Example 1: Simply supported One way slab
A rectangular reinforced concrete slab is simply-
supported on two masonry walls 250 mm thick and
3.75 m apart. The slab has to carry a distributed
permanent action of 1.0 kN/m2 (excluding slab self-
weight) and a variable action of 3.0 kN/m2. The
materials to be used are grade C25 concrete and grade
500 reinforcement. cover=30mm
. Design the slab. Assume diameter of bar =12mm
Example 1: Simply supported One way slab
ACTIONS & ANALYSIS
Slab self-weight = 0.150 x 25 = 3.75 kN/m2
Permanent load (excluding self-weight) = 1.0 kN/m2
Total permanent action, gk = 4.75 kN/m2
Variable action, qk = 3.00 kN/m2
Design action, nd = 1.35(4.75) + 1.5(3.00) = 10.91 kN/m2
Consider 1 m width, wd = nd x 1 m = 10.91 kN/m
Shear force, Bending moment,
V = wdL/2 M = wdL2/8
= 20.46 kN/m = 19.18 kNm
Example 1: Simply supported One way slab
MAIN REINFORCEMENT
Effective depth:
d = h –cnom -0.5ϕbar = 150- 30 -0.5(12) = 114 mm
Design moment, MED = 19.18 kNm
K = M/bd2fck
= (19.18 x 106) /(1000 x 1142 x 25) = 0.059 < Kbal = 0.167
∴ Compression reinforcement is not required
z = d [0.5 + 0.25 − 𝐾/1.134 ] = 0.94d ≤ 0.95d
As = M/0.87fykz Main bar :
= 19.18 x 106/0.87 x 500 x 0.94 x 114 H12 -250
= 412 mm2/m (452 mm2/m)
Example 1: Simply supported One way slab
Minimum and maximum reinforcement area,
As,min = 0.26 (fctm/fyk)bd = 0.26(2.60/500)bd = 0.0014bd Secondary bar:
= 0.0014(1000))(114) = 160 mm2/m H12-450
(251 mm2/m)
As,max = 0.04Ac = 0.04(1000)(150) = 6000 mm2/m
SHEAR
Design shear force, VED = 20.46 kN
Design shear resistance,
VRd,c = [0.12k(100ρ1fck)1/3]bd
k = 1 + (200/d)1/2 ≤ 2.0 = 2.32 ≤ 2.0
ρ1 = As1/bd ≤ 0.02 = 452/1000 x114 = 0.004 ≤ 0.02
VRd,c = [0.12 x 2.0 (100x 0.004 x 25)1/3] x 1000 x 114
= 58.95 kN
Example 1: Simply supported One way slab
Vmin = [0.035k3/2 fck1/2]bd = 0.035 x 23/2 x 251/2 x 1000 x 114 = 56.43 kN
Thus, VRd,c = 58.95 kN > VED = 20.46 kN, OK!
DEFLECTION
Percentage of required tension reinforcement,
ρ = As,req/bd = 412 /1000 x 114 = 0.0036
Reference reinforcement ratio,
ρ0 = (fck)1/2 x10-3 = (25)1/2 x 10-3 = 0.005
Factor for structural system, K = 1.0
ρ ρ
(L/d)basic = K[11 + 1.5 fck 0 + 3.2 fck( 0 -1)3/2]
ρ ρ
(L/d)basic = 1.0[11 + 10.42 + 3.88] = 25.3
Example 1: Simply supported One way slab
Modification factor for span less than 7 m = 1.0
Modification factor for steel area provided = As,prov/As,req = 1.1 ≤ 1.5
Therefore, allowable span-effective depth ratio:
(L/d)allowable = 25.3 x 1 x 1.1 = 27.83
Actual span-effective depth ratio,
(L/d)actual = 3750/114 = 32.9 > (L/d)allowable =27.83, NOT OK!
Increase Area of steel provided to 566 mm2/m (H12-200)
Modification factor for steel area provided = As,prov/As,req = 1.37 ≤ 1.5
Therefore, allowable span-effective depth ratio:
(L/d)allowable = 25.3 x 1 x 1.37 = 34.66 > (L/d)actual = 32.9 OK!
Example 1: Simply supported One way slab
CRACKING
h = 175 mm < 200 mm
Main bar:
Smax,slab = 3h ≤ 400 = 400 mm,
Max. bar spacing = 200 < Smax, slab, OK
Secondary bar:
Smax,slab = 3.5h ≤ 450 = 450
Max. bar spacing = 450 < Smax, slab, OK
Example 2: Continuous one way slab
Figure 1 shows a clear area of 12 m x 8.5 m for a hall
construction in a school. The slab is supported on
beams of size 225 x 500 mm spaced at 4.0 m centers.
The slab thickness is to be designed as 150 mm. Given
the characteristic permanent action (excluding self-
weight) is 1.5 kN/m2, characteristic variable action is
4.0 kN/m2 , characteristic concrete strength, f = C25/30
, high yield steel strength, f yk = 500 N/mm2
Unit weight of concrete = 25 kN/m 3
Use Diameter of reinforcement = 10 mm,cover=35mm
Example 2: Continuous one way slab
Figure 1
Example 2: Continuous one way slab
ACTIONS
Slab self-weight = 0.15 x 25 = 3.75 kN/m2
Permanent load (excluding self-weight) = 1.50 kN/m2
Total permanent action, gk = 5.25 kN/m2
Variable action, qk = 4.00 kN/m2
Design action, nd = 1.35(5.25) + (4.0) = 13.1 kN/m2
Example 2: Continuous one way slab
ANALYSIS
Consider 1 m width of slab,
Action
Moment
Shear
F = wl = 13.1 x 4 = 52.4 kN
Example 2: Continuous one way slab
MAIN REINFORCEMENT
Effective depth:
dx = 150 – 35 -0.5(10) = 110 mm
Minimum and maximum reinforcement area,
Secondary bar:
As,min = 0.26 (fctm/fyk)bd = 0.26(2.56/500)bd = 0.0013bd
H10 - 450
= 0.0013(1000))(110) = 146 mm2/m
(175 mm2/m)
As,max = 0.04Ac = 0.04(1000)(150) = 6000 mm2/m
At first interior support
M = 0.086Fl = 0.086 x 52.4 x 4 = 18 kNm/m
K = M/bd2fck
= (18x106) /(1000 x 1102 x 25) = 0.06 < Kbal = 0.167
∴ Compression reinforcement is not required
Example 2: Continuous one way slab
z = d [0.5 + 0.25 − 𝐾/1.134 ] = 0.94d ≤ 0.95d Provide
As = M/0.87fykz H10-175 top
= 18 x 106/0.87 x 500 x 0.94 x 110 (449 mm2/m)
= 400 mm2/m
At middle interior span
M = 0.063Fl = 0.063x 52.4 x 4 = 13.2 kNm/m
K = M/bd2fck
= (13.2 x 106) /(1000 x 1102 x 25) = 0.04 < Kbal = 0.167
∴ Compression reinforcement is not required
z = d [0.5 + 0.25 − 𝐾/1.134 ] = 0.96d ≤ 0.95d
Provide
As = M/0.87fykz
H10-250 bottom
= 13.2 x 106/0.87 x 500 x 0.95 x 110
(314 mm2/m)
= 290 mm2/m
Example 2: Continuous one way slab
Near middle of end span
M = 0.075Fl = 0.075 x 52.4 x 4 = 15.72 kNm/m
K = M/bd2fck
= (15.72 x 106) /(1000 x 1102 x 25) = 0.052 < Kbal = 0.167
∴ Compression reinforcement is not required
Provide
z = d [0.5 + 0.25 − 𝐾/1.134 ] = 0.95d ≤ 0.95d
H10-200 bottom
As = M/0.87fykz
(393 mm2/m)
= 15.72 x 106/0.87 x 500 x 0.95 x 110
= 346 mm2/m
At outer support
M = 0.04Fl = 0.04 x 52.4 x 4 = 8.4 kNm/m
Example 2: Continuous one way slab
K = M/bd2fck
= (8.4 x 106) /(1000 x 1102 x 25) = 0.028 < Kbal = 0.167
∴ Compression reinforcement is not required
z = d [0.5 + 0.25 − 𝐾/1.134 ] = 0.97d ≤ 0.95d
As = M/0.87fykz
= 8.4 x 106/0.87 x 500 x 0.95 x 110
= 185 mm2/m
Provide
H10-400 bottom
(196 mm2/m)
Example 2: Continuous one way slab
SHEAR
Maximum design shear force, VED = 0.6F = 0.6 x 52.4 = 31.44 kN
Design shear resistance,
VRd,c = [0.12k(100ρ1fck)1/3]bd
k = 1 + (200/110)1/2 ≤ 2.0
= 2.35 ≤ 2.0
ρ1 = As1/bd ≤ 0.02 = 449/1000 x110
= 0.0041 ≤ 0.02
VRd,c = [0.12 x 2.0 (100x 0.0041 x 25)1/3] x 1000 x 110 = 57.35 kN
Vmin = [0.035k3/2 fck1/2]bd = 0.035 x 23/2 x 251/2 x 1000 x 110 = 54.4 kN
So, VRd,c = 57.35 kN > VED = 31.44 kN OK!
Example 2: Continuous one way slab
DEFLECTION
Percentage of required tension reinforcement,
ρ = As,req/bd = 346 /1000 x 110 = 0.00315
Reference reinforcement ratio,
ρ0 = (fck)1/2 x10-3 = (25)1/2 x 10-3 = 0.005,
Factor for structural system, K = 1.3
ρ ρ
(L/d)basic = K[11 + 1.5 fck 0 + 3.2 fck( 0 -1)3/2]
ρ ρ
(L/d)basic = 1.3[11 + 11.92 + 7.20] = 39.16
Modification factor for steel area provided
= As,prov/As,req = 393/346= 1.14 ≤ 1.5
Example 2: Continuous one way slab
Therefore, allowable span-effective depth ratio:
(L/d)allowable = 39.16 x 1 x 1.14 = 44.64
Actual span-effective depth ratio:
(L/d)actual = 4000/110 = 36.35 < (L/d)allowable = 44.64, OK!
CRACKING
h = 150 mm < 200 mm
Main bar:
Smax,slab = 3h ≤ 400 = 400
Max. bar spacing = 400 ≤ Smax, slab, OK!
Secondary bar:
Smax,slab = 3.5h ≤ 450 = 450
Max. bar spacing = 425 < 450 mm, OK!
