Some equations that are scaled to the square equation

1) Type of equation ax 4 + bx 2 + c = 0

This type of equation we solve with replacement x 2 = t , get equation at 2 + bt + c = 0 ,and

− b ± b 2 − 4ac
find t1, 2 = ; then we go back to replacement:
2a

x 2 = t1 and x 2 = t2
x1, 2 = ± t1 and x3, 4 = ± t 2

Example 1. Solve the equation: x 4 − 4 x 2 + 3 = 0

Solution:

x 4 − 4 x 2 + 3 = 0 ⇒ replacement x 2 = t

t 2 − 4t + 3 = 0

a =1 − b ± b 2 − 4ac − (−4) ± (−4) 2 − 4 ⋅1 ⋅ 3

t1, 2 = =
b = −4 2a 2 ⋅1
c=3 4 ± 16 − 12 4 ± 2
t1, 2 = =
2 2
4+2
t1 = =3
2
4−2
t2 = =1
2

Back in x 2 = t :

x 2 = t1 x 2 = t2
x2 = 3 and x2 = 1
x1, 2 = ± 3 x3, 4 = ± 1
x1 = + 3 x3 = +1
x2 = − 3 x 4 = −1
Example 2. Solve the equation: (4 x 2 − 5) 2 + ( x 2 + 5) 2 = 2(8 x 4 − 83)

Solution:

(4 x 2 − 5) 2 + ( x 2 + 5) 2 = 2(8 x 4 − 83)
16 x 4 − 40 x 2 + 25 + x 4 + 10 x 2 + 25 = 16 x 4 − 166
x 4 − 30 x 2 + 50 + 166 = 0
x 4 − 30 x 2 + 216 = 0 → replacement : x 2 = t
t 2 + 30t + 216 = 0

a =1 − b ± b 2 − 4ac 30 ± 900 − 864

t1, 2 = =
b = −30 2a 2
c = 216 30 ± 6
t1, 2 =
2
36
t1 = = 18
2
24
t2 = = 12
2
Now:

x 2 = 18 x 2 = 12
x1, 2 = ± 18 x3, 4 = ± 12
x1, 2 = ±3 2 x3, 4 = ±2 2
x1 = +3 2 x3 = +2 2
x 2 = −3 2 x 4 = −2 2

Example 3. Solve the equation: ( x 2 − 2 x) 2 − 2( x 2 − 2 x) = 3

Solution:

It is better to take the replacement: x 2 − 2 x = t

( x 2 − 2 x ) 2 − 2( x 2 − 2 x ) = 3
2
( x 2 − 2 x) − 2 ( x 2 − 2 x) = 3

t 2 − 2t = 3
t 2 − 2t − 3 = 0

− b ± b 2 − 4ac
t1, 2 =
a =1 2a
b = −2 2 ± 4 + 12 2 ± 4
t1, 2 = =
2 2
c = −3
t1 = 3
t 2 = −1
Let's go back now to x2 − 2x = t

x 2 − 2 x = t1 x 2 − 2 x = t2

x2 − 2x = 3 x 2 − 2 x = −1

x2 − 2x − 3 = 0 x2 − 2x +1 = 0

We have now two new square equation :

2 ± 4 + 12
x1, 2 =
2
a =1 2±4
x 2 − 2x − 3 = 0 x1, 2 =
b = −2 2
c = −3 x1 = 3
x 2 = −1

2± 4−4
x3, 4 =
2
a =1 2±0
x3, 4 =
x − 2x + 1 = 0
2
b = −2 2
c =1 x3 = 1
x4 = 1

Therefore, solutions are: {3,−1,1,1}

Example 4: Solve the equation: x( x + 1)( x + 2)( x + 3) = 0,5625

Solution: If we multiply all , then we have the problem!

Try to multiply the first two, and the other two, to see what will drop ..

( x 2 + x)( x 2 + 3 x + 2 x + 6) = 0,5625
( x 2 + x)( x 2 + 5 x + 6) = 0,5625 → Not good!

Try to multiply the first and fourth, and second and third

x( x + 1)( x + 2)( x + 3) = 0,5625

( x 2 + 3 x)( x 2 + 2 x + 1x + 2) = 0,5625
( x 2 + 3 x)( x 2 + 3 x + 2) = 0,5625
Well, this is the better ⇒ replacement: x 2 + 3 x = t

t ⋅ (t + 2) = 0,5625
t 2 + 2t − 0,5625 = 0
− 2 ± 4 + 2,25 − 2 ± 2,5
t1, 2 = =
2 2
t1 = +0,25
t 2 = −2,25

x 2 + 3 x = t1 x 2 + 3x = t 2
x 2 + 3x = +0,25
x 2 + 3 x = −2,25
x 2 + 3x − 0,25 = 0
− 3 ± 9 +1 x 2 + 3 x + 2,25 = 0
x1, 2 =
2 −3± 9 −9
x3, 4 =
− 3 ± 10 2
x1, 2 =
2 −3± 0
x3, 4 =
− 3 + 10 2
x1 =
2 3
x3 = x4 = −
− 3 − 10 2
x2 =
2

x2 + x − 5 3x
Example 5. Solve the equation: + 2 +4=0
x x + x−5

Solution:

x2 + x − 5 3x
+ 2 +4=0
x x + x −5
x2 + x − 5 x
+ 3⋅ 2 +4=0
x x + x −5

x2 + x − 5 x 1
It is useful to take replacement = t because then 2 =
x x + x−5 t

1
t + 3 ⋅ + 4 = 0 /⋅ t − 4 ± 16 − 12 − 4 ± 2
t1, 2 = =
t 2 2
t + 3 + 4t = 0
2
t1 = −1
t 2 + 4t + 3 = 0 t 2 = −3
 x2 + x − 5
Back in the replacement =t
x

x2 + x − 5 x2 + x − 5
= −1 or = −3
x x
x2 + x − 5 = −x x 2 + x − 5 = −3 x
x2 + x − 5 + x = 0 x 2 + x − 5 + 3x = 0
x2 + 2x − 5 = 0 x 2 + 4x − 5 = 0
− 2 ± 4 + 20 − 4 ± 16 + 20
x1, 2 = x3, 4 =
2 2
−4±6
− 2 ± 24 x 3, 4 =
x1, 2 =
2 x =1 2
3

−2±2 6 x 4 = −5
x1, 2 =
2

x1, 2 =
(
2 −1 ± 6 )
2
x1 = −1 + 6
x 2 = −1 − 6

{− 1 + 6 ;−1 − 6 ,1,−5 } are solutions

2) Binomial equations Ax n ± B = 0

These are the types of equations: Ax n ± B = 0 where A > 0 and B >0.

First, we try to separate the equation ,using well-known formula , in factors , and use:

M ⋅N = 0⇔ M =0 v N =0

B
This equation can be always solved by the replacement x = y n , when we get shape yn ±1 = 0
A

Example 1. Solve the equation: 8 x 3 − 27 = 0

Solution:

8 x 3 − 27 = 0
(2 x) 3 − 33 = 0
Watch out: it is wrong 8 x 3 = 27 because we “ lost” solutions!
27
x3 =
8
27
x=3
8
3
x=
2

8 x 3 − 27 = 0
(2 x) 3 − 33 = 0
Use formula:

A3 − B 3 = ( A − B )( A2 + AB + B 2 )
(2 x − 3)((2 x) 2 + 2 x ⋅ 3 + 32 ) = 0

(2 x − 3)(4 x 2 + 6 x + 9) = 0 ⇒

2x − 3 = 0 4x 2 + 6x + 9 = 0
2x = 3 or − 6 ± 36 − 144
3 x2,3 =
x1 = 8
2 − 6 ± − 108 − 6 ± 6 3i
x2,3 = =
8 8
− 6 + 6 3i
x2 =
8
− 6 − 6 3i
x3 =
8

− 6 + 6 3i 2(−3 + 3 3i ) − 3 + 3 3i
x2 = = =
8 8 4
− 6 − 6 3i 2(−3 − 3 3i ) − 3 − 3 3i
x3 = = =
8 8 4
Take heed: − 108 = 108 ⋅ − 1 = 36 ⋅ 3 ⋅ i = 6 3i
Example 2. Solve the equation: x 6 − 729 = 0

Solution:

x 6 − 729 = 0
x 6 − 36 = 0
A 2 − B 2 = ( A − B )( A + B )
( x 3 ) 2 − (33 ) 2 = 0 → formula

( x 3 − 33 )( x 3 + 33 ) = 0
( x − 3)( x 2 + 3 x + 9)( x + 3)( x 2 − 3 x + 9) = 0

x−3 = 0 or x 2 + 3x + 9 = 0 or x+3= 0 or x 2 − 3x + 9 = 0
− 3 ± 9 − 36
x1 = 3 x2 , 3 =
2
− 3 ± − 27 − 3 ± 3 3i
x2 , 3 = =
2 8
−3 + 3 3i −3 − 3 3i
x2 = x3 =
2 2
3 ± 9 − 36
x + 3 = 0 → x4 = −3 x 2 − 3 x + 9 = 0 → x5,6 =
2
3 + 3 3i 3 − 3 3i
x5 = x6 =
2 2
Example 3. Solve the equation: 5 x 3 + 2 = 0

Solution:

B
replacement : x = y n A=5, B=2, n = 3
A
2
x = y3
5

3
 2
5 ⋅  y 3  + 2 = 0
 5
2
5 ⋅ y3 ⋅ + 2 = 0
5
y ⋅2 + 2 = 0
3

2 ⋅ ( y 3 + 1) = 0 ⇒ y 3 + 1 = 0

( y + 1)( y 2 − y − 1) = 0
y 2 − y −1 = 0
y +1 = 0
or 1± 1− 4
y1 = −1 y 2,3 =
2
1± i 3
y 2,3 =
2
1+ i 3
y2 =
2
1− i 3
y3 =
2
2
Back in the replacement x = y 3 :
5

2
x = y3
5
2 2
x1 = −1⋅ 3 = −3
5 5
1+ i 3 3 2 1− i 3 3 2
x2 = ⋅ and x3 = ⋅
2 5 2 5
Example 4. Solve the equation: 11x 4 − 17 = 0

Solution:
B 17
replacement : x = y n n = 4, B = 17 , A = 11 ⇒ x = y 4
A 11

4
 17 
11 ⋅  y 4  − 17 = 0

 11 
17
11 ⋅ y 4 − 17 = 0
11
11 ⋅ y 4 − 17 = 0 ⇒ 17( y 4 − 1) = 0 ⇒ y 4 − 1 = 0
( y 2 − 1)( y 2 + 1) = 0
( y − 1)( y + 1)( y 2 + 1) = 0

y −1 = 0 or y +1 = 0 or y2 +1 = 0
y1 = 1 or y 2 = −1 or y 2 = −1
y3, 4 = ± − 1 = ±i
y3 = +i
y4 = −i

17
Back in x = y 4
11

17 4 17 17 17
x1 = 1 ⋅ 4 = ; x2 = −14 = −4
11 11 11 11
17 17
x3 = i 4 ; x 4 = −i 4
11 11
 3) Trinomial equations ax 2 n + bx n + c = 0

These are the types of equations: ax 2 n + bx n + c = 0 , where a,b and c are real numbers (different from zero).

These equations can be solved by replacement x n = t ⇒ x 2 n = t 2 .

Example 1. Solve the equation: x6 + 7 x3 − 8 = 0

Solution:

x6 + 7 x3 − 8 = 0
( x3 )2 + 7 x − 8 = 0 replacement: x 3 = t
t 2 + 7t − 8 = 0
−7±9
t1, 2 =
2
t1 = 1
t 2 = −8

Back in the replacement:

x3 = 1 x 3 = −8
or
x3 − 1 = 0 x3 + 8 = 0
( x − 1)( x 2 + x + 1) = 0 x 3 + 23

x −1 = 0 ( x + 2)( x 2 − 2 x + 4) = 0
v x2 + x +1 = 0
x+2=0 v x2 − 2x + 4
x1 = 1 −1± 3 x 4 = −2
x2 , 3 = 2 ± − 12
2 x5, 6 =
2
−1± i 3 2 ± 2 3i
x2 , 3 = x5, 6 =
2 2
x5, 6 = 1 ± 3i
Example 2. Solve the equation: x 8 + 17 x 4 + 16 = 0

( x 4 ) 2 − 17 x 4 + 16 = 0
Solution: replacement : x 4 = t
x − 17t + 16 = 0
2

17 ± 15
t1, 2 =
2
t1 = 16
t2 = 1

x 4 = 16 or x4 = 1
x 4 − 16 = 0 x4 −1 = 0
x 4 − 24 = 0 ( x 2 − 1)( x 2 + 1) = 0
( x 2 − 2 2 )( x 2 + 2 2 ) = 0 ( x − 1)( x + 1)( x 2 + 1) = 0
( x − 2)( x + 2)( x 2 + 4) = 0 x −1 = 0 v x + 1 = 0 v x 2 + 1 = 0

x − 2 = 0 v x + 2 = 0 v x2 + 4 = 0 x5 = 1 , x6 = −1 , x 2 = −1
x1 = 2 x2 = −2 x 2 = −4 x7,8 = ± − 1
x3, 4 = ± − 4 x7 = +i
x3 = +2i x8 = −i
x4 = −2i
So, solutions are:

{2,−2,2i,−2i,1,−1,+i,−i}
 4) Symmetrical (reciprocal) equations

ax n + bx n −1 + cx n − 2 + ... + cx 2 + bx + a = 0

1
Replacement is: x + =t
x
2
 1
 x +  =t
2

 x
1 1
x2 + 2 ⋅ x ⋅ + 2 = t 2
x x
1
x2 + 2 + 2 = t 2
x
1
x2 + 2 = t 2 − 2 → REMEMBER
x

Sometimes replacement is:

3
 1
x+  =t
3

 x
1 1 1
x 3 + 2 x 2 ⋅ + 3x + 2 + 3 = t 3
x x x
1 1
x 3 + 3x + 3 + 3 = t 3
x x
 1 1
x 3 + 3 x +  + 3 = t 3
 x x
1
x3 + = t 3 − 3t → REMEMBER
x3

etc. ...
Example 1. Solve the equation: 2 x 4 + 3 x 3 − 16 x 2 + 3 x + 2 = 0

Solution:

We share the entire equation with x 2 because it is “intermediate”.

2 x 4 3 x 3 − 16 x 2 3 x 2
+ 2 − + 2 + 2 =0
x2 x x2 x x

1 1
2 x 2 + 3 x − 16 + 3 ⋅ + 2 ⋅ 2 = 0 group members!
x x

 1  1 1
2 x 2 +  + 3 x +  − 16 = 0 replacement: x + = t
 x  x x

2(t 2 − 2) + 3t − 16 = 0
2t 2 − 4 + 3t − 16 = 0
2t 2 + 3t − 20 = 0
− 3 ± 9 + 160 − 3 ± 13
t1, 2 = =
4 4
5
t1 = −4 , t 2 =
2

Back in the replacement:

1 1 5
x+ = −4 x+ =
x x 2
x 2 + 1 = −4 x 2x 2 + 2 = 5x
x 2 + 4x + 1 = 0 2 x 2 − 5x + 2 = 0
− 4 ± 16 − 4 i 5 ± 25 − 16
x1, 2 = x 3, 4 =
2 4
x1 = −2 + 3 x3 = 2
x 2 = −2 − 3 1
x4 =
2

1
Therefore, solutions are 2 and ; − 2 + 3 and − 2 − 3 . Are they reciprocal?
2
1
It is obviously for 2 and and what is with − 2 + 3 and − 2 − 3 ?
2

− 2 + 3 − 2 + 3 − 2 − 3 (−2) 2 − 3 1
= ⋅ = =
1 1 −2− 3 −2− 3 −2− 3

Now (after rationalization),we see that it is also reciprocal.

Example 2: Solve the equation: 12 x 5 + 16 x 4 − 37 x 3 − 37 x 2 + 16 x + 12 = 0

Solution:

This is the fifth degree equation, and one solution is obviously x = −1 .Whole equation we will
share with ( x + 1) .

(12 x 5 + 16 x 4 − 37 x 3 − 37 x 2 + 16 x + 12) : ( x + 1) = 12 x 4 + 4 x 3 − 41x 2 + 4 x + 12

View polynomials sharing!!!

12 x 4 + 4 x 3 − 41x 2 + 4 x + 12 = 0 / : x 2
1 1
12 x 2 + 4 x − 41 + 4 ⋅ + 12 ⋅ 2 = 0
x x

 1   1 1 1
12 x 2 + 2  + 4 x +  − 41 = 0 replacement : x + = t ⇒ x 2 + 2 = t 2 − 2
 x   x x x
12(t − 2) + 4t − 41 = 0
2

12t 2 − 24 + 4t − 41 = 0
12t 2 + 4t − 65 = 0
− 4 ± 56
t1, 2 =
24
13
t1 =
6
5
t2 = −
2

Back in the replacement:

1 13 1 5
x+ = and x+ =−
x 6 x 2
6 x 2 − 13 x + 6 = 0 2x + 5x + 2 = 0
2

13 ± 5 −5±3
x1, 2 = x3, 4 =
12 4
18 3 1
x1 = = x3 = −
12 2 2
8 2 x 4 = −2
x2 = =
12 3

3 2 1 
So:  , ,− ,−2,−1 are solutions!
2 3 2 
Example 2: Solve the equation: x 5 − 7 x 4 + 16 x 3 − 16 x 2 + 7 x − 1 = 0

Solution:

x 5 − 7 x 4 + 16 x 3 − 16 x 2 + 7 x − 1 = 0

One solution is x1 = 1 . The whole equation we share with ( x − 1)

( x 5 − 7 x 4 + 16 x 3 − 16 x 2 + 7 x − 1) : ( x − 1) = x 4 − 6 x 3 + 10 x 2 − 6 x + 1

x 4 − 6 x 3 + 10 x 2 − 6 x + 1 = 0 it is symmetrical / : x 2

x 4 − 6 x 3 + 10 x 2 − 6 x + 1 = 0
1 1
x 2 − 6 x + 10 − 6 ⋅ + 2 = 0
x x

Solutions are: x1 = 1, x2 = 1, x3 = 2 + 3 , x4 = 2 − 3 and x5 = 1