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Chemistry Reviewer

This document provides an overview of chemistry concepts including the three states of matter, physical and chemical properties, extensive and intensive properties, particulate nature of matter, significant figures, SI units, atomic theory, subatomic particles, isotopes, average atomic mass, electronic structure, quantum numbers, periodic table, and electronic configuration. Key points covered include definitions of solutions, colloids, and suspensions; types of properties; atomic models from Democritus to Dalton; discovery of protons, neutrons, and electrons; quantization of energy; wave-particle duality; Bohr model of the hydrogen atom; quantum numbers; and Aufbau principle for building up the electronic configuration.

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Ashley Nicole V. Sangoyo
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39 views5 pages

Chemistry Reviewer

This document provides an overview of chemistry concepts including the three states of matter, physical and chemical properties, extensive and intensive properties, particulate nature of matter, significant figures, SI units, atomic theory, subatomic particles, isotopes, average atomic mass, electronic structure, quantum numbers, periodic table, and electronic configuration. Key points covered include definitions of solutions, colloids, and suspensions; types of properties; atomic models from Democritus to Dalton; discovery of protons, neutrons, and electrons; quantization of energy; wave-particle duality; Bohr model of the hydrogen atom; quantum numbers; and Aufbau principle for building up the electronic configuration.

Uploaded by

Ashley Nicole V. Sangoyo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHEMISTRY REVIEWER

MATTER AND ITS PROPERTIES

Solution - homogeneous mixture with a solute and solvent evenly dissolved


Colloid - visible particles throughout
Suspension - visible particles settle
Can be identified using Tyndall Effect

Physical properties - directly observable or measurable property of matter


Physical changes - changes in physical properties, w/o change in identity
Chemical properties - properties that can only be observed with a change in identity
Chemical changes - involves changes in identity and composition
Extensive properties - dependent on the amount of matter
E.g. mass, weight, volume, thickness, surface area
Intensive properties - not dependent on the amount
E.g density, color, odor, hardness
● When two extensive properties combine, an intensive property is formed.
E.g mass/volume=density

PARTICULATE
Anaximenes - air
Thales of Miletus - water
Heraclitus - fire
Empedocles - four classical elements
Democritus and Leucippus - Matter
Aristotle - Aether/Spirit
SIGNIFICANT FIGURES

SI UNITS

International System of Units - universal quantitative language


Amount of substance (n) - number of specified elementary entities (atoms, molecules)
Length - measurement of the extent of something
Mass - amount of matter
Time - measure of non-stop, consistent change in our surroundings
Thermodynamic temperature - absolute measure of the average total internal energy of an
object
Electric current - flow of electricity in an electronic circuit
Luminosity - measure of radiant power
ATOMS
ATOMIC THEORY
Democritus proposed this theory first. Stated that atoms are composed of indivisible
particles.
John Dalton organized this knowledge. Proposed four postulates.
- Law of Definite Proportions - elements form compounds in fixed proportions
- Law of Multiple Proportions - two elements can form multiple compounds
- Law of Conservation of Mass - mass can neither be created nor destroyed but is
transformed from one form to another
Dalton also created the Billiard Ball Model.

SUBATOMIC PARTICLES

ELECTRONS
- Negatively charged particles
- Discovered by J.J. Thompson while performing the Cathode Ray Experiment
- Plum Pudding Model - by J.J.: the whole atom is positively charged, electrons are
embedded around the atom

PROTONS
- Positively charged particles
- Discovered by Ernest Rutherford while performing the Gold Foil Experiment
- Nuclear Model - by Rutherford: nucleus in the center of the atom are filled with
protons

NEUTRONS
- Same mass with proton but electrically neutron
- Found by James Chadwick

ELEMENTS

Chemical Notation of the Atom

A = # protons + # of neutrons
C = # protons - # of electrons

Ion - changed atom


Cation - positive charge
Anion - negative charge
Isotopes - atoms with same number of protons but with different number of neutrons
AVERAGE ATOMIC MASS

ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE AND QUANTUM NUMBERS


Electromagnetic radiation - the emission and transmission of energy in waves
Wave - form of energy disturbance
Wavelength - distance from crest to crest
Speed of light ( c ) - rate of motion of crests
Period (T) - time between passage of crests
Frequency (v) - number of crest passages
Amplitude (A) - distance from crest to trough

PLANCK'S QUANTUM THEORY


- By Max Planck
- Atoms and molecules emit energy in discrete quantities rather than continuous
- Quanta : Packets of energy
- E=hv
- High energy radiation will also have high frequency
- Electromagnetic radiation from atoms can only be integral multiples of hv

PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT
- By albert Einstein
- Phenomenon where electrons are ejected from the surface of certain metals only
when subjected to a light with a corresponding threshold frequency
- Wave-Particle Duality of Theory of Light : light can behave as photons and waves

BOHR’S ATOMIC MODEL of the HYDROGEN ATOM


- By niels bohr
- When a substance is energized, electromagnetic radiation is emitted and will register
its own emission spectra
- Line spectrum made up of discrete lines corresponding to different wavelengths
- Bohr’s planetary model : like nuclear model, but with orbits
- When electron is close to the nucleus > ground state/ stable
When energy is supplies, the electrons jump from another orbit > excited state

DE BROGLIE RELATION
- Electrons and other particles may exhibit wave-like properties
- Any particle in motion has a wave character
- Wavelength is wave like, while mass is particle based
SCHRODINGER EQUATION
- Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle > it is impossible to know a particle’s momentum
and position
- This described an electron’s particle and a wave
- Max Born’s Born Interpretation: probability of finding an electron in a certain region of
the atom is proportional to the square of the wave function
- The wave function of an electron describes an atomic orbital

QUANTUM NUMBERS
- Set of numbers used to describe the position and energy of the electron in an atom

Principal - denoted by ‘n’, designates the orbit or electron shell of the atom
Azimuthal - or orbital angular momentum, describes the shape of a given orbital
Magnetic - total number of orbitals in a subshell and the orientation of them
Electron Spin - determines the rotational motion or spin of an electron

subshell Azimuthal value # of electrons Number of Possible values


orbitals of magnetic
quantum #

s 0 2 1 0

p 1 6 3 -1, 0, 1

d 2 10 5 -2, -1, 0, 1, 2

f 3 14 7 -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2

ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION
- Arrangement of electrons in orbitals

AUFBAU BUILD-UP PRINCIPLE


- Electrons first occupy whose energy is the lowest
- The order can be determined by (n+l)
- Lower (n+l) values correspond to lower orbital energies
- If 2 orbitals have = n+l values, lower n = lower
- Degenerate orbitals - orbitals which belong to the same energy level w/ same energy
- Pauli’s exclusion principle - 2 electrons in each orbital must be of opposite spin

Paramagnetic - if it shows unpaired electrons


Diamagnetic - if all electrons are paired

PERIODIC TABLE
John Newlands - Law of Octaves
Dmitri Mendeleev - Atomic mass
Henry Gwyn Jeffreys Moseley - Atomic number

Atomic radius - one-half the distance between the nuclei of identical atoms bonded together

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