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Redox

1. A redox reaction is a reaction where oxidation and reduction occur simultaneously. Oxidation involves loss of electrons or addition of electronegative elements, while reduction involves gain of electrons or removal of electronegative elements. 2. Oxidation numbers indicate the number of electrons gained or lost by an atom in a reaction. They are calculated using structures or formulas along with rules about how electrons are shared. 3. Oxidizing agents accept electrons and become reduced, while reducing agents donate electrons and become oxidized. Common types of redox reactions include combination, decomposition, displacement, and disproportionation.

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43 views

Redox

1. A redox reaction is a reaction where oxidation and reduction occur simultaneously. Oxidation involves loss of electrons or addition of electronegative elements, while reduction involves gain of electrons or removal of electronegative elements. 2. Oxidation numbers indicate the number of electrons gained or lost by an atom in a reaction. They are calculated using structures or formulas along with rules about how electrons are shared. 3. Oxidizing agents accept electrons and become reduced, while reducing agents donate electrons and become oxidized. Common types of redox reactions include combination, decomposition, displacement, and disproportionation.

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REDOX REACTION

What is OXIDATION ??
2 Mg (s) + O2 (g) → 2 MgO (s)

• Oxidation is Addition of oxygen

CH4 (g) + 2O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O (l)


• Oxidation is removal of hydrogen
• Oxidation is addition of Electronegative elements
Mg (s) + F2 (g) → MgF2(s)
Mg (s) + Cl2(g) → MgCl2(s)
Mg (s) + S (s) → MgS (s)
• Oxidation is removal of electropositive elements
2K4[Fe(CN)6](aq) + H 2O2(aq) →2K3[Fe(CN)6 ](aq) + 2 KOH (aq)
Oxidation Reduction

Addition of oxygen /Electronegative elements Removal of Oxygen/electronegative elements

Removal of Hydrogen/electropositive elements Addition of Hydrogen/electropositive elements

OIL RIG
What is redox reaction ?
• Chemical Reaction :
• Redox = reduction + oxidation
• Definition of Redox reaction : A reaction in which oxidation and
reduction occurs simultaneously
Eg : 3Fe 3O 4(s) + 8 Al (s) → 9 Fe (s) + 4Al 2O3(s)
Electronic concept
• Ionic compound : eg-NaCl

2Na + Cl2 2Na+ Cl-

OIL : Oxidation is loss of electron


RIG : reduction is gain of electron

• Covalent compounds: eg : Water (H2O)


Electronegativity
• It is the tendency of an atom to attract shared pair of electron
• Oxygen is an EN element

Water molecule :
Electronegativity sequence

F > O > N = Cl > Br > I > S > C > H

.Flaming Oxygen Nice Clear Bright I Suspect Canned Hydrogen


Oxidation Number /oxidation state
How to calculate ?
• Assumption : Electron pair in a covalent bond belongs entirely to
more electronegative element
• Two ways to cal O.N
1. Using structures :
2.Using formula
1.Calculating O.N through Structures
1. HCl
2. SO2
3. H2 S
4. Cl2
5. CO2
6. CCl4
• CrO5
2.To cal O.N using formula
• Rules:
1. In elemental state O.S = 0 (eg: Cl2,O2 ,Br2,S8 , P4)
2. O.S of alkali metals is +1 (Li,Na,k)
3.O.S of alkaline earth metals is +2(Be,Mg,Ca)
4. Aluminium is regarded to have an oxidation number of +3 in all its
compounds.
5.O.N of hydrogen is +1 but in hydrides( eg.LiH , NaH, CaH2) O.N of hydrogen is -1
6.O.S of Halogens is generally -1 (in halide form) (when halogen combines with oxygethen it shows
positive O.N)
7.O.S of Oxygen is mostly -2 but in sometimes it shows -1, +1 , +2 and - 1/2 o.s

Sum of O.S of all atoms in a species (atom/ion/compound) = total charge on species


• Generally asked to cal O.S of those elements which show variable O.S
Eg : Nitrogen ( -3 to +5) , Sulphur ( -2 to +6) , Cl (-1 to +7) , Fe and
Manganese
O.S of oxygen in various compounds
• Peroxide : Peroxides are those which have peroxy linkage like H2O2
• Superoxides: An oxide containing O2- eg: KO2
• OF2
• O2F2
Oxidising and Reducing agent
• Oxidising agent : are those which itself gets reduced (Increases O.N)
(Acceptor of electron)
• Reducing agent: are those which itself gets oxidised (lowers O.N)
(Donor of electrons)
• 3Fe 3O 4(s) + 8 Al (s) → 9 Fe (s) + 4Al 2O3(s)
Pb(s) + PbO2(s) + 2H 2SO4(aq) → 2PbSO4(s) + 2H2 O(l)
Types Of Redox Reaction
• 1. Combination Reaction:
A combination reaction may be denoted in the
manner:
A+B→C
Either A and B or both A and B must be in the
elemental form for such a reaction to be a redox
reaction.
• 2.Decomposition Reaction:
A decomposition reaction leads to the breakdown of a compound into
two or more components at least one of which must be in the
elemental state
• 3. Displacement Reaction
A displacement reaction, an ion (or an atom) in a compound is replaced
by an ion (or an atom) of another element. It may be denoted
as: X + YZ → XZ + Y
• 3 (a) Metal displacement reaction: A metal in a compound can be
displaced by another metal in the uncombined state
Electrochemical series

•2
• 3(b) Non-metal displacement: The non-metal displacement redox
reactions include hydrogen displacement and a rarely occurring
reaction involving oxygen displacement
• 4.Disproportionation Reaction:
• In a disproportionation reaction an element in one oxidation state is
simultaneously oxidised and reduced.
• One of the reacting substances in a disproportionation reaction
always contains an element that can exist in at least three oxidation
states.
• The element in the form of reacting substance is in the intermediate
oxidation state; and both higher and lower oxidation states of that
element are formed in the reaction

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