Structural Analysis - II

Indeterminate structures;
Force method of analysis
 Module I
Statically and kinematically indeterminate structures
• Degree of static indeterminacy, Degree of kinematic
indeterminacy, Force and displacement method of analysis

Force method of analysis

•Method of consistent deformation-Analysis of fixed and

continuous beams

•Clapeyron’s theorem of three moments-Analysis of fixed and

continuous beams

•Principle of minimum strain energy-Castigliano’s second theorem-

Analysis of beams, plane trusses and plane frames.
Types of Framed Structures
•a. Beams: may support bending moment, shear force and axial
force

•b. Plane trusses: hinge joints; In addition to axial forces, a

member CAN have bending moments and shear forces if it has
loads directly acting on them, in addition to joint loads
•c. Space trusses: hinge joints; any couple acting on a member
should have moment vector perpendicular to the axis of the
member, since a truss member is incapable of supporting a
twisting moment

•d. Plane frames: Joints are rigid; all forces in the plane of the
frame, all couples normal to the plane of the frame
•e. Grids: all forces normal to the plane of the grid, all couples
in the plane of the grid (includes bending and torsion)

•f. Space frames: most general framed structure; may support

bending moment, shear force, axial force and torsion
 Deformations in Framed Structures

Three forces: N x ,V y ,Vz Three couples: Tx , M y , M z

•Significant deformations in framed structures

Structure Significant deformations

Beams flexural
Plane trusses axial
Space trusses axial
Plane frames flexural and axial
Grids flexural and torsional
Space frames axial, flexural and torsional
Types of deformations in framed structures
b) axial c) shearing d) flexural e) torsional
Equilibrium
•Resultant of all actions (a force, a couple or both) must vanish for static
equilibrium

•Resultant force vector must be zero; resultant moment vector must be

zero
∑Fx =0 ∑Fy =0 ∑Fz =0
∑M x =0 ∑M y =0 ∑M z =0

•For 2-dimensional problems (forces are in one plane and

couples have vectors normal to the plane),

∑F =0
x ∑F =0
y ∑M =0 z
Compatibility

•Compatibility conditions: Conditions of continuity of

displacements throughout the structure

•Eg: at a rigid connection between two members, the

displacements (translations and rotations) of both members must
be the same

9
 Indeterminate Structures

Force method and Displacement method

• Force method (Flexibility method)

• Actions are the primary unknowns

• Static indeterminacy: excess of unknown actions than

the available number of equations of static equilibrium

• Displacement method (Stiffness method)

•Displacements of the joints are the primary unknowns

•Kinematic indeterminacy: number of independent

translations and rotations
Static indeterminacy
• Beam:

•Static indeterminacy = Reaction components - number of eqns

available E = R−3

• Examples:

•Single span beam with both ends hinged with inclined

loads
• Continuous beam
• Propped cantilever
• Fixed beam
Structure Degree of Static
Indeterminacy

12
 Degree of Static
Structure
Indeterminacy

2
• Rigid frame (Plane):

• External indeterminacy = Reaction components - number of eqns

available E =R −3

• Internal indeterminacy = 3 × closed frames I =3a

• Total indeterminacy = External indeterminacy + Internal indeterminacy

T =E +I =(R −3)+3a

• Note: An internal hinge will provide an additional eqn

14
Example 1 Example 2

T =E +I =(R −3)+3a T =E +I =(R −3)+3a

=(2 ×2 −3)+3 ×0 =1 =(3 ×3 −3)+3 ×2 =12

Example 3
Example 4

T =E +I =(R −3)+3a T =E +I =(R −3)+3a

=(3 ×2 −3)+3 ×3 =12 =(4 ×3 −3)+3 ×4 =21
 Degree of Static
Structure
Indeterminacy

63

16
 Degree of Static
Structure
Indeterminacy

1
• Rigid frame (Space):

• External indeterminacy = Reaction components - number of eqns

available E =R −6

• Internal indeterminacy = 6 × closed frames

Example 1

T =E +I =(R −6 )+6a
=(4 ×6 −6 )+6 ×1 =24

If axial deformations are neglected, static indeterminacy is not

affected since the same number of actions still exist in the
structure
 • Plane truss (general):
• External indeterminacy = Reaction components - number of eqns available
E =R −3

• Minimum 3 members and 3 joints.

• Any additional joint requires 2 additional members.

• Hence, number of members for stability, m =3 +2 ( j −3)=2 j −3

• Hence, internal indeterminacy, I =m −(2 j −3)

• Total (Internal and external) indeterminacy

T =E +I =R −3 +m −(2 j −3)
=m +R −2 j
• m: number of members
• R : number of reaction components
• j : number of joints
• Note: Internal hinge will provide additional eqn
Example 1
T =m +R −2 j =9 +3 −2 ×6 =0
E =R −3 =3 −3 =0
I =T −E =0

Example 2
T =m +R −2 j =15 +4 −2 ×8 =3
E =R −3 =4 −3 =1

I =T −E =2

Example 3 T =m +R −2 j =6 +4 −2 ×5 =0
E =R −(3 +1)=4 −4 =0 Hinge at A
I =T −E =0
 Example 4 T =m +R −2 j =7 +3 −2 ×5 =0
E =R −3 =3 −3 =0
I =T −E =0

Example 5 T =m +R −2 j =6 +4 −2 ×4 =2
E =R −3 =4 −3 =1

I =T −E =1

Example 6 T =m +R −2 j =11 +3 −2 ×6 =2
E =R −3 =3 −3 =0

I =T −E =2
 • Wall or roof attached pin jointed plane truss (Exception to the
above general case):
•Internal indeterminacy I =m −2 j
•External indeterminacy = 0 (Since, once the member forces
are determined, reactions are determinable)

Example 1 Example 2 Example 3

T =I =m −2 j T =I =m −2 j
T =I =m −2 j
=6 −2 ×3 =0 =5 −2 ×1 =3
=7 −2 ×3 =1
22
• Space Truss:
•External indeterminacy = Reaction components - number
of eqns available

E =R −6

• Minimum 6 members and 4 joints.

• Any additional joint requires 3 additional members.
• Hence, number of members for stability, m =6 +3 ( j −4 )=3 j −6

• Hence, internal indeterminacy, I =m −(3 j −6 )

• Total (Internal and external) indeterminacy

T =E +I =R −6 +m −(3 j −6 )
=m +R −3 j
Example

• Total (Internal and external) indeterminacy T =m +R −3 j

∴T =12 +9 −3 ×6 =3

E =R −6 =9 −6 =3
 Kinematic indeterminacy

• joints: where members meet, supports, free ends

• joints undergo translations or rotations

•in some cases joint displacements will be known, from the restraint
conditions
•the unknown joint displacements are the kinematically
indeterminate quantities
odegree of kinematic indeterminacy: number of degrees of
freedom

Two types of DOF

• Nodal type DOF

• Joint type DOF
25
•degree of kinematic indeterminacy (degrees of freedom) is
defined as:

•the number of independent translations and rotations in a

structure.

DOF = 1
DOF = 2
•in a truss, the joint rotation is not regarded as a degree of
freedom. joint rotations do not have any physical significance as
they have no effects in the members of the truss

•in a frame, degrees of freedom due to axial deformations can be

neglected
 Kinematic Degree
Structure
of Freedom

2
 Kinematic Degree
Structure
of Freedom

If the effect of the cantilever portion is considered as a joint load at

the roller support on the far right, kinematic indeterminacy can be
taken as 2.
 Kinematic Degree
Structure
of Freedom

3
 Kinematic Degree
Structure
of Freedom

5
 Method of Consistent Deformation
Illustration of the method

Problem

Released structure
 Deflection of released
structure due to actual
loads 5wL4
ΔB =
384EI

C Deflection of released
structure due to
redundant applied as a
load
 RB L3
Deflection due to R B =
48EI

RB L3
ΔB =
48EI Compatibility condition (or equation of
superposition or equation of geometry)
5wL4 = RB L3
384EI 48EI

5wL
∴RB = 8

34
•A general approach (applying consistent sign convention
for loads and displacements): L3
48EI
•Apply unit load corresponding to RB

Let the displacement due to unit load

b Displacement due toRB is RBδ B

35
 5wL4 (Negative, since deflection is downward)
ΔB =−
384EI

ΔB +RBδB =0 (Compatibility condition)

ΔB 5wL
RB =− ∴RB = 8
δB
Example 1: Propped cantilever

P P
MA
A B
l 2 l 2 l 2 l 2

VA VB
Choose V B as the redundant

P
MA

l 2 l 2

VA
Released structure
Find deflection at B of the released structure

1 −PL l ⎛l 2 l ⎞ −5Pl 3
−Pl ΔB = . . ⎜ + . ⎜=
2EI 2 2EI 2 ⎝2 3 2 ⎠ 48EI
M
diagram
EI

Apply unit load on released structure corresponding to VB

and find deflection at B

δB = l 3

3EI
l
1
 −ΔB 5Pl 3 3EI 5P
ΔB +RBδB =0 RB = = . =
δB 48EI l 3
16
+ve sign indicates that VB is in the same direction of the unit load.
i.e., in the upward direction.

P
Pl 5Pl 3Pl
Other reactions MA = − =
2 16 16
l 2 l 2
11P 5P
16 16
5Pl
Bending moment diagram
32

3Pl
−
16
Example 2: Continuous beam
10 kN

A B C
2m 2m 4m

10 kN

A B C

VA VB VC

Choose VB as the redundant

40
Dr.RajeshKN
 10 kN
2m 6m
B
A ΔB C

7.5 kN 2.5 kN
Released structure

15
10
EI
A EI C
B
4m
1⎛ 8 +6 ⎞÷ = 35
× ⎜8 1 25
EI ⎜
0.5×15×8 (0.5×15×8 − 35)
⎝ 3 ⎠ EI EI = EI
Conjugate beam of the released structure (to find ∆B)

∴ΔB = 1 ⎜⎛ 4 ⎞=
25×4 − 0.5×10 ×4 × ⎜ (numerically)
EI ⎝
73.333 3 ⎠ EI
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshK
41N
 1kN

A B C
4m 4m

Released structure with unit load corresponding to VB (to find δB)

l3 83 10.667 (numerically)
δB = = =
48EI 48EI EI (direction is same as ∆B i.e., downwards)

−ΔB −73.333 EI
ΔB +RBδB =0 RB = = . =−6.875
δB EI 10.667 kNm

-ve sign indicates that VB is in the opposite direction of the unit load.
i.e., in the upward direction.

42
Other reactions
10 kN

A B C

VA =4.063 kN 6.875 kN VC =0.938 kN

Bending moment diagram

8.122 kNm
B
A C
−3.752
kNm
Example 3A:
D C
3m
2m

30kN
EI is constant
B
2m

MD
D
HD A
C
6m
2m

VD 30kN
B
2m
HA
Choose H A as the redundant
A
44
To find ∆HA and δHA (using unit load method)

D C
D C
2m 6m 2m
3m
10kN
B
B
E=2x105N/mm2 2m 1kN 2m
A A
I= 2x108mm4

Portion Origin Limits M m Mm m2

AB A 0-2 0 x 0 x2
BC A 2-4 -10(x-2) x -10x2+20x x2
CD A 0-3 -20 4 -80 16

Mmdx 4
1 3 1
Δ =∫ =∫ −10 x +20 x dx +∫ −80
2
HA
EI 2
EI 0
EI dx
4
1 ⎡ x3 2⎤ 1 −306.6
ΔHA = −10 +10 x ⎜+ [−80
⎜ =
EI ⎣ 3 ⎦ EI 0 7 EI
x]
3 2
 4 3
2
x 4 2 3
⎡x ⎤ ⎡
3
16x ⎤ = 69.33
δHA =∫m dx =∫ dx +∫16 dx =⎜ ⎜ +⎜ ⎜
EI EI EI ⎣3EI ⎦ ⎣EI ⎦0 EI
0 0 0

306.67 EI
ΔHA +H AδHA =0 HA =
−ΔδB
= . =4.423 kN
B EI 69.33

46
Example 3B: 2I
D C
6m
2m

I 30kN
B
2m

MD A
D 2I
HD C
6m
2m

VD I 30kN
B
2m
HA Choose HA as the redundant
A
To find ∆HA and δHA (using unit load method)
2I
2I D
D C
C 6m 2m
6m 2m
30kN
I I
B
B
E=2x105N/mm2 2m 1kN 2m
A A
I= 2x108mm4
Portion Origin Limits M m Mm m2
AB A 0-2 0 x 0 x2
BC A 2-4 -30(x-2) x -30x2+60x x2
CD A 0-6 -60 4 -240 16

4 6
Mmdx
ΔHA = ∫ = ∫1 −30 x 2 +60 x dx 1
∫2EI −240
EI 2
EI + 0 dx
1 −240x
ΔHA
1 ⎡
= ⎣ 2 4
⎤
−10x +30x ⎦
3
[ ] =
−92
+ EI 2
2EI 6 0
0EI
 4 6
4 2
⎡x ⎤ ⎡8x ⎤ 69.333 3
δHA =∫m dx =∫x dx +∫16 dx =⎜
2 6

⎜ +⎜ =
EI EI ⎣3EI ⎦ ⎜
⎣EI ⎦ EI
0 0 2EI 0 0

−ΔHA 920 EI
ΔHA +H A =0 HA = = . =13.269 kN
HA δHA EI 69.333
Example 4: Two or more redundants

60 kN 80 kN 50 kN
A B C D
3m 3m 3m 3m 3m 3m

60 kN 80 kN 50 kN
A B C D
3m 3m 3m 3m 3m 3m

Choose VB and Vc as the redundant

50
 60 kN 80 kN 50 kN
A B C D

ΔB ΔC

1kN
A B C D
δCB
δBB

1kN
A B C D
δBC δCC

ΔB +VBδBB +VCδBC =0 ΔC +VBδCB +VCδCC =0

 60 kN 80 kN 50 kN
A B C D
3m 3m 3m 3m 3m 3m

60 kNm
150 kNm 120 kNm
A B C D
3m 15m
825kN 525kN
240 kNm 240 kNm
360 kNm
A B C D

9m 9m
1620 kN 1620 kN

50 kNm 125kNm
B 100 kNm D
A C
15m 3m
437.5kN 687.5kN
EIΔB =3420 +8280 +2325 =14025 EIΔC =2790 +8280 +2850 =13920

A 4 kNm 2 kNm
D
6m B C
12 m
20 kN 16 kN
EIδBB =96 EIδCB =84

4 kNm
A 2 kNm D
B C 6m
16 kN 12 m 20 kN
EIδCC =96
EIδBC =84
ΔB +VB BB +VCδBC =0 ⇒14025 +96VB +84VC =0

ΔC +VBδCB +VCδCC =0 ⇒13920 +84VB +96VC =0

VB =−82 VC =−73.25
kN kN

VB =82 kN (↑) VC =73.25 kN (↑)

VA =19.25 kN (↑) VD =15.5 kN (↑)

 Clapeyron’s theorem of three moments
1. Uniform loading

w1 kN m w2 kN m

A B C
l1 , I1 l2 , I 2

MB MB
MA MC
EI1 EI 2
EI1 EI 2
A B C

+
M/EI diagram for joint moments

w1l12 w2l22
8EI1 8EI 2
A B C
M/EI diagram for simple beam moments
 To find slopes at B using Conjugate Beam Method:
From span AB:

⎡1 M Al1 l1 + 1 . M B l1 2l1 ⎤ ⎡2 w1l12 l1 ⎤

VB1l1 = ⎜ . . . ⎜+⎜ . l1 . . ⎜
⎣2 EI 1 3 2 EI1 3 ⎦ ⎣3 8EI 1 2 ⎦

M Al1 M B l1 w1l13
⇒ V B1 = + + =θBA
6EI1 3EI 1 24EI 1

From span BC:

⎡1 M B l2 l2 1 M C l 2 . 2l2 ⎤ ⎡2 w2l22 l2 ⎤
V B 2 l2 = ⎜ . . + . ⎜+⎜ .l2 . . ⎜
⎣2 EI 2 3 2 EI 2 3 ⎦ ⎣3 8EI 2 2 ⎦
3

⇒ VB 2 = M B l2 + M C l2 + w2l2 =θBC
3EI 2 6EI 2 24EI 2
 θBA

A B C

θBC
Deflected shape

θBA +θBC =0 ⇒ θBA =

−θBC
3 ⎞
M Al1 M B l1
w l 3
⎛M l M w l
⇒ + + 1 1 =−⎜ B 2
+ C
+ 22 ⎜
6EI 1 3EI 1 24EI 1 l2 ⎝3EI 2 6EI 2 24EI 2 ⎠

M Al1 +2 M ⎛l1 + l2 ⎞+ M C l2 =– w1l13 – w2 l23

⇒ EI B ⎜
EI EI ⎜ EI EI EI
1 ⎝ 1 ⎠
2 2 4 1 4 2
2. General loading
a1
a2

A C
B
x1 x2

M Al1 M B l1 a1 x1
θBA = + +
6EI1 3EI1 EI1l1

θBC = M B l2 + M C l2 + a 2 x2
3EI 2 6EI 2 EI 2l2

θBA = M Al1 ⎛l l ⎞ M l 6a x 6a x
⇒ +2M B ⎜ 1 + 2 ⎜+ C 2 =– 1 1 – 2 2
EI EI EI EI EI l EI l
−θBC 1 ⎝ 1 2⎠ 2 11 2 2
 2. General loading with support settlement
a1
a2 δA >δB ;
δB <δC
A C
B
x1 x2

M Al1 M B l1
ax δ −δ M B l2 M C l2 + a 2 x2 +δC − δ
θBA = + + 1 1 + A θBC = +
6EI1 3EI1 EI1l1 B l1 3EI 2 6EI 2 B EI 2l2 l2

θBA =
−θBC
M Al1 ⎛l l ⎞M l 6a x 6a x 6 (δA – δB ) 6 (δC – δB )
+2M B ⎜ 1 + 2 ⎜+ C 2 =– 1 1 – 2 2 – –
EI EI EI EI EI l EI l l l
⇒ 1 ⎝ 1 2 ⎠ 2 11 2 2 1 2
Example 1:

20 kN m 20 kN m

A B C
4m 4m

EI is constant

M Al1 ⎛l1 l 2 ⎞ M C l2 w 3
1l1 w 3
2 l2
+2M B ⎜ + ⎜+ =− −
EI 1 ⎝EI 1 EI 2 ⎠ EI 2 4EI 1 4EI 2 l1 =l2

w1 = w2
2wl 2
4M B =
− 4 M A = M C =0

wl 2 20 ×4 2
∴M B = = =−40
− 8 − 8 kNm
Example 2:
W

A C D
l B l l

EI is constant
Span ABC
EI1 = EI 2 M A =0
l1 =l2

M Al1 ⎛l1 l 2 ⎞ M C l2 w 3
1l1 w 3
2 l2
+2M B ⎜ + ⎜+ =− −
EI1 ⎝EI1 EI 2 ⎠ EI 2 4EI1 4EI 2

⇒ M A +4M B +M C =0

⇒ 4M B +M C =0 (1)
 A C D
l B l l
1 Wl
Wl a2 = . .l
2 4
4EI l
Span BCD x2 =
M D =0 2

6a 6a 2
l (M B +4M C +M D )=− 1 −
x1 l x2 l
⎛1 . Wl .l ⎞
l 2 (M B +4M C )=−6⎜ ⎜2
l ⎝ 4
2 ⎠
3Wl
M B +4M C =− 2
8
−W Wl
(1) & (2 ) MC = MB =
l10 40
 Wl Wl
40 5
A D
B C −W
l10

Bending moment diagram

63
Example 3: 20 kN m 20 kN m

B C
A 6m 8m
EI is constant

20 kN m 20 kN m

B C
A 6m 8m
Imaginary
span A’A

Span A’AB
w1 =0
M A ' =0 EI1 = EI 2
w2 =20 kN m

M A ' l1 ⎛l1 l2 ⎞ M B l2 w1l13 3

+2M A ⎜ + ⎜+ =− −
EI1 ⎝EI 1 EI 2 ⎠ EI 2 w2l2 4EI1 4EI 2
 20 ×6 3
2M A ×6 +M B ×6 =
− 4
2M A +M B = (1)
−180
Span ABC

M Al1 ⎛l1 l2 ⎞ M C l2 w1l13 3

w1 = w2 =20 kN m
+2M B ⎜ + ⎜+ =− −
EI1 w2l2 EI 2
⎝EI1 EI 2 ⎠ 4EI1 4EI 2
M C =0
20 ×6 3
20 ×8 3
6M A +2M B ×14 = −
− 4 4
3M A +14M B = (2 )
−1820

(1) & (2 ) M A =−28 M B =−124

kNm kNm
 Example 4 (Support settlement):

EI is constant EI =26320 kNm 2 δB =δC =87 mm

20 kN m 20 kN m 20 kN m

B D
A 3m 6m C 3m

Span ABC
M A =0 EI1 = EI 2 = EI

M Al1 ⎛l1 l 2 ⎞ M C l2 w1l13 − w2l23 − 6 (δA −δB ) 6 (δC −δB )

+2 M B ⎜ + ⎜+ = −
EI1 ⎝EI1 EI 2 ⎠ EI 2 − 4EI1 4EI 2 l1 l2

1 20 ×33 20 ×63 6 (−0.087 ) 6

(18M B +6M C )=− − − −
26320 ×0 4 ×26320 4 ×26320 3 6

3M B +M C =560.78 (1)
Span BCD
M D =0

M Bl1 ⎛l1 l2 ⎞ M D l2 w l 3
w l 3 6 (δB −δC ) 6 (δD −δC )
+2M C ⎜ + ⎜+ = 1 1 − 2 2 − −
EI1 ⎝EI1 EI 2 ⎠ EI 2 − 4EI1 4EI 2 l1 l2

1 20 ×63 20 ×33 6 ×0 6 (−0.087

6M B +18M = − − −
26320 C
4 ×26320 4 ×26320 6 ) 3
−

M B +3M C =560.78 (2 )

M B =140.195 kNm M C =140.195kNm

Alternatively, from symmetry, M B =M C

3M B +M C =560.78 ⇒ 4M B =560.78 ⇒ M B =140.195 kNm

Examples 5 (Fixed Beam)

P
C
B
A
l

P
C
B
A′ A B′
l
Imaginary Imaginary
span A’A span BB’

M Al1 ⎛l l ⎞ M l 6a x 6a
+2M B ⎜ 1 + 2 ⎜+ C 2 =− 1 1 − 2
EI1 ⎝EI 1 EI 2 ⎠ EI 2 x2 EI1l1 EI 2l2
Span A’AB
1 Pl
a2 = . .l
M A ' =0 Pl 2 4
4EI l
EI1 = EI 2 x2 =
A B 2
6Pl (1)
⇒ 2M A +M B =−
16
Span ABB’
Pl 2 l
M B' =0 EI1 = EI 2 a1 = , x1 =
8 2

6Pl
⇒ M A +2M B =− (2 )
16

(1) & (2 ) M A = M B =−
Pl 8
Examples 6 (Fixed Beam)

B
A l
C

70
Dr.RajeshKN
ENERGY PRINCIPLES BASED ON DISPLACEMENT FIELD

Principle of Minimum Castigliano’s

Total Potential Theorem (Part I)
Energy (PMTPE)

alternative forms of

Principle of Stationary Total

Potential Energy (PSTPE)
Principle of Stationary Total Potential Energy (PSTPE)

When the displacement field in a loaded elastic structure is given a

small and arbitrary perturbation, maintaining compatibility and
without disturbing the associated force field, then the first variation
of the total potential energy is equal to zero, if the forces are in a
state of static equilibrium.

72
Alternative form of Principle of Stationary Total Potential Energy
(PSTPE)

The total potential energy π in a loaded elastic structure expressed as a

function of n independent displacements D1, D2, … Dn in a
compatible displacement field must be rendered stationary, with the
partial derivative of π with respect to every Dj being equal to zero, if
the associated force field is to be in a state of static equilibrium.
Principle of Minimum Total Potential Energy (PMTPE)

When the displacement field in a loaded linear elastic structure is given

a small and arbitrary perturbation, maintaining compatibility and
without disturbing the associated force field, then the first variation
of the total potential energy is equal to zero, if the forces are in a
state of static equilibrium.

Castigliano’s Theorem (Part I)

If the strain energy, U, in an elastic structure, subject to a system of

external forces in static equilibrium, can be expressed as a function
of n independent displacements D1, D2, … Dn satisfying
compatibility, then the partial derivative of U with respect to every
Dj will be equal to the value of the conjugate force, Fj.

74
 ENERGY PRINCIPLES BASED ON FORCE FIELD

Castigliano’s
Theorem (Part II)
Principle of Minimum Total
Complementary Potential
Energy (PMTCPE)

Theorem of Least
Work

alternative forms of

Principle of Stationary
Complementary Total Potential
Energy (PSCTPE)
Principle of Stationary Total Complementary Potential Energy
(PSTCPE)

When the force field in a loaded elastic structure is given a small and
arbitrary perturbation, maintaining equilibrium compatibility and
without disturbing the associated displacement field, then the first
variation of the total complementary potential energy is equal to
zero, if the displacements satisfy compatibility.

76
Alternative form of Principle of Stationary Total Complementary
Potential Energy (PSTCPE)

The total complementary potential energy π* in a loaded elastic

structure expressed as a function of n independent forces F1, F2, …
Fn in a statically admissible force field must be rendered stationary,
with the partial derivative of π* with respect to every Fj being equal
to zero, if the associated displacement field is to satisfy
compatibility.
Principle of Minimum Total Complementary Potential Energy
(PMTCPE)

When the force field in a loaded linear elastic structure is given a small
and arbitrary perturbation, maintaining equilibrium compatibility
and without disturbing the associated displacement field, then the
first variation of the total complementary potential energy is equal
to zero, if the displacement satisfy compatibility.
Castigliano’s Theorem (Part II)

If the complementary strain energy, U*, in an elastic structure, with a

kinematically admissible displacement field, is expressed as a
function of n independent external forces F1, F2, … Fn satisfying
equilibrium, then the partial derivative of U* with respect to every Fj
will be equal to the value of the conjugate displacement, Dj.
If the behaviour is linear elastic, U* can be replaced by U.

Thus, Castigliano’s Theorem (Part II) can otherwise be stated as:

“If U is the total strain energy in a linear elastic structure due to

application of external forces F1, F2, F3, … Fn at points A1, A2, A3,…, An
respectively in the directions AX1, AX2, AX3,…, AXn then the
displacements at points A1, A2, A3,…, An respectively in the directions
AX1, AX2, AX3,…, AXn are ∂U/∂F1, ∂U/∂F2, ∂U/∂F3,…, ∂U/∂Fn
respectively.”
 Proof for Castigliano’s theorem (Part II)
Let x1, x2, x3,… xn be deflections at points A1, A2, A3,… An
due to F1, F2, F3,… Fn
1 1 1 1
Total strain energy, U = F1 x1 + F2 x2 + F3 x3 +… + Fn xn (1)
2 2 2 2

Let the load F1 alone be increased by δF1

Let δx1,δx2,δx3…,δxn be the additional deflections at points A1, A2, A3,… An

Increase in strain energy,

⎛ 1 ⎞
δU =⎜F1 + δ x1 +F2δ x2 +F3δ x3 +… +Fnδ xn
1⎜
⎝ δ ⎠
FF δ x +F δ x +… +F δ x , neglecting small quantities.
δU =F1δ x12+ 2 2 3 3 n n

(2)
80
Dr.RajeshKN
 Let (F1 +δF1 ), F2 , F3 …, Fn are acting on the original structure

Total strain energy,

1
U+δU = (F1 +δF1)(x 1 +δ x 1)+1 F 2 (x 2 +δ x2 )+1 F3 (x 3 +δ x 3)+… +1 F n (x n +δ xn )
2 2 2 2
(3)
1 1 1 1
(1) U = F x + F x + F x +… + F x
2 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 2 n n
⎛1 F1δ x1 + 1 F2δ x2 +… + 1 Fδ x ⎞
δU = 1 x1δ F1 +⎜
(3)-(1)
2 ⎝2 2 2 n n⎜ ⎠

2 U = x1δ F1 + F1δ x1 +F2δ x2 +… +Fnδ xn (4)

(2) δU =F1δ x1 +F2δ x2 +F3δ x3 +… +Fnδ xn
(4)-(2) δU = x1δ F1
81
 δU = x ∂U
When δ F1 → 0, = x1
δ F1 1
∂F
1

∂U ∂U ∂U
Similarly, x 2 = , x2 = ,… x n =
∂F2 ∂F3 ∂Fn

For example, in the case of bending,

⎛M2 ⎞
U = ∫⎜ ⎜ dx
⎝2EI ⎠
∂U ⎛M ⎞∂M dx
∴δ = = ∫⎜ ⎜
∂F ⎝EI ⎠∂F
Example 1: Using Castigliano’s Theorem, analyse the continuous
beam shown in figure.

w kN/m

A C
B L
L

w kN/m

A C
B L
L
RB
wL − wL −
RB 2 RB 2

Let RB be the redundant.

83
 RB ⎞x wx 2
From A to B, M x =⎛
⎜wL ⎜
−⎝ 2−⎠ 2

∂U ⎛M ⎞∂M
δB =0 ⇒ =∫⎜ ⎜ dx =0
∂RB ⎝EI ⎠∂R
B

∂M −
=
∂R
x B 2 For the entire span AC

⎛M ⎞∂M 2 ⎛ RB x wx 2 ⎞−
∴∫⎜ ⎜ dx =0 ⇒ ∫⎜wLx − ⎜ dx =0
⎝EI ⎠∂R EI ⎝ x2 2 ⎠2
B −

5wL
⇒ RB =
4
Example 2: Using Castigliano’s Theorem, analyse the frame shown
in figure.

3 kN/m 3 kN/m

C C
B 2m B 2m

1m 1m
2m 2m D
D
HD

A A
VD
HA

VA

Let HA be the redundant.

 3 kN/m
From A to B,
C
B 2m
M x =−H A
1m x ∂M
2m D =−
HA ∂H A x

A
From B to C,
H
VD =3 −
HA 2 ⎛ HA ⎞ 3x 2
M x =⎜
A
3+ ⎜x − 2HA
⎝ 2 ⎠ 2
HA
VA =3 +
2 ∂M − x
= −
∂H A 2 2

∂M
From D to C, M x =−H A =−
x ∂H A x
 ⎛M
∴∫⎜ ⎞∂M dx =0
⎜
⎝EI ⎠∂H A

1 ⎧2 2
⎛ ⎞
⎛x ⎞
1 ⎫
(−HAx)(−x)dx +∫⎜3x + A −2HA 3x dx +∫(−HAx)(−x)dx⎬=
2
⇒ ⎨ ∫ H x
⎜ −2⎜
⎜
⎝2 0 ⎠ 0
EI ⎩0 0⎝ 2 2 ⎠ ⎭
−
3 2 2 3 1
⎡
HAx ⎤+⎡x HA x
3
HAx 3x
3 2 4
HA x 2
3 ⎤+⎡
HAx ⎤=0
⎜ 3 ⎜ ⎜2 + − − −3x2
− +4H x +x ⎜ ⎜3 ⎜
⎣ ⎦ 0 ⎣ 12 2 16 2
A
⎦
0 ⎣ ⎦ 0

8H A +⎡8 +8H A − 4H ⎤ HA
− 3 − 12 − +8H A +8 ⎜+ =0
3 ⎜
⎣2 12 A
2 2H
A
⎦ 3

HA
H A =0.39 kN VA =3 + =3.19 kN
2
H
VD =3 − A =2.8
kN 2
Example 4: Using Castigliano’s Theorem, analyse the truss shown
in figure. AE is constant.

D C D C
10kN 10kN T

3m 3m
T
A B A B
4m 4m

∂P L
∑ P. ∂T . AE =0 T =6.25kN
Example 4: Do the above problem using the method of consistent
deformation.

D C ∑ P′kL
10kN T =− AE
k 2L
∑ AE
3m

A B
4m
P = P ′ +kT
Note 1: If there are two internal redundants in a truss, in method of
consistent deformation,

P ′k1L
∑ AE 1 ∑ AE 2 ∑ AE =0
2
+T k1 L +T k1k 2 L

P ′k 2 L 2
L
∑ AE 1 ∑ AE 2 ∑ AE =0
+T k k
1 2 L +T k 2

Note 2: If there are both internal redundants external redundants in

a truss, in method of consistent deformation,

P ′k1 L 2
∑ AE +T1 ∑ k1 L +V
AE B ∑ k1k B L
=0
AE

P ′k B L 2
L
∑ AE 1 ∑ AE B ∑ AE =0
+T k k
1 B L +V k B
Example 3: Using Castigliano’s Theorem, analyse the pin-jointed
truss shown in figure.

B C
A 3m 4m

A =400
A =500 A =400
3m

80kN
Internally indeterminate to degree 1.
Take force in BD as redundant.
∂P L
Assume force in BD is T
∑P. .
∂T AE
=0
91
 FAD cos 45 = FCD sin 53.13
64.64 − T
FAD cos 45 +FCD cos 53.13 +T =80 0.808T 57.14 −
0.714T
FCD sin 53.13 +FCD cos 53.13 +T =80
80kN

FCD =57.14 −
0.714T
sin 53.13
FAD =(57.14 − 0.714T ) =64.64 −
0.808T cos 45

∂P L
∑ P. .
∂T AE
=0

⎛4.243 (57.14 −0.714T )⎞ ⎛ 3T ⎞ ⎛5 (64.64 −0.808T )⎞

⎜ ⎜×(−0.714 )+⎜ ⎜×3 +⎜ ⎜×(−0.808 )=
⎝ 500E ⎠0 ⎝400E ⎠ ⎝ 400E ⎠

∴T =49.09kN
 Summary
Statically and kinematically indeterminate structures
• Degree of static indeterminacy, Degree of kinematic
indeterminacy, Force and displacement method of analysis

Force method of analysis

•Method of consistent deformation-Analysis of fixed and

continuous beams

•Clapeyron’s theorem of three moments-Analysis of fixed and

continuous beams

•Principle of minimum strain energy-Castigliano’s second theorem-

Analysis of beams, plane trusses and plane frames.