BIOLOGY

MELC 5
• Explain the occurrence of evolution
What I need to know ?

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

Explain the occurrence of evolution

Give the importance of

understanding the origin of life.
Biodiversity
and
Evolution
 Evolution
⮚ is the change in the characteristics
of a species over several
generations and relies on the
process of natural selection.
 Evoluti Evolution is a change in a genetic makeup (and often
the heritable features) of a population over time.
on Biologist sometimes define two types of evolution
based on scale:
Macroevolution refers to large scale
changes that occur over extended time
periods, such as the formation of new
species and groups.

Microevolution refers to small-scale

changes that affect just one or a few genes
and happen in populations over shorter time
scale.

Charles Robert Darwin

English Naturalist, Geologist and Biologist
EVIDENCES FOR
EVOLUTION
COMPARATIVE ANATOMY

Comparative anatomy is the study of the body structures

of animal to know how they have evolved from the likes
of their common ancestors for the purpose of adapting
to their environment.
Comparative anatomy poses two main ideas or concepts.
These are Homologous structures and Analogous
structures.
GENETIC INFORMATION

Another evidence of evolution is provided by the

biochemical analysis and amino acid sequence of
the organisms’ DNA. The greater the similarity in
amino acid sequence, the closer the relationship of
the organisms.
GENETIC INFORMATION
Look at the table below. It shows the differences of amino acids of humans from other organisms.
Theories
of
Evolution
 Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck
- In 1809, the year when Charles Darwin was
born, Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck (1744-1829), a
French naturalist, published a book entitled
Zoological Philosophy wherein he presented his
ideas on evolution. Lamarck was the first
biologist who offer a concrete hypothesis to
explain how plants and animals might have
evolved. (Source: Connecting Science 10 A
Progressive Approach, page 198)
- He has developed three theories about
Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck evolution.
 Lamarck’s Theories of
Evolution
• Theory of
Need to him organisms change in
▪ According
response to their environment.
▪ The ability of organisms to survive has
helped them to adapt to the
environment in which they live.
 Lamarck’s Theories of
Evolution
• Theory of Use and Disuse
▪ According to him, organs not in use
will disappear while organs in use
will develop.
 Lamarck’s Theories of
• Theory of Use Evolution
and Disuse
▪ Lamarck believed that giraffes
used to have short necks but
because of what they ate in the
tall trees and they needed to
survive they stretched their
necks to reach the food and that
is said to be the reason why the
giraffe's necks are long.
 Lamarck’s Theories of
Evolution
• Theory of Acquired Characteristics
▪ According to Lamarck, the offspring
inherited the acquired characteristics of
having a long neck of giraffes and it is
propagated to the next generation of
giraffes.
 Lamarck’s Theories of
Evolution
• Theory of Acquired Characteristics
▪ Parent animals could pass on its offspring the
characteristics it had acquired during its lifetime;
thus, the offspring would inherit those
characteristics that had become enlarge because
of excessive use, or that which has grown
smaller from disuse.
Do you believe in Lamarck's
theory of Theory of Acquired
Characteristics?
If you change the color of your hair from
black to blond, do you think your child
can inherit the blond color of your hair?
Why?
A young lady keeps on using whitening
soap and becomes fair? Can her child
inherit her acquired fairness?
 Charles Darwin, in
full Charles Robert Darwin, (born
February 12, 1809, Shrewsbury,
Shropshire, England—died April
19, 1882, Downe, Kent), English
naturalist whose scientific theory
of evolution by natural selection
became the foundation of modern
Charles Robert Darwin evolutionary studies.
 - Charles Darwin's theory of
evolution states that evolution happens
by natural selection. Individuals in a
species show variation in physical
characteristics.
- Darwin believed that organisms change
over time, however, his ideas about how
this process were very different from
Lamarck's. According to Darwin, within
any population of organisms, there were
Charles Robert Darwin always individuals with different traits.
 Charles Darwin Theory of Natural Selection
• Natural selection is a process through which populations of
living organisms adapt and change.
• Individuals in a population are naturally variable, meaning
that they are all different in some ways.
• This variation means that some individuals have traits
better suited to the environment than others.
• This is also known as “survival of the fittest” which states
that organisms best adjusted to their environment are
most successful in surviving and reproducing.
Natural Selection is sometime sum up as:
“Survival of the fittest”
Charles Darwin Theory of Natural Selection
“Survival of the Fittest”
 Charles Darwin Theory of Natural Selection
In Galapagos Island, he
observed that finch
species have different
beak structures for
different food types.
The abundance of certain
finch species in an island
was somehow related to
the type of available food
for these birds.
Charles Darwin Theory of Natural Selection
 The four main principles of Darwin’s theory of natural selection:
1. Variation - differences among members of a population that can be
passed on to the next generation. Variations are the basis for natural
selection.
2. Overproduction - having many offspring increases the chance that some
of them will survive. These offspring will compete for resources (food,
shelter, and water). Very few survive long enough to reproduce.
3. Adaptation - set of genetically acquired traits that make the organism
better suited to its environment. Individuals with advantageous
adaptations are more likely to survive and reproduce than those
individuals lacking the adaptations.
4. Descent with Modification – As a favorable adaptations accumulate over
time, more individuals have the favorable traits