CHAPTER FIVE

5 .DESIGN OF SLABS
5.1 INTRODUCTION
 A slab is structural element whose thickness is small
compared to its own length and width.
 Slabs are usually used in floor and roof construction.
 There are many types of slab. from these the followings
are common.
1. Solid slab
2. Ribbed slab
3. Flat slab

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Types of Slab

Ribbed slab
Solid slab 1. One way&
1. One way & 2. Two way Flat slab
2. Two way (Waffle slab)

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 According to the way loads are transferred to
supporting beams and columns, Solid slabs are
classified into two types .These are:
1. One way solid slab and
2. Two way solid slab.

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One way solid slab Two way solid slab

• Either supported on two opposite
sides out of four sides or the ratio • The ratio of longer span to
of longer span to shorter span is shorter span is less than or
greater than to 2. equal to 2.
• The bending is assumed typically • The bending is assumed both
in short direction. in short and longer direction .
• Main reinforcements are provided • Main reinforcements are
parallel to short direction. provided parallel to both
• Secondary reinforcements are shorter and longer direction.
provided paralleled to long
direction.

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1.5m
1.5m

3m

4m
3m

3m

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Types of Ribbed slab

1. One way 2. Two way

- Ribs runs only in one - Ribs runs on two
direction orthogonal direction and are
called waffle slab .

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1. strength of concrete used for slab.
 It depends on the exposure classes like that of
beam.
 Most of the time minimum grade of concrete
used for slab is C20/25.
2. Concrete cover for slab
 It is determined like that of beam.
 Most of the time 15mm or 20mm is
recommended.

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3. Depth Determination for solid slab :
Serviceability requirement (Refer ES EN 1992
Section 7)

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 The same like that of beam. But in solid slab ρ=

0.5%=0.005.

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 For Fyk=500Mpa and C30/37 concrete, l/d

values are as follows :

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14 d-effective depth and (l-shorter span length in case of solid slab

L-is longer span in case of flat slab)
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4. Minimum and Maximum area of reinforcement
For solid slab
4.1 For main reinforcements

 The same as like that of beam. The only

difference is bt=width of beam considered during
design of beam, bt=1000 mm in Solid slabs.
 As max =0.04 Ac

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4.2 For Secondary Reinforcements
 Secondary transverse reinforcement of not less
than 20% of the principal reinforcement should be
provided in one way solid slabs.

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 Longer span length (Ly) of the solid slab is AA’ or
BB’.
 Shorter span length (Lx) of the solid slab is AB or
A’B’.
 If Ly/Lx >2 , it is one way solid slab. But if Ly/Lx
<=2 , it is two way solid slab.
 If the slab is one way solid slab main
reinforcement were provided parallel to short
direction and secondary reinforcements were
provided parallel to longer direction .
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 If the slab is two way solid slab main
reinforcement were provided parallel both in
shorter and longer direction at tension region.

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Spacing of bars

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Loads Assigned to Slabs
1. Own weight of the slab(Self weight)
 The weight of the slab per unit area is estimated
by multiplying the thickness of the slab h by the
density of the reinforced concrete(γc).
2. Weight of slab covering materials (Finishing
loads):
 Calculated by multiplying Unit weight of
finishing material by thickness of finishing
material (If the finishing material is common and
provided throughout of panel area) .

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 Sometimes more than one finishing materials are
provided in single panel. In this case Load due to
finishing material is calculated by using the
following formula
𝑡𝑓1𝐴1γf1+𝑡𝑓2𝐴2γf2 tfi∗Ai∗γf𝑖
Finishing Load= =
𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎

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3. Partition( Wall loads)
 If the partition exists on the panel but not on
beams, the partition load is considered as
distributed areal load. But if the partition exists on
the beam, the partition on load is considered as it is
on the beam.

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 Calculated by using the following formula.

Wall volume=tw*hw*LW
4. Live load
 It depends on the purpose for which the floor is
constructed.

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Table

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

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General procedures for one way solid slab design
Step-1 Determination of minimum depth for Serviceability
and fire design.
Step-2 Determination of Design load by taking 1m strip
width.
Step-3 Analysis (Determination of Action effects i.e
Design moment and Design shear)
Step -4 Determine Design constants.
Step-5 Check depth a adequacy
a) For Flexure
b) For Shear

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Step-6 Reinforcement Design.
 Determination of As main and As secondary.
 Determination of spacing of main and secondary
reinforcements.
6.1 Check minimum provision
6.1.1 Minimum area of reinforcement area (Asmin ) both for
main and secondary reinforcements.
6.1.1.1 For main reinforcements

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6.1.1.2 For Secondary reinforcements.
 Asmin =0.2 AS main reinforcement
6.1.2 Check maximum spacing of reinforcements
6.1.2.1 For main Reinforcements

6.1.2.2 For secondary reinforcement

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 Analysis of One-Way Slab
One-way simply supported slab
• Analysis and design of the slab similar to design of simply supported
beam as indicate in the previous chapter. For 1m slab width,
• Moment, w L2 Shear Force,  wL
M m ax  V max
8 2
One-way Continuous slab
• For continuous slab, moment and shear force can be obtained from
Table 3.12: BS 8110 if the following conditions applied.

1.35Gk + 1.5Qk

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 Design of One-Way Slab

• The ratio of characteristic imposed load to characteristic dead load

does not exceed 1.25.
• The characteristic imposed load does not exceed 5 kN/m2
excluding partitions.
• Equal spans or not more than 15% difference.
• Three or more spans
• Are of each bay exceeds 30 sqm

• If the above conditions are not satisfied, the slab can be analyzed using
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elastic analysis as performed for continuous beams.
 Design of Flexural
Reinforcement
 The calculations for flexural reinforcement Follow a similar
procedure to that use in beam design.

1) Calculate

2) If K ≤ Kbal (= 0.167), compression reinforcement

is not required, and

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Design of one way ribbed slab
Introduction
 Hollow block floors are formed typically using blocks made
of concrete with light weight aggregate.
 The void in blocks reduces the total weight of the slab
significantly.
 The main advantages of using hollow blocks is the reduction
in weight by removing the part of the concrete bellow the
neutral axis.
 Hollow block floors proved economical for spans of more
than 5m with light or moderate live loads, such as hospitals,
office or residential buildings.

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Requirements
 The c/c rib spacing doesn’t exceed 1500mm.
 The depth of the rib bellow the flange doesn’t exceed 4
times it’s width.
 The depth of the flange is at least 1/10 of the clear distance
between ribs or 50 mm.

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Procedures
1. Shear force and moments for continuous rib slabs can be
obtained by elastic analysis by considering live load
variation.
2. The mid span section is designed as a T- beam with flange
width equal to the distance between ribs. The support
section is designed as a rectangular beam.
3. The shear verification is carried out for the critical section
of the rib with the same procedure as in a rectangular beam
section.

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Load transfer mechanisms in ribbed slab system

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Example A typical floor system of a lecture hall is to be
designed as a ribbed slab. The joist, which are spaced at
400mm, are supported by girders. The overall depth of the
slab without finishing materials is 300mm. Imposed load of
1.5 KN/m^2 for partition is considered in the design. In
addition the floor has a floor finish material of 3cm marble
over a 2cm cement screed and it has 2cm plastering as
ceiling. Take the unit weight of ribbed block to be 2KN/m^2.
Use C20/25, S-300, φ6 & φ12 bar for web and longitudinal
reinforcement with cover to stirrup of 15mm.

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a. Analyze and design the ribbed slab system, considering the
effects of variable load pattern.
b. Analyze and design the girders and bracing beams.

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Two way slab system
Introduction
 Depending on the load transfer mechanism slabs can be classified
as one way and two way slab systems, as discussed in the previous
lesson.
 The analysis and design of one way slabs, especially for beam
supported and one way ribbed slab system, was discussed in the
previous lesson.
 Analysis and design of two way slab system is a lot more complex
as load transfer is in two orthogonal directions and computing the
design actions is not straight forward as in one way slab.
 For rectangular slabs with standard edge conditions and subjected
to uniformly distributed load, normally the bending moments are
obtained using tabulated coefficients are provided later in this
section
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 In many cases rectangular slabs are of such proportions and
are supported in such away that two way actions results.
when loaded, such a slab bend in two a dished surface rather
than a cylindrical one.

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Analysis of rectangular panels with restrained
edge
 Panels must had restrained edge in order to prevent lifting.
in order to prevent lifting reinforcement continuity must be
present between the slab and the supporting element.

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 The above rectangular slab is simply supported or
unrestrained edge slab b/c it is simply rest on supporting
wall without reinforcement continuity b/n wall and slab.

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Approximate methods of analysis of two way edge
restrained solid slab
1. Coefficient method
2. Yield line method and
3. Strip method.
A. Analysis by using coefficient method
Requirements for using coefficient method
1. The ratio of characteristic live load (Qk) to characteristic dead
load (Gk) should be less than 1.25 or (Qk/Gk)<=1.25.
2. The characteristic live load (Qk) should be less than or equal to
5KN/m^2 or Qk<=5KN/m^2.

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3. The load should be uniformly distributed.
4. The slab should be rectangular.
5. The slab hadn't large opening.
6. The slab should be Supported by beam in all edges.
Determination of support and field moment

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 Mi=αi*Pd*Lx^2 i.e.
Mxf= αxf *Pd*Lx^2.
Mxs= αxs*Pd*Lx^2
Myf= αyf *Pd*Lx^2
Mys= αys *Pd*Lx^2
Where as
 f stands for field or span and s stands for support.
 αxf and αyf stands for coefficient of field or span
moment along x and y direction respectively.
 αxs and αys stands for coefficient of support moment
along x and y direction respectively.
 Pd stands for factored design load in one meter strip
width of slab
 Lx stands for shorter span length of the slab.
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 The Values of αxf and αxs, were depend on Ly/Lx
and supporting condition or continuity of the panel
but the values of αyf and αys were depend on only
supporting conditions. .
 Values of αxf, αyf, αxs and αys were obtained from
the following table.

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Restrained slab with unequal conditions at
adjacent panel
 In some cases, the bending moments at a common support,
obtained by considering the two adjacent panels in isolation,
may differ significantly because of the differing edge
condition at the far supports or differing span lengths or
loading.
 Consider panel 1 and 2 in figure bellow.

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Moment Adjustment
Support moment
 Distributing of the moment by considering the stiffness of
the two adjacent panels.
Span moment
 when the support moment decrease ,the span moments Mxf
and Myf are then increased to allow for the changes of
support moments. This increase is calculated as being equal
to the change of the support moment multiplied by the
factors given in table A-2.If a support moment is increased
,no adjustment shall be made to the span moments.

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 ∆Mxf=Cx*∆Mxs +Cx*∆Mys
 ∆M yf=Cy*∆Mxs +Cy*∆Mys
Loads on supporting beams (Load transfer
from slab to beam)
 The design loads on beams supporting solid slabs
spanning in two directions at right angles and
supporting uniformly distributed load may be
assessed from the following equation
Vi= βvi*Pd*Lx i.e
 Vxc= βvx,c*Pd*Lx

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 Vxd= βvx,d*Pd*Lx
 Vyc= βvy,c*Pd*Lx
 Vyd= βvy,d*Pd*Lx
Where as
 c stands for continuous and d stands for discontinuous.
 Vi is the load transferred from slab to its supporting
beam.
 βvi is the coeffient of transferred load.
 Pd is the factored design load and
 Lx is the shorter span length of the slab.
 The values of coefficients obtained from the following
table.

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Division of two way solid slab in to Middle strip and

Edge strip.

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Minimum area of reinforcements( Asmin)

Maximum spacing

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General procedures for two one way solid slab design
Step-1 Determination of minimum depth for Serviceability and
fire design.
Step-2 Determination of Design load by taking 1m strip width.
Step-3 Analysis (Determination of field and support moment
and shear transferred in to supporting beams ) by using
coefficient method.
Step-4 Adjusting support and field( span moments)
Step -5 Determine Design constants.
Step-6 Check depth a adequacy
a) For Flexure
b) For Shear

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Step-7 Reinforcement Design.
 Determination of AS both in x and y direction.
 Determination of spacing reinforcements.
7.1 Check minimum provision
7.1.1 Minimum area of reinforcement (Asmin )

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7.1.2 Check maximum spacing of reinforcements

Step -8 Determine Anchorage length

8.1 Basic Anchorage length (lb)
8.2 Design Anchorage length(lbd)
Step -9 Reinforcement Layout (Detailing)
9.1 Overlapping length (lo) if any.

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9.2 Number of bars.
 n=(Ln/s)+1
9.3 Length of each bar.
E.g. A monolithic reinforced concrete floor is composed
of rectangular panels whose dimensions are shown
bellow. The floor shall carry a service love load of
5KN/m^2 . Determine the design bending moment of
all panels and design the panels when the materials used
are C25/30 concrete and S-300 steel. Determine also
the load transferred to each beams from the slabs.
Assume beam width (bw=250mm).
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Pan
els Msd fcd fyd d μsd ω AS Scal Spro
24.8 14.2 261 139 0.09 0.1 724 156 150
s-1 18.42 14.2 261 139 0.07 0.07 528 214 210
17.18 14.2 261 127 0.08 0.08 545 208 200
14.03 14.2 261 127 0.06 0.06 434 260 260
11.63 14.2 261 139 0.04 0.04 324 349 340
s-2 10.72 14.2 261 127 0.05 0.05 331 342 340
8.21 14.2 261 127 0.04 0.04 255 443 400
286 395 390

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GUIDE LINE TO WRITE YOUR MINI PROJECT
 While preparing the final document the following guideline shall
be strictly followed.
1. COVER PAGE
 Cover page shall contain
A. Name of University
B. Logo of the university
C. Name of the course
D. Title of the project
E. Student name and ID No. and
F. Submission date of the project

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e.g WOLLO UNIVERSITY

Kombolcha Institute of Technology

Department of Civil Engineering
Mini Project on Reinforced Concrete Structure-I (CEng3111)
Title: Design of Two way solid slab
Identification of students
Name ID No.
1. Yared Abraham…………………….WOUR/6986/10
Submitted to Biresaw M.
Submitted date: 05/18/2012
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2. Fonts
 Use times New Roman font with the following font size.
A. 14 for Heading 1
B. 13 for Heading 2
C. 12 for Heading 3 and Paragraphs.
e.g CHAPTER THREE…………………Heading 1

3. DESIGN OF SLAB …………….Heading 1

3.1 Introduction…………………………Heading 2
3.1.1 Design of one way solid slab………Heading 3

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3. Page number
 Every page assigned a number. The preliminary pages are
numbered in lower case Roman Numbers (i,ii,iii etc).
 Starting with the introduction section, through the
reference the page number should be numbered conse
cutively using 1,2,3 e.t.c. The page numbers are placed in
the lower write hand corner.
4. Headings

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5. Tables and Figures
 The title of tables and figures should be brief. i.e self-
explanatory.
 The title of a table should be at the top left hand corner of
the table.
 The title of a figure should be at the
bottom left hand corner of the figure.
 All tables and figures in the text must be identified in the
LIST OFTABLES or the LIST OF FIGURES with their
respective pages. These lists immediately follow the
TABLE OF CONTENTS.

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e.g Writing format of name of tables and figures respectivelly

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e.g Format of table of content

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e.g Writing style for List of Table

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e.g Writing style of List of figures

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6. Citing References
 The reference section appears at the end of the
paper.
 They are listed in alphabetical order.
e.g Reference writing style

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e.g Proper citing of references

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 Contents of the Document

Cover Page

Acknowledgment

Abstract

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 Table of Content

List of Table

List of Figure

List of Abbreviation
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CHAPTER ONE
Introduction

Body of the Project

Conclusion

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References

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THANK YOU

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