is 170 m tall with a 1.25-m inside diameter.
(b) Wind velocity is 5.17 m/s.
(c) Air temperature is 18°C.
(d) Barometric pressure is 1000 millibars.
(e) Stack gas velocity is 8.75 m/s.
7
 (f) Stack gas temperature is 128°C.
2.28 Determine the effective height of a stack given the following data:
(a). Physical stack is 230 m tall, with a 1.85-m inside diameter.
(b) Wind velocity is 6.5 m/s,
(c) Air temperature is 7°C.
(d) Barometric pressure is 1000 millibars.
(e) Stack gas velocity is 12.3 m/s.
(f) Stack gas temperature is 190°C.
2.29 What two air contaminants are of major concern in reduction of visibility?
2.30 Name, define, and discuss three meteorological changes on the regional and
local scale that have been attributed to air pollution.
2.31 Discuss the suspected relationship between specific types of air pollution
and meteorological changes on the macro scale.

8
 DISCUSSION TOPICS AND PROBLEMS ON CHAPTER THREE
3.1 Name five natural removal mechanisms at work in the atmosphere. Which
is the most important particulate removal mechanism?
3.2 What are two broad approaches to control of air pollution emissions?
3.3 Name and discuss four methods of controlling emissions at the source.
3.4 What specific air-pollution-control devices are available for control of
particulate emissions at their source? Indicate the size range of the
particulate that each type of unit is capable of removing efficiently.
3.5 A settling chamber that is 12 m long, 2 m high, and 2 m wide processes 240
m3/min of air at a temperature of 75°C. Determine the maximum size of the
particle with specific gravity of 1.8 and that is removed with a theoretical
efficiency of 100 percent?
3.6 A series of horizontal trays is placed in the settling chamber described in
Prob. 3.5. The trays are 10 m long, 20 cm apart, and reduce the cross-
sectional area of the tank by 10 percent. Determine the smallest particle that
can be removed with a theoretical efficiency of 100 percent.
3.7 Draw a size-efficiency curve for the system in Prob. 3.5.
3.8 Draw a size-efficiency curve for the system described in Prob. 3.6.
3.9 It is desired to construct a settling chamber to remove particles from an air
stream of 20 m3/min. The temperature of the air is 50°C, and the specific
gravity of the particles is 2.5. The chamber is to be strapped to the ceiling of
an industrial building, and the space is limited vertically to 2 m and
horizontally to 1.5 m. Determine the length required to remove 100 percent
of 50-µm particles.
3.10 A cyclone of standard dimensions with a diameter of 1.6 m processes 4.5
m3/s of air with a temperature of 50°C. Determine d 50 if the specific gravity
of the particles is 1.2.
3.11 For the cyclone system described in Prob. 3.10, determine the collection
efficiency for particles with diameters of (a) 5 µm and (b) 30 µm.
3.12 It is desired to design a cyclone that will remove a 15-µm particle with 50
percent efficiency from an air stream of 6.0 m3/min. The temperature of the
air is 75°C, and the specific gravity of the particles is 1.5. The cyclone is to
have standard dimensions. Assume five turns.
3.13 Determine d50 for the gas-particle stream of Prob. 3.10 if a bank of 64
cyclones with diameters of 20 cm is used.
3.14 The size distribution of particles in an air stream is given as follows:
Size range Average particle size, µm Percent by mass
0-10 5 18
10-20 15 32
20-30 25 24
30-50 40 16
>50 65 10
3
The air stream contains 11.2 g/m of particles. Determine the overall
efficiency if the d50 of the cyclone is 7.0 µm.
9
3.15 Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of wet collectors.
3.16 Under what industrial-plant operating conditions would use of a fabric
filter be inappropriate?
3.17 Determine the filter cloth area to process a flow of 8.8 m3/s of gas at a
filtering velocity of 1.5 m/min.
3.18 The diameter of the bags used in the system described in Prob. 9.17 is 20
cm; the length is 5 m. How many bags will be required for continuous
cleaning?
3.19 A filter baghouse must process 15 m3/s of waste gas. The baghouse is to be
divided into eight sections of equal cloth area so that one section can be
shut down for cleaning and/or repairs while the others continue operating.
Laboratory analysis indicates an air-to-cloth ratio of 9.0 m3/min.m2 cloth
will provide sufficient treatment. The bags are 0.25 m in diameter and 7.0 m
long. Determine the number of bags and the physical arrangement to meet
the above requirement.
3.20 Stack gas flows through an electrostatic precipitator at a rate of 12 m 3/s.
The plate area is 250 m2, and the drift velocity for the system has been
found to be
w = 2.8 x l05 dp. Draw a size-efficiency curve for particles ranging in size
from 0.1 to 10 µm.
3.21 An electrostatic precipitator must be designed to process 5 m 3/s of stack
gas. The drift velocity of the fly ash particles has been determined to be:
w = 1.5 x 105 dp
Determine the plate area required to remove particles with diameters of 0.7
µm with 95 percent efficiency.
3.22 If the flow rate of the system in Prob. 3.21 is suddenly increased to 7.5
m3/s. determine the decrease in efficiency.
3.23 What are the principal gases of concern in air pollution control? What are
the four primary types of treatment processes available for control of gases?
3.24 Define adsorption and differentiate between physical and chemical
adsorption.
3.25 Name and describe three types of absorbers.
3.26 Define absorption as it relates to air-pollution-control devices.
3.27 Name and describe four types of absorption units.
3.28 Differentiate between surface condensers and contact condensers.
3.29 What are the four key factors affecting the efficiency of combustion as a
pollution control device?
3.30 Name and describe three types of combustion units used in at-source to
control of air pollution.
3.31 Name and describe three control devices developed for control of
automotive emissions.
3.32 a- Define absorption as a method for control of gaseous pollutants.
b- Name only three different types of absorption units used to control
gaseous pollutants. Mention one advantage and one disadvantage for each
type.
10
3.33 Name and describe a control device developed for control of the following
contaminants:
CO, NOx , and HC from the tail pipe of spark-ignition engine.
Hydrocarbon vapors from fuel tank and carburetor in motor vehicles.
Dry fly ashes ( dp > 1 m ) with collection efficiency < 99 %.
3.34 a- Explain the advantages and disadvantages of ESP units (three for each).
b- An electrostatic precipitator is to be constructed to remove fly-ash
particles from stack gases flowing at 10 m3/s. Analysis of a similar system
shows that the drift velocity, w, and the efficiency, , can be taken as:
w = 3.0 x 105 dp m/s,  = 1 - exp ( - w A / Q )
Determine the plate area A required to collect a 0.8 m particles with:
i- 95 percent efficiency. ii- 99 percent efficiency.
3.35 a- Define the filtering rate which is used in the design of the fabric filters.
Mention and explain briefly the main differences among the three methods
that are used for cleaning the fabric filters.
b- A fabric filter is to be constructed using bags that are 0.35 m diameter
and 5.0 m long. The baghouse is to receive 6000 m3/min of contaminated
gas, and the filtering velocity has been determined to be 1.5 m/min.
Determine the number of bags required for a periodically and continuously
cleaning operations (the number of sections is 6). Also, show the physical
arrangement of the bags to meet the requirement of cleaning.
3.36 i- Mention two advantages and two disadvantages of centrifugal collectors.
ii- Define d50 as a parameter used in the design of a cyclone.
3.37 The size distribution of particles in an air stream is given as follows:
The air stream contains 11.2 g/m3
of particles.

Average
Size % by
particle
range mass
size d, µm
0-10 5 18
10-20 15 32
20-30 25 24
30-50 40 16
>50 65 10

Determine the overall efficiency if the d50 of the cyclone is 7.0 µm.
3.38 a-Define adsorption as a process to control gaseous pollutants. Compare
between physical adsorption and chemical adsorption regarding heat
liberated during adsorption, number of layers of molecules formed on the
surface, the time of reaction and the reversibility of the process.
b- Draw and explain the multiple fixed bed and fluidized bed adsorber
devices.
3.39 Name and describe a control device developed for control the following
contaminants from a petrol engine:-
11
 a- The gaseous emissions (blow-by gases) from the crankcase.
b- Evaporative losses from fuel tank and carburetor.
c- Combined carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon exhaust emissions.
3.40 i- The diameter of particle that can be removed by a gravitational settling
chamber is given by:
0.5
 18 a v h H 
d p  f  m
 gL p 
Where:- f is a correction factor,
H and L are the height and length of the settling chamber respectively,
vh is the horizontal flow-through velocity in the settling chamber.
Deduce the above equation from the first principals assume that the
particles are spherical in shape and fall in free air and the flow is
laminar.
ii-Design a settling chamber for laminar flow for a stream of 100 m3 /s of
standard air ( a = 1.75 x 10-5 kg/m.s ) containing particles having a density
of 1800 kg/ m3 . The chamber must not exceed 3 m in height. It must
collect particles of 70 m diameter with 100 % efficiency allowing a
correction factor f = 2 and a horizontal velocity = 0.4 m/s. determine the
length of the chamber and check the Reynolds Number.
3.41 Complete the following sentences:
i. Particles may be classified according to their mode of formation as
solids such as:1-…….2-…....3-….….4-…….and liquids such as 1-
……..,2-……..
ii. Particulates in the size range of ….to …m and gas molecules such as
……are the major contaminants that contribute to reduce ……
iii. The five basic air pollutants that have been included in an emission
inventory are: 1-….…2-…...…3-…..….. 4-……...5-……..…
iv. Formation of oxides of nitrogen from direct flame flares is resulting
from …….….and …....……..
v. Settleable particulates are usually measured by means of a………,
while suspended particulates matter are often sampled by means of a
………..and ………….
vi. Control of pollutants at their source can be accomplished by several
different means:-
1-….....2-……....3-…….….4-………

12
DISCUSSION TOPICS AND PROBLEMS ON CHAPTER FOUR
4.1 Name and describe a control device developed for control of the following
contaminants:
i- CO, NOx , and HC from the tail pipe of spark-ignition engine.
ii- Hydrocarbon vapors from fuel tank and carburetor in motor vehicles.
iii- Blowby gases from crankcase of an internal combustion engine.
4.2 Complete the following sentences:
a- Metals such as platinum and palladium which are used as catalyst can be
poisoned by:
1-……..…..2-………………..…3-……………………..….
4.3 Which of the following pollutants is emitted by the spark-ignition engine
(Petrol) and by the compression-ignition engine (Diesel)? How each of
these pollutants is formed?
Unburned Hydrocarbons (HC) - Carbon Monoxide (CO) - Nitrogen
Oxides (NOx) - Sulfur Oxides (SOx) - Lead Compounds - Smoke - Odour.
4.4 Complete the following sentences:
a. The four major anthropogenic sources of air pollution are: 1-
……………….......2-….................3-……………….......4-
………………......
b. The wind rose is a plot of the wind………………......and
………………......and their………………......
c. The effective stack height is the sum of
……………..……......+…………..……......
d. The primary gaseous pollutants are:
1- ……………..…….....2- ……………..…….....3-
……………..……..... 4 -……………..……...., and the secondary
gaseous pollutants are :
1…………..…..…….....2………………..…….....
e. Direct-flame combustion flares are frequently used in some industries
such as 1…………..…..……....2…………..…..……....to control high
concentrations of…………..…..……....
f. The four major layers of atmosphere with respect to their closeness to the
earth are 1- …………..…..…….... 2- …………..…..…….... 3-
…………..…..……....4-…………..…..……....
and the layer of the greatest interest in pollution control is
the…………..…..……....because1-…………..…..……....,2-
…………..…..
g. The purposes of an emission inventory are: 1-…………..…..……....2-
…………..…..……....3-…………..…..…….... The emission inventories
are used to 1-…………..…..……....2-…………..…..……....

13
 h. Particles may be classified according to their mode of formation as solids
such as:1-………..2-………....3-……..……....4-………..……....and
liquids such as 1-………....2-………….
i. The factors of the meteorological phenomena that are affecting the
dispersion of air pollutants are: 1-……..……....2-………..……....3-
….…....4-……......
4.5 Put the mark (  ) for the correct statement and the mark ( X ) for the wrong
statement:
( ) - The alkenes, are unsaturated and highly reactive in atmospheric
photochemistry.
( ) - The concentration of the suspended particulates is usually measured
by an anemometer..
( ) - The concentration of the settleable particulate is usually measured by
dust fall bucket.
( ) - Carbon monoxide (CO) and sulfur dioxide (SO 2) are considered as
secondary pollutants.
( ) - A wind vane is used to measure wind speed.
( ) - The ozone (O3) layer is existed in the thermosphere layer.
( ) - The concentration of suspended particulates is to be expressed in
μg/cm2 y.
( ) - The hydrocarbon (HC) reacts with the hemoglobin of blood to give
carboxyhemoglobine.
( ) - The spray towers can be used to remove both particulate and gaseous
contaminants.
( ) - In a continuous, or automatic cleaning operation in fabric filters,
cleaning of some parts of the filter occurs at all times.
4.6 Compare between the two equipment as given in the following table:

Equipment Gravitational settling Centrifugal collectors-

chambers cyclones
Minimum …………………………… ………………………………
particle size,
µm
Efficiency % ……………………………… ………………………………
(mass basis)
Advantages 1- ………………………… 1-………………………
2-…………………………… 2-…………………………
Disadvantages 1- ………………………… 1-……………………………
2- ………………………… 2-……………………………

14
 0.137 g
100 mL
104C
0.183g
mg/L
100 mL
327.485 g
327.517 g
mg/L

54.367 g 600C
mg/L
600C
327.489 g
mg/L

15
16
 ‫امتحان أعمال سنة‬
University of Assiut ‫االمتحان مكون من ورقة واحدة على الوجهين‬
Faculty of Engineering Environmental Engineering, code No: MP 323
Mechanical Eng. Dept. Year Work Exam.
Third Year Mech. Time allowed: one hour, 6th Dec., 2017
:‫الفصل‬ :‫االســـم‬
‫المجموع‬ ‫درجة السؤال الثالث‬ ‫درجة السؤال الثاني‬ ‫درجة السؤال األول‬
Answer the Following Questions:
(1) Complete the following sentences: (20 marks)
a. …….…….......of pollutants by wind currents……………….…… the
concentrations of pollutants in any one place.
b. Effects of air pollution are 1-…………………………….……2.………
3-………………… 4- ………………………..………… 5- …...…..
c. The two broad approaches to the control of particulate and gaseous
contaminants are:-
1- ………………………………2- ………….…………………..
d. The wind rose is a plot of the wind…………………….….and
…………………………….…and their………………
e. The effective stack height is the sum of
………………………………….…+…………………………….…
f. In Portland cement industry the sources of emissions are:
1-……..………2-……….……………3-………….
and the methods of control of emissions are:
1-………………………2-……………… .3-…………
g. The control devices for particulate contaminants are:
1-……………2-………………3-………… 4-…………..5-………
h. The common types frequently used as adsorption equipment are:
1-………….… 2- ………………… 3- …………..
i. The purposes of an emission inventory are:-
1- …………
2-…………………………….
3- …………………
j. The emission inventories are used to:
1-……………………………………
2-…………………………………
3- ……………
k. Particles may be classified according to their mode of formation as solids
such as:-
1-………………….…………....
2-…………………………..
3-………………….………………...
4-……………………………..
and liquids such as:- 1-……….…...…….... 2- ………………….…...
(2) a- Define the pollutant standard index (PSI) (1 mark)
17
……………………………………………………………………………………
b- What are the five basic air pollutants and the six descriptors used in
establishing the pollutant standards index health-effects ratings?
(6 marks)
The five basic air pollutants are
1-………….…………………....2-…………………………3-
……....4…………………… 5-….…………...…………
The six descriptors are:
PSI value 1- 2- 3- 4- 5- 6-
Descriptor
(3) i- Compare between the gravitational settling chamber and Centrifugal
collector as shown in the following table:- (7 marks)
Device Minimum Efficien Advantages Disadvantages
particle cy
size . µm %
(mass
basis)
Gravitati >……… <…… 1- ………………. 1- …………………
onal …… µm ……… ………… …….………
settling
chamber 2- ……………… 2- …………………
Centrifu µm -µm …-… 1- ……………… 1- …………………
gal
collector 2- ……………….. 2- …………………
3- ……………..… 3- …………………
ii- Define d50 as a parameter used in the design of a conventional cyclone
(1 mark)
……………………………………………………………………………………

18
iii- An air stream has a volume flow rate of 52650 m3/ hr and a temperature of
80C ( g = 2.1 x 10 -5 kg/m.s ).
A conventional cyclone with
diameter (D) of 3 m is used for
removing the particulate matter
(p = 1800 kg/m3) from the air.
The entrance of the cyclone has
a rectangular shape with height h
= 0.5 D and width b = 0.25 D
and the number of effective turns
is 5. Determine the d50 and the
collection efficiency for particles
with diameter of 10 μm, 20 μm
and 40 μm for this cyclone.
0.5
 9μ b 
g
d   m
50  2N v ρ 
 e i p
(5 marks)
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
End
Good Luck. Dr. A. M. Nassib

19
 ‫امتحان نهاية العام لطالب الفرقة والطالب من اخلارج‬
Assiut University Mechanical Eng. Program
Faculty of Engineering Course: Environmental
Dept. of Mechanical Eng. Engineering
1st Semester – Final Exam Code No MP 323
2017/2018 27th Dec. 3rd year – by law:2004
2017 Time: 3 Hours Marks: 70
 This exam measures ILOs no.: a8, a11, b9, c11,& d7
Important
 No. of pages: 2 - No. of questions: 6
remarks
 Assume Any Missing Data
Answer the Following Questions
Question no. 1 (12 marks)
(1) Complete the following sentences:
a. Dust, small, solid particles created by ……… through processes such as
1- ……..,2- …… or 3- …. dusts may range in size from …. to …….. µm.
b. Fumes are fine, solid particles often metallic oxides such as 1-……..
oxides, and 2- ……... oxides, they formed by the condensation of vapors
of solid materials. Fumes may be from 1………., 2……………..,
processes, and they range in size from ….. µm to …… µm.
c. Combustion is a process used to convert the air contaminants (usually 1-
……… or 2- …………) to innocuous compounds ‫ مركباا ييار راارة‬such
that 1- ……….. and 2- …………….
d. Ozone is a ……… of major concern in air pollution, is produced in the
upper atmosphere by ………
e. To avoid damaging of catalytic converters the gasoline used in the cars
must be free from 1. ………… 2- ……………3- ………………
f. The fuel tank vents and …………. in motor cars are connected to
a canister containing…………to decrease…………… (12 marks)
Question no. 2 (12 marks)
(2) a- Name and describe a control device developed for control of the following
contaminants:-
i. The gaseous emissions (blow-by gases) from the crankcase of
automotive vehicles.
ii. Large quantities of highly combustible waste gases produced from
petrochemical plants and refineries. (6 marks)
3
b- The ambient-air-quality standard for particulate matter is 260 g/m
(maximum 24-hour concentration and not to be exceeded more than once a
year). If the daily concentration of the particulate matter was measured in a
city for different days and was found to be: 80, 1500, 650, 850, 390, and 170
3
g/m , calculate the PSI for each day and show the suitable descriptor used
in health effect rating. (6 marks)
SEE THE SECOND PAGE

20
 THE SECOND PAGE
Question no. 3 (12 marks)
(3) a- Mention four types of pollutants emitted from the tail pipe of spark
ignition engines. (4 marks)

b- Name and describe in detail the three basic types of catalytic-converter

systems, which are used to reduce the amount of pollutants in the exhaust
gases to the required standard levels. (8 marks)
Question no. 4 (12 marks)
(4) a-What are the factors affecting the plume rise of gases from the stack?
(3 marks)
b- A coal-fired power plant burns 2,000 tons of coal per day. The coal has a
sulfur content of 4.7 percent by mass. The physical stack height is 180 m.
The inside diameter of the stack is 3 m. The stack-gas exit velocity is 18.3
m/s and the stack gas temperature is 150 C. The ambient air temperature is
15C. The atmospheric pressure is 1 bar, and the average wind speed is 5
m/s. Calculate:
i. The effective stack height using Holland's equation (given below).
ii. The sulfur dioxide emission rate from the stack in g/s.
iii. The maximum ground-level concentration of SO2 along the plume
centerline in µg/m3 (take σy = 50 m, and σz = 90 m). (9 marks)

h 
vs d   3 Td 
Holland's equation 1.5  2.68 x 10 P  m
u   Ts 
 1  H 
2
  1 y 
2

Q  
C x ,y  exp    exp  
  g/m3
 u y  z  2   z    2   y  
Question no. 5 (12 marks)
(5) Compare between electrostatic precipitator and fabric filter (bag house filter)
as shown in the following table:-
Device Minimum Efficiency Advantages Disadvantages
particle % (mass
size . µm basis)
Electros >…… µm .…_…. 1- ……. 1- …….
tatic 2- …..... 2- ……
precipit 3- …... 3- …….
ator 4- ……. 4- ……
Fabric <….. µm >……. 1- …… 1- ……
filter 2- …… 2- …...
(bag 3- ….... 3- …..
house 4- …… 4- …….
filter)
(12 marks)

21
‫)‪Question no. 6 (10 marks‬‬
‫‪-6‬أ اشرح طرق إزالة المواد العضوية من المياه المتخلفة بواسطة عمليا االمتزاز أو باألكسدة الكيميائية‪.‬‬
‫‪-6‬ب اشرح الطرق المستخدمة في معالجة المياه عند استخدام مصدر سطحي للمياه و مصدر مياه جوفية‪.‬‬
‫‪End Good Luck‬‬ ‫‪Dr. A. M. Nassib‬‬

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