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Permutation Combination Probability

This document provides information on permutation, combination, and probability concepts including: - The fundamental principle of counting and calculating total number of ways events can occur. - Definitions and formulas for calculating permutations and combinations. - Definitions of probability, mutually exclusive/inclusive events, independent/dependent events, and examples of calculating probabilities of single and multiple events. - Examples of calculating permutations, combinations, and probabilities to problems involving objects, people, flights, cards, electronics parts, stock market performance and more.

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72 views

Permutation Combination Probability

This document provides information on permutation, combination, and probability concepts including: - The fundamental principle of counting and calculating total number of ways events can occur. - Definitions and formulas for calculating permutations and combinations. - Definitions of probability, mutually exclusive/inclusive events, independent/dependent events, and examples of calculating probabilities of single and multiple events. - Examples of calculating permutations, combinations, and probabilities to problems involving objects, people, flights, cards, electronics parts, stock market performance and more.

Uploaded by

stephanniemirador1
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PERMUTATION,

COMBINATION, PROBABILITY
Fundamental principle of counting
If an event can happen in any one of 𝑛1 ways, and if this has occurred,
another event can happen in one of 𝑛2 ways, then the number of ways
in which both events can happen in the specified order is 𝑛1 𝑛2 .
In general, for k events,
𝑛 𝑇 = 𝑛1 ∙ 𝑛2 ∙ 𝑛3 ∙ 𝑛𝑘
Permutation (P)
The grouping of things in a definite order. To permute a set of things means to
arrange them in a definite order.
• Permutation of n distinct object:
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠 = 𝑛!
• No. of circular permutations of n objects:
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠 = 𝑛 − 1 !
• No. of permutations of n objects where one or more objects are repeated:
𝑛!
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 =
𝑥! 𝑦! 𝑧!
• No. of permutations of n distinct objects taken r at a time:
𝑛!
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 =
𝑛−𝑟 !
Combination (C)
A selection of things considered without regard to order or the
grouping of things where arrangement is immaterial.
• Combination of n objects taken r at a time

• Combination of n objects taken all (n=r) at a time

• Combinations that can be made taking successively 1 at a time, 2 at a


time, 3 at a time and so on up to n at a time
Probability
The probability (chance) of occurrence of a certain event in the
following topics are based on the idea that all possible outcomes are
equally likely to occur.
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑣𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 =
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠

𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑢𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 + 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝐹𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑢𝑟𝑒 = 1


• Probability in Single Event. If an event can happen in h ways and can
fail in f ways are equally likely, then in a single trial, the probability
that it will happen is given by,
ℎ
𝑝=
ℎ+𝑓
and the probability that it will fail is given by,
𝑓
𝑝=
ℎ+𝑓
• Mutually exclusive events

• Mutually inclusive events


• Independent Events. Two or more events are said to be independent
if the happening of one does not affect the happening of the others.
The probability that two or more independent events will happen is
the product of their separate probabilities.

• Dependent Events. Two or more events are said to be dependent if


the happening of one affects the probability that the other will
happen. If p1 is the probability that an event will happen, and after it
has happened the second will occur with probability p2, then the
probability that the first event and then the second event will happen
is the product of p1 and p2
➢In how many ways can 6 distinct books be arranged in a bookshelf?
➢How many different ways are there to arrange six people in a round
table?
➢What is the number of permutations of the letters in the word
BANANA?
➢Students at University of the Philippines are classified as being
freshmen, sophomores, juniors, or seniors, and also according to
whether they are male or female. Find the total number of possible
classifications for the students of this college.
➢There are three flights from San Francisco to Las Vegas, four flights
from Las Vegas to New York and five flights from New York to Florida.
How many choices of flights include the San Francisco-Las Vegas-New
York-Florida connection?
➢In how many ways that the Alumni Association at CIT is to select a
president, a vice president and a secretary from 38 members of the
association. Note that order is important in this case.
➢Suppose a poker hand is dealt to an engineer at a casino and the
engineer would like to know how many poker hands are possible
when 5 cards are dealt from 52.
➢Ayala Corporation advertised to hire financial analyst. The company
received applications from 10 candidates who seem to be equally
qualified. The company manager has decided to call only 3 candidates
for an interview. If she randomly selects 3 candidates from the 10,
how many total selections are possible?
➢An employee of a large company, Toyota Motors Inc., is promoted to
management and will be transferred within 6 months. The employee
is told that there is a 33% probability of being transferred to Cebu and
a 50% probability of being transferred to Davao. What is the
probability that the employee will be transferred to Cebu or Davao?
➢Determine the probability of drawing either a king or diamond in a
single draw from a pack of 52 playing cards.
➢A card is drawn from a deck of 52 playing cards. Find the probability
of drawing a king or a red card.
➢Tom flies from San Francisco to New York via Chicago. He takes
United Airlines from San Francisco to Chicago and Beta Airlines from
Chicago to New York. The probability that a United plane lands safely
is 0.95 and the probability that a Beta plane lands safely is 0.98. (a)
Find the probability that Tom Lands safely in Chicago and New York.
(b) Find the probability that Tom lands safety in Chicago but has a
mishap in New York.
➢A batch of electronics parts contains 16, which are within a power
tolerance and 4, which are not. If 3 electronics parts are selected at
random from the batch, compute the probabilities that all three are
within the power tolerance.
➢The probability that the stock market goes up on Monday is 0.60.
Given that it goes up on Monday, the probability that it goes up on
Tuesday is 0.30. Find the probability that the market goes up on both
days.
➢Of the microcomputers manufactured by a certain process, 5% are
defective. Four of the microcomputers are chosen at random. Assume
they function independently, what is the probability that they will
work?

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