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MO-201 CrystalDefects

The document discusses various types of 0-D, 1-D, and 2-D defects in crystalline solids, including: [1] Point defects like vacancies and interstitial/substitutional impurities in elemental and ionic crystals. [2] Line defects like edge and screw dislocations that form when crystals are sheared and examples of how they move through crystals. [3] Planar defects like grain boundaries, twin boundaries, and tilt boundaries that form between crystalline grains and disrupt the periodic atomic arrangement.

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Rashmi
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18 views30 pages

MO-201 CrystalDefects

The document discusses various types of 0-D, 1-D, and 2-D defects in crystalline solids, including: [1] Point defects like vacancies and interstitial/substitutional impurities in elemental and ionic crystals. [2] Line defects like edge and screw dislocations that form when crystals are sheared and examples of how they move through crystals. [3] Planar defects like grain boundaries, twin boundaries, and tilt boundaries that form between crystalline grains and disrupt the periodic atomic arrangement.

Uploaded by

Rashmi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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0-D Defects

Point imperfections in an elemental crystal: (a) vacancy; (b)


substitutional impurity; (c) interstitial impurity; and (d) field ion
micrograph of platinum showing a vacancy. [(d) Courtesy: E.W.
Mueller.] [ Raghavan]
Contd...

Point imperfections in an ionic crystal: (a) Frenkel


defect; and (b) Schottky defect. [ Raghavan ]
Contd...

Example Find the equilibrium concentration of vacancies in


aluminium and nickel at 0 K, 300 K and 900 K.
Contd....
1-D Defects

The Burgers circuit for an edge dislocation: (A)


Perfect crystal and (B) crystal with dislocation
[R.E. Reed-Hill and Abbaschian]
Contd.....

This three-dimensional view of a crystal containing an edge


dislocation shows that the dislocation forms the boundary on
the slip plane between a region that has been sheared and a
region that has not been sheared [ R.E. Reed-Hill and
Abbaschian]
Contd...

Three stages in the movement of an edge dislocation


through a crystal [ R.E. Reed-Hill and Abbaschian]
Contd...

Two representations of a screw dislocation. Notice that


the planes in this dislocation spiral around the
dislocation like a left-hand screw [R.E. Reed-Hill and
Abbaschian]
Contd....

The ways that the four basic orientations of a dislocation move


under the same applied stress: (A) Positive edge, (B) Negative
edge, (C) Left-hand screw, and (D) Right-hand screw [R.E. Reed-
Hill and Abbaschian]
Contd.....
• It is possible to show that energetically a dislocation breaks
into partials.
• The elastic strain energy E per unit length of a
dislocation of Burgers vector b is approximately given by
𝑏2
𝐸=𝜇
2
where µ is the shear modulus of the crystal.
Dislocation reaction: 2b b+b
Energy Reaction: 2 2 2
(2𝑏) 𝑏 𝑏
𝜇 ⟶𝜇 +𝜇
2 2 2
• A dislocation line cannot end abruptly within the crystal. It
either ends at a node or at the surface.
Contd....
Example : Compute the line energy of dislocations
in BCC iron. The Burgers vector in iron is of the
1/2 <111> type. The shear modulus of iron is
80.2 GN m–2.
Contd...
Contd...

An electron micrograph of a foil removed from an aluminium


specimen. Note the dislocations lying along a slip plane.
(Photograph courtesy of E.J. Jenkins and J. Hren.) [R.E. Reed-Hill
and Abbaschian]
2-D Defects

The atomic arrangements at grain boundaries are


distorted and unrelated. [ Raghavan ]
Contd....

A tilt boundary consists of equally spaced edge


dislocations of the same sign one above the other.
[ Raghavan]
Contd....
ENERGIES of GRAIN BOUNDARIES

• Grain boundary between BCC crystals 0.89 J m–2

• Grain boundary between FCC crystals 0.85 J m–2

• Interface between BCC and FCC crystals 0.63 J m–


2
Contd.....

..ABCABCBACBACBACBABC......
The atomic arrangement on one side of a twin
boundary is a mirror reflection of that on the
other side. [ Raghavan]
Contd...

Annealing twins and grain boundaries in brass (J. Nutting and R.G.
Baker, The Microstructure of Metals, with permission from The
Institute of Metals, London.) [ Raghavan]

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