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Learning Assignemnt

This document discusses learning theories and processes. It defines learning and describes the learning process. It then outlines three main learning theories: behaviorism, cognitivism, and constructivism. For each theory, it provides examples of learning theories that fall under that perspective. It concludes that all three theories are important to understand when selecting instructional strategies and that the strategy chosen should consider the learner's knowledge level, cognitive demands, and desired learning outcome.

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maisarah0604
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6 views

Learning Assignemnt

This document discusses learning theories and processes. It defines learning and describes the learning process. It then outlines three main learning theories: behaviorism, cognitivism, and constructivism. For each theory, it provides examples of learning theories that fall under that perspective. It concludes that all three theories are important to understand when selecting instructional strategies and that the strategy chosen should consider the learner's knowledge level, cognitive demands, and desired learning outcome.

Uploaded by

maisarah0604
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Assignment of Learning &Learning Theories

Presentation · February 2018


DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.19086.87368

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Jagmohan Sharma

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All content following this page was uploaded by Jagmohan Sharma on 19 February 2018.

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Assignment of Learning &Learning Theories

Submitted to: Dr. Sangram Singh (CTU)

Submitted by: jagmohan (Student PhD Management- Part time)


Date: 18/02/2018

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Learning
Learning has become an important tool of individual behaviour in an
organisation. Learning has been defined by several authors in
different ways. All of them have accepted that learning shapes human
behaviour. Employees may learn knowingly or unknowingly in the
organisation.
Robbins has defined learning as “relatively permanent change in
behaviour that occurs as a result of experience.”
Others have defined learning as “cognitive and modelling process for
acquiring knowledge and experience”.
Learning process:
The lerning process is a mental and habit formation process. The
learning process can be shown by the following figure:

Stimuli Attention Recognition Translation

Reinforcement

Behaviour

Efforts Motives Habit Reward

The learning process is associated with the mental process, inspiration


and action. Diagrammatically it can be shown as below:

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Stimuli Attention Recognition Translation & Retention Reinforcement

Uncoscious mind

Subconscious
mind

Clear Mind
Felt Mind
Intense
mind

Heart Behaviour

Reward

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Learning Theories
Learning theories are an organized set of principles explaining how
individuals acquire, retain, and recall knowledge. By studying and
knowing the different learning theories, we can better understand how
learning occurs. The principles of the theories can be used as
guidelines to help select instructional tools, techniques and strategies
that promote learning.
There are three main learning theories as follow:

1. Behaviourism theories

2. Cognitive Information Processing or (Cognitivism) theories

3. Constructivism theories

1. Behaviourism Theories:

Behaviourism stems from the work of B.F. Skinner and the concept of
operant conditioning. Behaviourism theorists believe that knowledge

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exists independently and outside of people. They view the learner as
a blank slate who must be provided the experience. Behaviorists
believe that learning actually occurs when new behaviors or changes
in behaviors are acquired through associations between stimuli and
responses. Thus, association leads to a change in behavior.

Examples of Behaviourism Theories are as follow:

Classical Conditioning (Pavlov)


GOMS Model (Card, Moran, and Newell)
Operant Conditioning (Skinner)
Psychological Behaviorism (Staats)
Social Learning Theory (Albert Bandura)

2. Cognitive Information Processing (Cognitivism):

Cognitive information processing is based on the thought process


behind the behavior. The theory is based on the idea that humans
process the information they receive, rather than merely responding to
stimuli (i.e. that think about what is happening). The changes in
behavior are observed, but only as an indictor to what is going on in
the learner’s head. The learner’s mind is like a mirror from which
new knowledge and skills will be reflected.

Cognitive information processing is used when the learner plays an


active role in seeking ways to understand and process information that
he or she receives and relate it to what is already known and stored
within memory. Cognitive learning theories are credited to Jean
Piaget.

Examples of Cognitivism Theories are as follow:

Attribution Theory (Weiner)


Cognitive Load Theory (Sweller)
Cognitive Theory of Multimedia Learning (Mayer)
Elaboration Theory (Reigeluth)
Expertise Theory (Ericsson, Gladwell)
Functional Context Theory (Sticht)
Gestalt Theory (von Ehrenfels)
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Information Processing Theory
Metacognition (Flavell)
Situated Cognition (Brown, Collins & Duguid)
Stage Theory of Cognitive Development (Piaget)
Theory of Mind, Empathy, Mind blindness (Premack, Woodruff,
Perner, Wimmer)

3. Constructivism Theories:

Constructivism is based on the premise that we all construct our own


perspective of the world, based on individual experiences and internal
knowledge. Learning is based on how the individual interprets and
creates the meaning of his or her experiences. Knowledge is
constructed by the learner and since everyone has a different set of
experiences and perceptions, learning is unique and different for each
person.

Examples of Constructivism Theories are as follow:

Anchored Instruction (Bransford)


Cognitive Apprenticeship (Collins et al.)
Cognitive Dissonance (Festinger)
Communities of Practice (Lave and Wenger)
Connectivism (Siemens, Downes)
Discovery Learning (Bruner)
Ecological Theory of Development (Bronfenbrenner)
Multiliteracies (New London Group)
Semiotics (deSaussure, Barthes, Bakhtin)
Social Development Theory (Vygotsky)
Problem-Based Learning (PBL)
Situated Learning (Lave)

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Summary:

All three theories are important to understand. When deciding which


strategies to use, it is important to consider:

 the level of knowledge of the learners


 the thought processing demands, and
 the desired outcome (generation of new ideas or a single
answer)

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