IPv6 Intro Part 2: Address

Types and Application

IPv6 Intro – Part 2

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 Objectives

 Describe IPv6 address types and special addresses.

 Describe IPv6 Unicast addresses and assignment methods.
 Explain the stateless autoconfiguration process.
 Describe IPv6 Multicast addresses and their use.
 Describe IPv6 subnetting and aggregation

IPv6 Intro – Part 2

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 IPv6 Address Types

IPv6 Intro – Part 2

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 IPv6 Address Space Overview

Prefix Hex Value Use

0000 to 00FF •Unspecified
•Loopback
•IPv4-compatible
0100 to 01FF Unassigned (0.38 % of IPv6 space)
0200 to 03FF NSAP Network Service AP)
0400 to 1FFF Unassigned (~11% of IPv6 space)
2000 to 3FFF Aggregatable global unicast
(12.5%)
4000 to FE7F (Huge) Unassigned (~75% of IPv6 space)
FE80 to FEBF Link-local
FC00 to FCFF Unique-local
FF00 to FFFF Multicast

Note: IPv6 Internet uses 2001::/3 which is < 2% of IPv6 address space
IPv6 Intro – Part 2
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 Special IPv6 Addresses
IPv6 Address Description

• All networks and used when specifying a default static

::/0 route.
• It is equivalent to the IPv4 quad-zero (0.0.0.0)
• Unspecified address and is initially assigned to a host
::/128
when it first resolves its local link address
• Loopback address of local host
::1/128
• Equivalent to 127.0.0.1 in IPv4
• Link-local unicast address
FE80::/10 • Similar to the Windows autoconfiguration IP address of
169.254.x.x

FF00::/8 • Multicast addresses

All other addresses • Global unicast address

IPv6 Intro – Part 2

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 IPv6 Unicast Addresses
IPv6 Unicast
Address Assignment

Link-local (FE80::/10) Global Routable

Address Assignment Address Assignment

Static Dynamic Static Dynamic

Automatically created
(EUI-64 format) if a Stateless
IPv6 Address global unicast IPv6 IPv6 Address
Autoconfiguration
address is configured

IPv6 Unnumbered DHCPv6

IPv6 Intro – Part 2

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 IPv6 Link-Local Unicast Address
 Link-local addresses play a crucial role in the operation of
IPv6.
 They are dynamically created using a link-local prefix of
FE80::/10 and a 64-bit interface identifier.

128 bits
/10 /64

FE80 Interface ID
1111 1110 1000 0000 0000 0000 ... 0000 0000 0000

FE80::/10

IPv6 Intro – Part 2

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 IPv6 Link-Local Unicast Address
 When pinging another device using Cisco IOS and a link-
local address, the outgoing interface must be specified.

R2# ping FE80::202:16FF:FEEB:3D01

Output Interface: serial0/0/0
Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to FE80::202:16FF:FEEB:3D01, timeout is 2
seconds:
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 31/34/47 ms

IPv6 Intro – Part 2

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 IPv6 Link-Local Unicast Address Example
R1# show ipv6 interface loopback 100
Loopback100 is up, line protocol is up
IPv6 is enabled, link-local address is FE80::222:55FF:FE18:7DE8
No Virtual link-local address(es):
Global unicast address(es):
2001:8:85A3:4290:222:55FF:FE18:7DE8, subnet is 2001:8:85A3:4290::/64 [EUI]
Joined group address(es):
FF02::1
FF02::2
FF02::1:FF18:7DE8
MTU is 1514 bytes
ICMP error messages limited to one every 100 milliseconds
ICMP redirects are enabled
ICMP unreachables are sent
ND DAD is not supported
ND reachable time is 30000 milliseconds (using 31238)
Hosts use stateless autoconfig for addresses.
R1#

IPv6 Intro – Part 2

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 IPv6 Global Unicast Address
 A global unicast address is an IPv6 address from the global
public unicast prefix (2001::/16).
 These addresses are routable on the global IPv6 Internet.
 Global unicast addresses are aggregated upward through
organizations and eventually to the ISPs.

IPv6 Intro – Part 2

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 IPv6 Global Unicast Address
 The global unicast address consists of:
• A 48-bit global routing prefix
• A 16-bit subnet ID
• A 64-bit interface ID

Subnet
Global Routing Prefix ID Interface ID

/23 /32 /48 /64

2001 0008 21B:D5FF:FE5B:A408

0010

Registry
ISP Prefix
Site Prefix
Subnet Prefix

IPv6 Intro – Part 2

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 IPv6 Global Unicast Address
 The current IANA global routing prefix uses the range that
starts with binary 0010 (2000::/3).

Subnet
Global Routing Prefix ID Interface ID

/23 /32 /48 /64

2001 0008 21B:D5FF:FE5B:A408

0010

Registry
ISP Prefix
Site Prefix
Subnet Prefix

IPv6 Intro – Part 2

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 IPv6 Global Unicast Address
 The subnet ID can be used by an organization to create
their own local addressing hierarchy.

Subnet
Global Routing Prefix ID Interface ID

/23 /32 /48 /64

2001 0008 21B:D5FF:FE5B:A408

0010

Registry
ISP Prefix
Site Prefix
Subnet Prefix

IPv6 Intro – Part 2

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 IPv6 Global Unicast Address Example
R1# show ipv6 interface loopback 100
Loopback100 is up, line protocol is up
IPv6 is enabled, link-local address is FE80::222:55FF:FE18:7DE8
No Virtual link-local address(es):
Global unicast address(es):
2001:8:85A3:4290:222:55FF:FE18:7DE8, subnet is 2001:8:85A3:4290::/64 [EUI]
Joined group address(es):
FF02::1
FF02::2
FF02::1:FF18:7DE8
MTU is 1514 bytes
ICMP error messages limited to one every 100 milliseconds
ICMP redirects are enabled
ICMP unreachables are sent
ND DAD is not supported
ND reachable time is 30000 milliseconds (using 31238)
Hosts use stateless autoconfig for addresses.
R1#

IPv6 Intro – Part 2

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 IPv6 Multicast Addresses
 Multicasting is at the core of many IPv6 functions and is a
replacement for the broadcast address.
 They are defined by the prefix FF00::/8.

128 bits
/8 /16

F F 0 0 Group ID
1111 1111 00xx xxxx

FF00::/8

IPv6 Intro – Part 2

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 IPv6 Multicast Address
 The second octet of the address contains the prefix and
transient (lifetime) flags, and the scope of the multicast
address.

128 bits
/8 /16

F F 0 0 Group ID
1111 1111 00xx xxxx

Flags:
• P = Prefix for unicast-based assignments
Flags Scope • T = 0 if permanent, 1 if temporary
0 0 P T xxxx Scope:
• 1 (0001) = Node
8 bits • 2 (0010) = Link
• 5 (0101) = Site
• 8 (1000) = Organization
• E (1110) = Global
IPv6 Intro – Part 2
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 IPv6 Multicast Address
 The multicast addresses FF00:: to FF0F:: are
permanent and reserved.

128 bits
/8 /16

F F 0 0 Group ID
1111 1111 00xx xxxx

Flags:
• P = Prefix for unicast-based assignments
Flags Scope • T = 0 if permanent, 1 if temporary
0 0 P T xxxx Scope:
• 1 (0001) = Node
8 bits • 2 (0010) = Link
• 5 (0101) = Site
• 8 (1000) = Organization
• E (1110) = Global
IPv6 Intro – Part 2
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 Reserved IPv6 Multicast Addresses
Reserved Multicast
Description
Address

FF02::1 • All nodes on a link (link-local scope).

FF02::2 • All routers on a link.

• All routing information protocol (RIP) routers on a

FF02::9
link.
• All solicited-node multicast addresses used for
host autoconfiguration and neighbor discovery
(similar to ARP in IPv4).
FF02::1:FFxx:xxxx
• The xx:xxxx is the far right 24 bits of the
corresponding unicast or anycast address of the
node.

FF05::101 • All Network Time Protocol (NTP) servers.

IPv6 Intro – Part 2

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 IPv6 Multicast Address Example
R1# show ipv6 interface loopback 100
Loopback100 is up, line protocol is up
IPv6 is enabled, link-local address is FE80::222:55FF:FE18:7DE8
No Virtual link-local address(es):
Global unicast address(es):
2001:8:85A3:4290:222:55FF:FE18:7DE8, subnet is 2001:8:85A3:4290::/64 [EUI]
Joined group address(es):
FF02::1
FF02::2
FF02::1:FF18:7DE8
MTU is 1514 bytes
ICMP error messages limited to one every 100 milliseconds
ICMP redirects are enabled
ICMP unreachables are sent
ND DAD is not supported
ND reachable time is 30000 milliseconds (using 31238)
Hosts use stateless autoconfig for addresses.
R1#

IPv6 Intro – Part 2

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 Solicited-Node Multicast Addresses
 The solicited-node multicast address (FF02::1:FF) is used
for:
• Neighbor discovery (ND) process
• Stateless address autoconfiguration
 The Neighbor discovery (ND) process is used to:
• Determine the local-link address of the neighbor
• Determine the routers on the link and default route
• Keep track of neighbor reachability
• Send network information from routers to hosts

IPv6 Intro – Part 2

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 Neighbor Discovery ICMPv6 Packet Types
 Neighbor Discovery uses four ICMPv6 packet types

ICMPv6 Message Type Description

• Sent by a host to determine the link-layer address of a neighbor.
Neighbor
135 • Used to verify that a neighbor is still reachable.
Solicitation (NS)
• An NS is also used for Duplicate Address Detection (DAD).

• A response to a NS message.
Neighbor
136 • A node may also send unsolicited NA to announce a link-layer
Advertisement (NA)
address change.
• RAs contain prefixes that are used for on-link determination or
address configuration, a suggested hop limit value and MTU
Router
134 value.
Advertisement (RA)
• RAs are sent either periodically, or in response to a RS
message.
• When a host is booting it sends out an RS requesting routers to
Router Solicitation
133 immediately generate an RA rather than wait for their next
(RS)
scheduled time.

IPv6 Intro – Part 2

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 Neighbor Solicitation Example
A B

ICMP type: 135 (NS)

Source: A
Destination: Solicited-node multicast of B (FF02::1:FFxx.xxxx)
Data: Link-layer address of A
Query: What is your link-layer address?

 ICMPv6 Neighbor Solicitation (NS) is similar to IPv4 ARP.

 For Host A to send a packet to Host B it needs the MAC
address of Host B.

IPv6 Intro – Part 2

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 Neighbor Advertisement Example
A B

ICMP type: 136 (NA)

Source: B
Destination: A
Data: Link-layer address of B

 Each destination node that receives the NS responds with an ICMPv6

message type 136, NA, including Host B.

A B

A and B can now exchange packets on this link.

IPv6 Intro – Part 2

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 Stateless Address Autoconfiguration (SLAAC)
 Every IPv6 system is able to build its own unicast global address.
• Enables new devices to easily connect to the Internet.
• No configuration or DHCP server is required.
 IPv6 Router - sends network info on local link.
• IPv6 prefix
• Default IPv6 route
 IPv6 Hosts - listen on local link and configure themselves.
• IP Address (EUI-64 format)
• Default route

IPv6 Intro – Part 2

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 Stateless Address Autoconfiguration

An IPv6 address must be

configured on the router
gateway interface.

IPV6 Router IPV6 Host

Local Link MAC Address
00:14:BF:7A:3C:E5
RA
Router sends network info Autoconfiguration Address
(IPV6 Prefix and Default IPv6 Route) (IPv6 Prefix + Link-Layer EUI Address)

IPv6 Intro – Part 2

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 Ethernet EUI-64 IPv6 Addresses
 The first 64 bits are the network portion of the address and
are statically specified or learned via SLAAC.
 The interface ID (second 64-bits) is the host portion of the
address and is automatically generated by the router or
host device.
 The interface ID on an Ethernet link is based on the 48-bit
MAC address of the interface with an additional 16-bit
0xFFFE inserted in the middle of the MAC address.

IPv6 Intro – Part 2

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 EUI-64 IPv6 Interface Identifier

48-bit MAC Address

64-bit IPv6 EUI-64 Interface ID

IPv6 Intro – Part 2

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 Stateless Autoconfiguration Process
A
R1

ICMP type: 133 (RS)

Source: ::
Destination: All routers multicast address (FF02::2)
Query: Please send RA

A
R1

ICMP type: 134 (RA)

Source: R1 link-local address
Destination: All nodes multicast address (FF02::1)
Data: Options, prefixes, lifetime, …

IPv6 Intro – Part 2

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 Stateless Autoconfiguration Process
A B

ICMP type: 135 (NS)

Source: ::
Destination: Solicited-node address of A
Data: Link-layer address of A
Query: What is your link-layer address?

 Host A creates an IPv6 address using the RA supplied by the router.

 Host A verifies that it’s new IPv6 address is unique using DAD process.

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 IPv6 Subnetting
and Aggregation

IPv6 Intro – Part 2

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 IPv6 Subnetting Overview
 Not the same as IPv4
 IPv6 does NOT use subnet masks
 CIDR notation is used
• IPv6 address is in Hex
• Network mask is in decimal
 Number of subnet bits set to 1 define network prefix
 All other bits are for nodes
 There are no reserved addresses (network or broadcast)

2001:25:12:AB12:3456:DFB5:712:45FF/64

IPv6 Intro – Part 2

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 Prefix Length, Allocation of Bits

 Example: 2001:DB8:0:2F00:2AA:FF:FE28:9C5A/64
 Prefix length (total number of network bits) is 64
 16 subnet bits allow 65,535 LANs
 Usually 64 bits are used for hosts in IPv6

IPv6 Intro – Part 2

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 IPv6 Subnetting with Global Unicast Addresses

 The global routing prefix is assigned to a service provider by

IANA (/32).
 The site level aggregator (SLA) is assigned by the ISP (/48).
 The LAN ID represents individual subnets within the
customer site and is administered by the customer (/64).

IPv6 Intro – Part 2

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 IPv6 Subnetting with Global Unicast Addresses
 Default Subnets
• /23 Registry
• /32 ISP Prefix
• /48 Site Prefix
• Bits 49 to 64 are for subnets
• 2^16 = 65,535 subnets available
• /64 Default Subnet prefix
• Bits 65 to 128 for Hosts
• Host bits are either statically assigned, EUI-64, DHCP or random number
generated.

/23 /32 /48 /64

Registry ISP Site Subnet
2001 0DB8 0001 0001 Interface ID
64 bits

IPv6 Intro – Part 2

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 IPv6 Subnetting with Global Unicast Addresses

IPv6 prefix # of # of Hosts

Subnets
2001:520:1:1::3FFF /128 1 1
2001:520:0:1:: /64 (default prefix for subnet) 1 2^64
2001:520:0:: /48 (default Site prefix) 2^16 2^64 per subnet

• 61 Global Network bits and 64 Host bits

• No more “bit borrowing” as with IPv4
• 2^64 hosts possible in a single broadcast domain
• Autoconfiguration will take care of most of them
• VLANs become the method of isolation

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 IPv6 Address Hierarchy
• Large address space
• Allows for multiple levels

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 IPv6 Address Aggregation
 Large prefix assigned to an organization
• Can handle even the largest networks
 ISPs summarize routes
• All customer prefixes into one prefix
• Make it available to the Internet
 Aggregation provides:
• Efficient routing
• Scalable routing
• Fewer routes in global IPV6 routing table

IPv6 Intro – Part 2

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 Aggregation Example
Customer A1

Global Routing Table

2001:051A::/35 ISP A 2001:051A:A1::/48
AS 60000
2001:051A::/35

Routing Table
2001:051A:A1::/48 AS 60000
2001:051A:A2::/48 AS 60000
Customer A2

2001:051A:A2::/48
IPv6 Intro – Part 2
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 Subnetting Global Addresses

 2001:05a8::0/32
 Subnets the ISP can create:
• 2^16 = 65,536
• 2001:05a8:0001::0 – 2001:05a8:ffff::0/48

IPv6 Intro – Part 2

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 Subnetting Global Addresses

 Customer now has 16 network bits with which to create

2^16 networks (or 2^8 if ISP used /56)
 2001:05a8:0001:0001::0 – 2001:05a8:0001:ffff::0/64
 2001:05a8:94ad:0001::0 – 2001:05a8:94ad:ffff::0/64
 2001:05a8:b002:0001::0 – 2001:05a8:b002:ffff::0/64
 2001:05a8:ffff:0001::0 – 2001:05a8:ffff:ffff::0/64

IPv6 Intro – Part 2

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 Subnetting Global Addresses

 Apply 1 of these /64 prefixes to a router interface

• 2001:05a8:0001:00a1::0 /64
 Hosts per subnet (a /64 is a single host)
• 2001:05a8:0001:00a1::1 –
2001:05a8:01a1:00a1:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF/64

IPv6 Intro – Part 2

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 Resources
 http://www.iana.org/numbers/
 http://www.cisco.com/go/ipv6

 IP address tools (which also support IPv6):

IPAT http://nethead.de/index.php/ipat
ipv6gen http://techie.devnull.cz/ipv6/ipv6gen/
freeipdb http://home.globalcrossing.net/~freeipdb/

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IPv6 Intro – Part 2
© 2007 – 2010, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 43