SCHOOL OF LAW

BACHELOR OF LAWS (BLAW) YEAR 1 SEMESTER 1

DEVELOPMENT STUDIES L1107 COURSE WORK

GROUP MEMBERS

NAME REGISTRATION NO. STUDENT NO.

OKELLO ELIOT 23/U/1304 2300701304

OTWAO

MPUMURA RYAN 23/U/3776/PS 2300703776

ARNOLD

KALANZI KIZITO PIUS 23/U/3707/PS 2300703707

KALANZI ANDREW 23/U/3708/PS 2300703708

KATO HUSSAIN 23/U/3721/PS 2300703721

LECTURER: MR. JOSEPH MUKASA

WASTE MANAGEMENT IN KAMPALA METROPOLITAN AREA: A CASE STUDY
OF KATANGA SLUM.
INTRODUCTION

Waste management is a global challenge that affects the environment, human health, and social
justice. However, waste management is not a simple or straightforward issue. It involves diverse
and complex aspects, such as waste generation, collection, treatment, disposal, recycling,
recovery, and prevention. It also requires the participation and cooperation of various
stakeholders, such as governments, businesses, civil society, and individuals. Moreover, waste
management is influenced by different factors, such as economic development, population
growth, urbanization, consumption patterns, technology, culture, and politics. Therefore, waste
management is a subject of debate and controversy at the local, national, and international levels.

The purpose of this report is to provide a detailed and critical analysis of the challenge of waste
management in Katanga slum, a settlement located in the valley between Mulago Hospital and
Makerere University in Kampala, the capital city of Uganda. Katanga slum is one of the most
vulnerable and marginalized communities in Kampala, facing the high risk of flood and poor
sanitation and contamination by poor waste disposal.

In 2012, Kampala Capital City Authority (KCCA) took steps to improve the solid waste
management (SWM) services in the city through engagement of the private sector and the
possible commercial utilization of refuse products and landfill gas through a Public Private
Partnership (PPP) project. According to KCCA, the collection rate for solid waste has increased
from 35% in 2016 to 59% in 2023 through collaborations with the private sector. This means
over 40 percent of 2,500 tons (1,000 tons) of waste generated on a daily basis in Kampala
remains uncollected. All collected waste is disposed at Kiteezi, which is almost filled up. Apart
from the imminent lack of capacity and operational and environmental issues, Kiteezi (which
opened in 1993) was not designed in accordance with international best practice. Though the city
authority is working so hard to manage wastes, poor waste management remains one of the main
challenges affecting most of the areas in Kampala.

The report has the following objectives:

To describe the current situation and trends of waste generation and management in Katanga
slum, and to identify the main drivers and challenges of waste management in the slum.

To examine the different approaches and perspectives on waste management in Katanga slum,
and to evaluate their strengths and weaknesses.
To explore the impacts and risks of poor waste management in Katanga slum, especially on the
health, livelihood, and dignity of the slum dwellers.

To suggest some possible solutions and recommendations for improving waste management in
Katanga slum, and to identify the gaps and opportunities for future research and action.

BACKGROUND
Hoornweg1 argues that as the world hurtles towards its urban future, the amount of municipal
solid waste (MSW), one of the most important by-products of an urban lifestyle, is growing even
faster than the rate of urbanization. Ten years ago, there were 2.9 billion urban residents who
generated about 0.64 kg of MSW per person per day (0.68 billion tonnes per year). The report
estimates that today these amounts have increased to about 3 billion residents generating 1.2 kg
per person per day (1.3 billion tonnes per year). By 2025 this will likely increase to 4.3 billion
urban residents generating about 1.42 kg/capita/day of municipal solid waste (2.2 billion tonnes
per year). This elaborates how wide and severe the problem of waste management is a worldwide
threat with emphasis of developing cities which still have under developed waste management
systems.
In a book by United Nations settlements programme 2, it highlights how waste management is
still a national wide problem and emphasizes that it is an obligation of the government to put up
strategies to curb the problem since it has disastrous effects especially on human health. The
problem of waste management is not only faced by developing cities but literally by most cities
in the world and a hinderance to sustainable development. This prompted for the establishment
of waste wise cities programme which is promoting principles for a sustainable integrated solid
waste management all around the world.
Research by Nekram Rawal3 carried out in India indicates that the problem of waste management
is worse in slum areas. Katanga, like numerous other slums across the globe, is emblematic of
the intricate web of problems that plague these informal settlements. The community is
characterized by overcrowded and haphazardly constructed dwellings, limited access to clean
water and sanitation facilities, and inadequate infrastructure. Within this backdrop, waste
management emerges as a pressing and multifaceted predicament. The residents of Katanga,
already burdened by the daily struggle for survival, must also contend with the mounting piles of
uncollected waste, a stark reminder of the challenges they face.

1 Hoornweg, D., & Bhada-Tata, P. (2012). What a waste: a global review of solid waste management.
2 Un-Habitat, & United Nations Human Settlements Programme. (2010). Solid waste management in the world's
cities: Water and sanitation in the world's cities 2010. Earthscan.
3 Rawal, N., Rai, S., & Duggal, S. K. (2017). An approach for the analysis of the effects of solid waste management
in slum areas by rapid impact assessment matrix analysis. International Journal of Environmental Technology and
Management, 20(3-4), 225-239.
LITERATURE REVIEW

This was done before and after going to the field. We read and referred to some texts by scholars
on the challenge of waste management.

Before going to the field.

In a publication by Bruno Duarte Azevedo4, he talks about waste management especially in

developing countries, in his research he uses the case study of Brazil to illustrate that waste
management is a big challenge in major cities of the developing world due to the fact that these
areas are basically overcrowded and due to this fact a lot of waste is produced by the large
number of people and thus it accumulates overtime, given the fact that many of the people living
in these settlements are poor, they cannot spare money for sustainable waste management .

For a context near homes, we looked into a publication by Trasias Mukama5 on solid waste
management in two urban slums in central Uganda, where through his research he realized that
most of the waste found in the slum areas of Uganda is either biodegradable food leftovers or
plastics like polythene bags and plastic water bottles, and they are mostly left in walkways and
heaps where they turn into nuisances with foul smells and breeding grounds for disease causing
insects. In a briefing paper by water Aid Uganda 6, their research in Bwaise II, Kawempe
division, found out that the most prevalent mode of waste management in urban slums of Uganda
is burning the waste in heaps that actually leads to air pollution with in the confined spaces of the
slums. According to the New Vision7 most of Kampala slum waste is plastic related and only
16% of this waste is actually recycled with the most left to be washed away by rain water and
ends up blocking the drainage channels or burnt adding to the air pollution.

After going to the field

We discovered that most of the literature we read was relevant to the conditions of the area of
study. As mentioned in the new vision (supra) we found that the most prevalent kind of pollution
is plastic pollution and its management is least cared about with most of the bottles in the
drainage channels blocking the passage of water that the water is stagnant and smells. As
mentioned by Mukama, the other type of waste that is ill managed is the disposal of leftover food
or the biodegradable waste which is mostly thrown in heaps in one place where it rots and
contributes to the foul smell in the area. We therefore conclude that as most of these writers
4 Azevedo, B. D., Scavarda, L. F., & Caiado, R. G. G. (2019). Urban solid waste management in
developing countries from the sustainable supply chain management perspective: A case study of Brazil's
largest slum. Journal of cleaner production, 233, 1377-1386.
5 Mukama, T., Ndejjo, R., Musoke, D., Musinguzi, G., Halage, A. A., Carpenter, D. O., & Ssempebwa, J.
C. (2016). Practices, concerns, and willingness to participate in solid waste management in two urban
slums in Central Uganda. Journal of environmental and public health, 2016.
6Uganda, W. (2011). Solid waste management arrangements and its challenges in Kampala: a case study of Bwaise
II Parish, Kawempe Division.
7 https://www.newvision.co.ug/category/news/kampalas-urban-poor-willing-to-pay-for-garbag-159396
concluded, waste management is a major challenge for most of the urban slums especially in
developing countries.

METHODS & RESULTS OF DATA COLLECTION

OBSERVATION: We took a simple walk through the area of study and observed that the
dominant type of waste is organic or food waste from residential areas. Sacs are widely used by
households to store their solid waste at home although reported to be poorly handled. While
waste bins and containers are used as waste disposal methods, some residents are not aware of
the dynamics of waste collection.
This can affect their perceptions of responsibility coupled with management failure to meeting
its obligation. There is need for continuous collaboration and joint efforts between the residents,
private partners and Kampala City Council Authority towards sustainable
management of wastes. We also noticed that most parts of the slum were infested with waste
especially the drainage systems (emyala) and open areas that weren't made for
garbage collection.
IN DEPTH INTERVIEWS: We interacted with several members of the community who
highlighted some of the causes and challenges faced due to poor waste management in the area.
Our informal interviews revealed that majority of respondents have been in the study area for a
good period of time and therefore are in position to provide information about waste generation
and management due to their experience. One of the residents, who owns a small shop in the
area, brought to our knowledge that one of the reasons for poor waste management was the
negligence of the dwellers of the area. She added that people carelessly dump waste anywhere
without taking into account the effects of such uncivilized actions. She said that the leaders had
also neglected curbing the problem and focused of issues she deemed to be of less importance to
the general public in the area and stressed out how there's lack of proper waste disposal units. We
also found out that Plastics were the most generated type of solid waste and the least being
electronics and hair sacks were the mostly used materials to gather the generated solid waste in
homes. According to Kiseka, a bodaboda, cyclist wheel barrows were the only equipment used in
transportation of solid waste from homes to collection centers. The major challenge encountered
in solid waste management at household level was, high spread of diseases like cholera and
malaria in about half of the households of the respondents. The major solution suggested by
respondents to overcome solid waste management challenges at household level was, provision
of enough and free sacks and dust bins to the public and was suggested by at least half of
the respondents. One of the local leaders also narrated how the slum only has just about 10 pit
latrines. Therefore, there’s poor disposal of human waste too and it is no doubt that the area
suffers several diseases as a result of poor hygiene and disposal of human waste.
Some of the main causes of the challenge of waste management include the following;-
Katanga lacks proper waste collection and disposal infrastructure such as a common
dumping field, and recycling facilities. Within the congested community of Katanga, some
households without toilet facilities resort to easing themselves in polyethene bags− “flying
toilets" (faecal matter in polythene bags) and throw these in dumping sites, drainage channels or
any place of their convenience. Such practices lead to easy spread of diseases like cholera and
dysentery spread by houseflies and other vectors. Most of the respondents we communicated
with Katanga use sacs to store their house hold waste although they are mishandled in most cases
and the waste is let loose on the streets.
Inadequate education and awareness about the importance of proper waste disposal in
Katanga. There are few education programs for Solid Waste Management (SWM) in Katanga. It
could also be due to failure by the local council authorities to effectively develop a curriculum
for solid waste management education in Katanga. The population remains uninformed about the
dangers of reckless and improper waste disposal such as disease spread, other individuals think
waste collection and disposal is the sole responsibility of KCCA and has maintained a negative
attitude towards the same. This lack of awareness has led to instances where waste bins have
been stolen and sold as scrap or at times even mishandled and damages.
Shortage of waste management personnel and equipment. Although at the managerial level,
KCCA has adequate skilled personnel who have relevant professional qualifications, the number
of staff at the operational level is grossly inadequate and this challenge extends to Katanga hence
a major hindrance to the provision of a sustainable solid waste management system in the town.
There a few numbers of workers and cleaners to counter the huge amount of waste generated on
a daily basis by the Katanga people, moreover that is poorly disposed. This issue is aggravated
with the ill-equipment of the already few workers and existing equipment is far from reaching
the optimum levels. Cleaning apparatus such as broom, spades, and refuse trucks among others
are in limited stock in the stores of Katanga’s local council.
Squatter status of many Katanga dwellers. KCCA has over time failed to achieve satisfactory
waste collection level in Katanga, which are met in other areas of Kampala because slum
dwellers may not have formal property rights or legal recognition, making it challenging to
demand waste management services or raise complaints to the concerned authorities that may
make them feel like they are not entitled to have waste transported away from near their residents
by the responsible government institutions thus they do not go to demand these services them
from the authorities because they are not legally situated in those areas. Some of these people
occupy space where the drainage channels are supposed to be located.
Inadequate funding levels. Limited financing from KCCA and the central government has
lessened recruitment of technical staff and personnel to handle solid waste management. It was
revealed in interviews that waste workers in Katanga are few which increases the challenges of
waste collection and disposal in Katanga. Additionally, SWM awareness programs are not
adequately funded hence there are few sensitization sessions on garbage collection and disposal.
Katanga authorities are unable to acquire garbage trucks, rubbish bins or to set up proper
drainage channels for sewerage movement. The technical staff reported that inadequate funding
has led to poor repairs and maintenance of tools and equipment.
Poor road networks. Katanga is a slum and is littered with shanty housing units compressed
within a small area. Haphazard housing does not consider provision of services, because such
housing plans in shanty areas have contributed to poor road networks which do not allow
accessibility to SW collection points by refuse trucks or efficient cleaning services. One resident,
by the name Ssemanda Ivan, informed us that garbage collecting services cannot access most
households to take their waste due to the poor road network in Katanga. This disorganization and
congestion further allow neither room for collection points or proper functioning drainage
channels since the population is competing for living space. Consequently, sewerage around
Katanga unabatedly finds its way to ungazetted areas.
The waste management challenges in Katanga slum necessitate a comprehensive approach if
they are to be solved. Guided by our field study and well-focused group discussions, the
following are probable solutions that we think will address the unique circumstances of the
community while emphasizing community engagement, environmental responsibility, and
strategic partnerships. These recommendations offer a pathway towards a cleaner, healthier, and
more sustainable future for Katanga, and they implore local authorities, KCCA and local
residents to take effective action to resolve the waste management crisis. They are as follows: -
Waste and garbage collection and transportation. The Katanga authorities should extend
door to door rubbish collecting services to the people at a fair and reasonable fee. To do this, the
authorities may contract with more private corporations who shall collect garbage from
households and businesses at regular intervals within the week and transport it to gazetted areas
more frequently. Waste or garbage in Katanga is collected monthly. This rate is not enough for
such a place that is buried in filth. Contracting more private corporations shall not only ensure
proper waste management in Katanga but also reduce the risk of contracting diseases such as
cholera, typhoid and other diseases associated with unhygienic practices.
Waste/ sewerage treatment: There is a large fraction of organic waste generated in Katanga and
hence there is huge potential for resource recovery through the introduction of Anaerobic
Digestion (AD) and compost systems which are eco-friendly. Anaerobic digesters can be
employed to treat the large quantities of biodegradable waste contained in wastewater on a large
scale. The Katanga local authorities, with support and in partnership with the government can set
up a wastewater treatment plant. The sludge, as a residue from the wastewater, can be used as
manure in farms or in bio-digesters for biogas.
Recycling Plastic garbage in Katanga is left uncollected and ends up in drainage channels,
wetlands, natural water sources, manholes, and undeveloped plots and on the roadside. Increase
the number of conveniently located recycling bins, both for household waste and specific
categories such as paper, plastic, glass, and metal. Recycling plants or facilities should be
established with a mission to curb poor waste through collecting, cleaning and processing
plastics and creatively transforming them into backpacks, shopping bags, cross bags among
others. Further, youths in Katanga can earn a living through designing old car tyres into lugabire
sandals. Recycling conserves natural resources and reduces greenhouse gas emissions. Recycling
plastic waste also reduces environmental pollution by decreasing the amount of plastic that ends
up in landfills and water bodies. Reusable Practices can also be encouraged among the Katanga
population. Businesses and households should adopt reusable practices such as reusable bags,
bottles, and containers and reduce single-use items.
Co-operation with local businesses and individuals; Katanga authorities may collaborate and
encourage businesses such as shops in the area to adopt proper waste management practices such
as substituting the kaveera (polythene bags) that are a major challenge because they are not
biodegradable, with paper bags that are more eco-friendly for packaging in addition to having
rubbish bins to avoid littering among others. Many people within Katanga are ignorant of the
danger of careless littering and dumping of rubbish thus the public should be made aware about
proper waste management techniques and the affiliated dangers such as diseases like cholera.
Penalties and fines; To improve solid waste management, there is need to enforce laws against
illegal dumping. It should be declared a criminal offence which can attract a fine from the
Katanga Local Council. Strict consequences in form of penalties should be established to punish
those guilty of illegal dumping and non-compliance with waste management regulations as a
preventative measure. Clear signs bearing a fine can be placed within the area cautioning people
against illegal dumping, contravention of which attracts the aforementioned fine.
Engage the community in sanitary drives and activities; The Katanga society should be
encouraged to participate in bulungi bwa nsi (an initiative for general well-being of the
community) by involving in activities such as cleaning roads, clearing gutters and drainage
systems, collecting rubbish among others. This shall put Katanga on a road to social
transformation, togetherness and better sanitation.
Adequate funding from the central government; The government through KCCA, Ministry
for Kampala and other relevant authorities should ensure the Katanga local council gets the
necessary funds to pay cleaners, run sanitation and waste management and disposal activities. In
addition to that, Katanga should be availed with infrastructure such as rubbish trucks, garbage
bins and a well gazetted field to dispose of the garbage.
Set up collection points within Katanga area. One of the reasons for poor disposal is of waste
is lack of proper disposal points. Mama Aisha, a kiosk owner selling chips and fish within the
area said “I would not be disposing my rubbish in the channel or behind my small toilet if the
authorities had set up proper disposal centers and bins.” Others believe that the authorities seem
to have neglected their plight. These disposal points include incinerators, dust bins and recycling
trash cans for plastics. Establishment of such would ease disposal of rubbish among the people of
Katanga.
Spread of information and awareness about waste management. Mass media like public
address systems, meetings/sessions, posters and billboards should be used to educate the public
on solid waste management. The use of mass media can increase public motivation and
participation in waste management. Environmental adult educational materials like posters and
fliers can be placed at strategic locations in Katanga to constantly keep the citizens informed
about appropriate attitude and proper methods of handling the wastes they generate daily.
Solid waste segregation into its different components, such as, decomposable or organic (e.g.
food waste) and recyclable (e.g. metals, plastics, cans, etc.) This enables easier recovery of waste
at its source (that is, from households and businesses) and promotes recycling as the waste is
already sorted out and the volume reduced. Segregation is vital in the management of hazardous
waste from households, for instance disposal of plastics that are non-biodegradable. This is to
recover some of the waste in form of plastic bags and plastic containers for reuse. Although this
practice may seem inconveniencing, encouraging this practice would need some incentives, to
create awareness of the benefits of waste segregation, facilitate the practice, and offer collection,
and support its implementation through promotion by the Katanga authorities.
As emerging cities grapple with the formidable challenge of waste management in the face of
rapid urbanization, the following are a concise set of recommended solutions that are intended to
reframe waste as a resource while promoting cleaner, healthier, and more sustainable urban
environments for their residents:
Campaigns on Public Awareness Information sharing campaigns may be organized to raise the
awareness of local people on simple SMW practices such as segregation of waste at the source
and encourage them to practice the 3Rs (reuse, reduce, and recycle). It is essential to organize
public participation programs in order to obtain better results. A target, for example 5-10%
reduction in waste generation per year may be set. Schools are the best place to start the
awareness campaign as young minds learn quickly. At school levels, 3R related activities may be
conducted because students would play an important role in future. This activity will not only
raise awareness of students but also the students’ families.
Charges on waste management services. In addition to promoting 3Rs, city councils of
emerging cities may convince their people to pay a fee for waste management services willingly
and encourage them to reduce waste generation from households. This service fee should be both
reasonable and fair. Imposing waste management fee may lead to a reduction in waste generation
at the household level.
Waste water treatment. Emerging cities are advised to establish an anaerobic digestor (AD)
plant to deal with sewerage water from the city sewers and drainage channels on a large scale
just like the Bugolobi Wastewater Treatment Plant in Kampala. The sludge from the process can
be purposefully used as manure in farms or in bio-digestors to generate energy.
Public Private Partnership (PPP) in Solid Waste Management (SWM). PPP plays a significant
role in the handling waste collection and disposal. The municipal councils of these new cities
should enroll private contractors to collect and dispose waste especially in the case when the
private sector has a strong capacity to improve efficiency. The formulation of stakeholders’
networking should be the first activity, which would help to figure out all related private sectors
in the solid waste sector. Following this, a stakeholder agreement needs to be developed to
ensure responsibility, duties and benefits of each stakeholder.

In conclusion, the challenge of waste management is a pressing issue that affects the lives and
health of millions of people living in urban slums. In this report, we have examined the case of
Katanga slum in Kampala, Uganda, where the residents face multiple problems related to waste
disposal, such as lack of infrastructure, inadequate services, environmental degradation, and
exposure to diseases. We have used a mixed-methods approach to collect and analyze data from
various sources, such as interviews, observations, surveys, and secondary literature. Our main
findings are:
• The waste management system in Katanga is largely informal and unregulated, relying on the
efforts of individual waste pickers, collectors, and recyclers who operate in precarious and
hazardous conditions.
• The waste management practices in Katanga are influenced by various factors, such as socio-
economic status, gender, education, awareness, attitudes, and behaviors of the residents, as well
as the availability and accessibility of waste facilities and services.
• The waste management situation in Katanga has negative impacts on the environment and the
health of the residents, as well as the wider city. The waste accumulation and burning contribute
to air pollution, soil contamination, and greenhouse gas emissions. The waste also poses a risk of
disease transmission, especially for children, who are exposed to pathogens, parasites, and toxins
from the waste.
• Our main argument is that waste management is not only a technical problem, but also a social,
economic, political, and environmental problem that requires a comprehensive and integrated
response. Our major standpoint is that waste management is a human right and a social justice
issue that affects the dignity and well-being of the slum dwellers. The waste management
challenges in Katanga require a holistic and participatory approach that involves multiple
stakeholders, such as the government, the private sector, the civil society, and the local
community. The potential solutions include improving the waste infrastructure and services,
enhancing the waste governance and regulation, raising the waste awareness and education,
promoting the waste reduction and recycling, and empowering the waste workers and residents.
FIELD STUDY PICTORIAL

One of our group A picture showing the extent of A water channel in Katanga slum clogged with all kinds of
members having an filth in Katanga slum. Waste is waste.
informal interview with a dumped in undesignated areas
local resident of Katanga and not collected.
Slum.

Our group members

navigating one of the
narrow corridors in the
slum. Such corridors are
also filth-ridden.

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