LABORATORY REPORT

Course Code: SKT3033 BASIC INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Semester 1 Session 2022/2023
NAME AND MATRIC NO. 1. NURUL ZAHIRAH BINTI MOHD SAKIL
(D20201093659)

2. SAIEDATUL IDZZAH BINTI JAMIL (D20201093675)

LECTURER DR NOORSHIDA BINTI MOHD ALI

EXPERIMENT NO. 2
TITLE INORGANIC QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS

DATE & DAY 28 DECEMBER 2022 ( WEDNESDAY)

CHECK LIST (Please tick) Marks

Spelling, Punctuation Grammar 10
Format and Style 10
- Title
- Objectives
- Introduction
- Materials
- Methods
- Results
- Discussions and questions & answers (if appropriate)
- Conclusions
- References
Introduction 10
Materials 10
Methods 10
1. jotter from each individual
2. procedures written in past tense (passive word)
Results (Observation, Data, Calculation, etc.) worksheet 10
Discussions 10
Conclusion(s) 10
References (at least 4) 10
Conceptual understanding 10
TOTAL MARKS 100
EXPERIMENT 2: INORGANIC QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS

2.1 OBJECTIVES :

● to understand and describe the procedures of qualitative analysis

● to know the difference between qualitative and quantitative analysis

2.2 INTRODUCTION

Ionic compounds are better identifiable by their chemical properties than covalent
compounds, which can be distinguished by physical characteristics like boiling point
and refractive index. The qualitative analysis technique establishes the chemical
characteristics of an unidentified material by systematically combining several
reagents with the unknown. The ions that are actually present in the solution can be
identified by knowing beforehand what the specific reaction will result in if a given ion
is present.

If a reaction is known to result in a precipitate when ion A is present, for instance,

and a precipitate forms when the reaction is run, then ion A may be present in
solution (there may be other ions that will also precipitate with a particular reagent,
and usually there are other ions that will do so). The ion A is obviously not present in
the unknown solution if no precipitate forms when the reaction is run, and another
reaction will need to be carried out to find out which ions are present.

2.3 MATERIALS

APPARATUS :

● Boiling and test tube

● Graduated cylinder
● Graduated cylinder
● Dropper
CHEMICALS :

● Lead(II) nitrate
● Iron(II) chloride
● Calcium carbonate
● Calcium hydroxide solution (lime water)
● Nitric acid (1 M, 3 M and 6 M)
● Sodium hydroxide solution (1 M)
● Ammonia solution (3 M and 6 M)
● Acetic acid (6 M)
● Sodium acetate (0.2 M)
● Dimethylglyoxime
● Silver nitrate (0.1 M)
● Sulfuric acid (2 M)
● Concentrated sulphuric acid
● FeSO4.7H2O solid
● Distilled water
2.4 METHOD

Jotter : Nurul Zahirah binti Mohd Sakil

Jotter: Saeidatul Idzzah binti Jamil
PART A
a) Appearance of compound

The colour and shape of solid iron (III) chloride (A), lead (II) nitrate (B) and calcium
carbonate (C) were identified

b) Heating test

A half spatula of solid compound was put in a boiling tube then was heated by using
a Bunsen burner for about 10 to 15 minutes. The colour and odour of the gas were
noted.

c) Solubility with water

half spatula of compound was placed in 2 ml of distilled water in boiling tube and
shaked. 3 ml of distilled water were added If the compound does not dissolve. When
the compound is soluble this amount will dissolve after considerable stirring. If the
compound is moderately soluble, some of this amount will dissolve. If the compound
is insoluble, even a very small amount will not dissolve.

d) Reaction with nitric acid

Half a spatula of solid compound was put in the boiling tube. 15 ml of nitric acid (1M)
was added to the compound and any reaction that occurs was observed. The
solution for the reaction with sodium hydroxide and ammonia was kept.

e) Reaction with sodium hydroxide

1 M of solution NaOH drop wise to the solution was added. (The solution used was
from the test tube in reaction with nitric acid). The solution was stirred and shaken
until precipitate form. Any reactions that happen were observed.
f) Reaction with ammonia
3 M of solution NH3 drop wise were added to the solution ( solution used was from a
test tube in reaction with sodium hydroxide), stir or shake the solution were stirred or
shaken and any reaction was observed.
PART B

i. Cation Identification Test

● Compound D
Half spatula of compound D was acidified with 2 mL of acetic acid (6 M). 1 mL of 0.2
M of sodium acetate solution was added. 1 mL of dimethylglyoxime solution was
added and another 1 mL was added drop wise. Any colour changes were observed.

● Compound E

Half spatula of compound E was acidified with 5 mL HNO3 (3 M). The solution was
tested with litmus paper. 0.1 M NH4SCN solutions were added drop wise. any
changes in colour were observed.

ii. Anion Identification Test

● Compound F

Half of the spatula of compound F was acidified with 5 mL HNO3 (3 M) in the test
tube. The solution was tested with litmus paper. Half of the above solution was
poured in the centrifuge tube. Several drops of 0.1 M AgNO3 were added until white
precipitate forms. The supernatant was centrifuged and removed. Drop wise 6 M
NH3 were added to the precipitate with stirring until dissolved. 6 M HNO3 was added
to the solution until white precipitate forms.

● Compound G

Half of the spatula of compound G was acidified with 10 mL H2SO4 (2 M) in the

boiling tube. One-half spatulas full of solid FeSO4.7H2O were dissolved. The
solution was cooled with some ice for 20 minutes. 0.5 mL of concentrated H2SO4
was added carefully by allowing it to flow down the side of the tilted test tube. The
solution was allowed to sit undisturbed for 2 hours so that the sulphuric acid forms a
definite layer.
2.5 RESULTS
Observation :
2.6 DISCUSSION
From Part A, we know that solid Iron (III) chloride (A) is crystalline green in solid shape
solid lead (II) nitrate (B) is in the form white powder while calcium carbonate (C) is crystal
colourless in solid shape.

When we do the heating test, Iron(II) chloride emits light brown gas colour and has a faint
hydrochloric acid odour. Lead(II) nitrate produces yellow and reddish brown gas colour and
does not have odour while Calcium carbonate produces orange glow glasses but does not
have odour. Chlorine gas colour is yellowish green. Heating nitrate produce nitrogen gas that
colour yellowish reddish brown. When heating the chemical calcium carbonate, an odourless,
invisible gas known as oxygen gas is released. Carbonate salt can be heated to reveal the
presence of Co2 2 ions.

In part C, we test all compounds with water. Iron(II) chloride is moderate soluble, Lead(II)
nitrate soluble in water but Calcium carbonate is insoluble in water. When heating the
chemical calcium carbonate, an odourless, invisible gas known as oxygen gas is released.
Carbonate salt can be heated to reveal the presence of Co2 2 ions.

In part D, we do reactions with nitric acid. Iron(II) chloride and Lead(II) nitrate have no
reaction but Calcium carbonate reacts with Nitric acid and becomes a white solution.

Then, in part E, we used all the compounds from part d, and further the reaction with sodium
hydroxide. In Iron(II) chloride precipitate coloured rusty brown forms. Lead(II) nitrate and
Calcium carbonate both react with Sodium Hydroxide and form white precipitate.

Next, we use the compound from in part e reaction and further the reaction by adding drop
wise 3M of ammonia solution. The observation we got was Iron(II) chloride formed reddish
brown precipitate, Lead(II) nitrate became white precipitate but did not dissolve and lastly
Calcium carbonate formed precipitate that dissolves.
In part B, this experiment is to identify the cations or anions that are present in the unknown
compound, reagent has been introduced in this section. Observation of the compound D
reaction shows that the green solution eventually transforms into a reddish brown precipitate
with a sour-smelling odour. The presence of Fe3+ ions in compound D is shown by the
reddish brown precipitate. Additionally, it is established that compound E contains the Fe3+
ion since compound D's interaction with ammonia thiocyanate results in a reddish-brown
precipitate. It's possible that compound D and compound E both contain the F3+ cation. But
compound D used sodium acetate, while compound E used ammonia thiocyanate, therefore
the reagents employed to identify the cation in each molecule were different.

When compound F and compound G combine, white precipitate results at the end of the
experiment. These facts suggest that Compound F could include Cl- or (So4 2-) ion.
However, because the reagent used in this portion is AgNO3, or silver nitrate, the presence of
Cl- is more likely than that of So4 2-. Barium chloride (BaCl2) is frequently used to
determine whether a product contains SO4 2- ions while silver nitrate is frequently used to
test for Cl- ions. Therefore, the likelihood of an anion (Cl-) in compound F is preferable to an
ion SO4 2-. The outcome for compound G is a solution with a distinct layer. The term brown
ring also applies to this distinct layer. It is clear from this that compound G contains NO3-.
The brown ring test is another name for this reaction, which is used to identify the NO3- ion.

2.7 CONCLUSION
In this experiment, we have understood and we can describe the procedure of qualitative
analysis. Other than that, we know the difference between qualitative and quantitative
analysis.

There are a few ways to improve this experiment, we have to make sure to keep everything
calibrated. Other than that, we can take multiple measurements when we do this experiment.
This is because we can add more accuracy to the experiment while observing results and
collecting data. Lastly, we have to consider the “human factor”.
REFERENCE

Chm. Dr. Noorshida Binti Mohd Ali, Lab Manual Experiment 2, (2022).

House, J. E. (2020). Inorganic chemistry. London: Academic Press.

Housecroft, C. E., & Sharpe, A. G. (2018). Inorganic chemistry. Harlow: Pearson

Education.

Tests for Anions, (2022). Retrieved from

https://www.toppr.com/ask/en-my/content/concept/tests-for-anions-204024/

Stewart (2022). 12.3.2 Identification of Cations. Retrieved from

https://www.savemyexams.co.uk/igcse/chemistry/cie/23/revision-notes/12-experimen
tal-techniques--chemical-analysis/12-3-identification-of-ions--gases/12-3-2-identificati
on-of-cations/

Department of Chemistry
Faculty of Science and Mathematics
UNIVERSITI PENDIDIKAN SULTAN IDRIS