1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1. Light 1.2 Sources of Light THE NATURE OF LIGHT HOW ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES ARE PRODUCED ? THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM 4.1 Visible Light Spectrum 4.2. Source of light OBJECTS 5.1 Luminous Objects 5.2. Non-Luminous Objects 5.3. Opaque Objects 5.4 Transparent objects 5.5 Translucent Objects SOME BASIC TERMS REFLECTION OF LIGHT 7.1 Some basic terms of reflection LAW'S OF REFLECTION REGULAR REFLECTION (SPECULAR REFLECTION) DIFFUSE REFLECTION (IRREGULAR REFLECTION) IMAGE ‘11.1 Real Image 1.2. Virtual Image a 12,0 REFLECTION FROM PLANE MIRRORS 12.1 Image Formed By A Plane Mirror 12.2. Lateral Inversion 12.3 Number of images formed by two plane mirror inclined at an angle 6 13.0 REFLECTION FROM SPHERICAL MIRRORS 13.1 Concave Mirror 13.2. Convex Mirror 14.0 SOME BASIC TERMS RELATED TO SPHERICAL MIRRORS 15.0 RULES TO OBTAIN IMAGES IN SPHERICAL MIRRORS 15.1 Image Formation By A Concave Mirror 15.2 Image Formation By A Convex Minor 16.0 SIGN CONVENTION FOR REFLECTION BY SPHERICAL MIRRORS 17.0 FORMULAE RELATED TO SPHERICAL MIRRORS 17.1 Relationship between radius of curvature and focus 17.2. Mirror Formula 17.3. Magnification (m) EXERCISE 1 (ELEMENTARY) EXERCISE 2 (SEASONED) EXERCISE 3 (SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS- CBSE) EXERCISE 4 (COMPETITIVE ASSESSMENT) Unit OneReflection of Light REFLECTION OF LIGHT (REL) (REL -1) 4.0 INTRODUCTION Light is a form of energy which enables us to see objects. A glowing bulb, sun, moon, stars etc. are visible to us due to light energy emitted by them. The moon does not emit light energy but itis seen by us due to reflection of sunlight by it. Have you ever looked in a mirror and wondered how you are able to stare yourself in the face? You know that you are seeing an image that, depending on the quality of the mirror, may or may not be an accurate reflection of reality. What are the basic principles of image formation? Can we predict where the images will be formed and how they will appear? Such questions lie in the realm of geometrical optics, in which we describe the behavior of light waves by using rays. 4.4. Light Light is a form of energy which excites our sense of sight. 4.2 Sources of Light During the day, the primary source of light is the Sun and the secondary source is the brightness of the sky. Other common sources ate flames, electric bulbs, tube lights (fluorescent tubes), compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) and light emitting diodes (LEDs). 2.0 THE NATURE OF LIGHT Light consists of electromagnetic waves (non-mechanical waves) which do not contain any particles and they do not require any material medium for their propagation. (1) The speed of light depends on the nature of medium. In vacuum or free space, they travel fastest and their speed is 3 x 10 m/s. In air, the speed is almost same (marginally less), whereas, in glass or water, it reduces considerably. (2) The wavelength range of visible light is about 4 x 107 mo 7 x 107m (or 0.4 um to 0.7 um or 400 nm to 700 nm) (3) Though light does not contain particles, but it carries energy and momentum. Lightis supposed to have massless particles or units called ‘photons’. (4) Light travels in a straight line in vacuum or in a homogeneous transparent medium. (5) Light consists of electromagnetic waves which are transverse in nature. 3.0 HOW ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES ARE PRODUCED ? An electromagnetic wave is produced by an oscillating charge which produces mutually perpendicular oscillating electric and magnetic fields. The direction of propagation of electromagnetic wave is Perpendicular to both electric and magnetic field respectively. Hence, it is transverse in nature.Class X_: Physics EN ess 42 We know that moving charge is actually an electric current and a magnetic field surrounds an electric current. Since, the electric current is ost ting in this case, an oscillating magnetic field surrounds the electric current. An oscillating magnetic field, in turn, generates an oscillating electric field (electromagnetic induction). The oscillating electric and magnetic fields regenerate each other to make up an electromagnetic wave, which moves outward from the oscillating charge. Both eleciric and magnetic fields move with same speed which keeps them in perfect balance, regenerating each other as they carry energy through space (see fig. 2). Electric field Magnetic field Direction of propagation Fig 2: An electromagnetic wave THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM Electromagnetic waves exist with a very large range of frequi frequencies is known as the electromagnetic spectrum. jencies. This continuous range of "xX. | Ultraviolet] Visible | Infrared) Micro] Radio Gamma light | rays | waves] waves rays | rays | rays Decreasing frequency increasing wavelength Visible Light Spectrum Our eyes are sensitive to only a very narrow band of electromagnetic spectrum. This narrow band cof wavelengths is an aid through which humans can see and it is called visible light spectrum. Violet | Indigo | Blue | Green | Yellow | Orange | Red Decreasing frequency, increasing wavelength Sources of Light Objects from which the light is given out are called sources of light. Some sources are natural while many others are man made. For us on the earth, the Sun is the most important natural source of : light. Electric lamps, oil lamps and candles are some of the man made sources of light. j Sources which are visible through the light emitted by them, are called self-luminous : sources. The Sun and other stars are self-luminous sources, Sources which become visible through the light returned from them, are called non- Juminous sources. The planets and their moons are non-luminous sources. According to the size, sources of light are classified into two categories : (1) Point source of light (2) Extended source of light 1 E; | ; i | g ALLEN Reflection of Light Eas ee q (2) 5. 5. 5. 5. 5. 6. ) Point source of light : A source of light which is of the size of pin head is celled point source of light. In practice a point source of light can be obtained by enclosing a bulb in a box with a pin head size hole in its one side {fig. 3) The pin hole acts as @ point source of light. From point source, light reys propagate in all direction ie. tole freee Asource of light whose distance from observer i mpar wih issue may a be conuinedw pomoac ie ) Extended source of light : Any source of light, which is bi igger than point is cal eg., A bulb, a tube light, a bu Point source of light is called extended source of light. ming candle, etc. 0 OBJECTS 4 Luminous Objects The objects which emit their own light are called ‘luminous objects’. Examples - Sun and other stars, lamp, bulb, tube light, candle flame, etc . 2 Non-Luminous Objects The objects which do not emit their own light but only reflect or scatter the light which falls on thern are called ‘non-luminous’ objects (or illuminated objects ) Examples - Table, chair, animals, plants, planets, satelites, moon, ete. 3 Opaque Objects ‘An object is said to be ‘opaque’ if it does not allow any light to pass through it. An opaque object reflects a part of the light falling on it and remaining past is absorbed by it. 4 Transparent objects An object is said to be ‘transparent if it transmits most of the light falling on it. Only 2 very small part of light may be absorbed or reflected from it. We can see clearly an object present behind the transparent object. e.g. a plain glass slab is a transparent object (or medium) 5 Translucent Objects An object is said to be ‘trenslucent' if it transmits a part of the light falling on it that is not sufficient to see clearly an object present behind it. For a highly polished surface or mirror, most of the light falling on it gets reflected. For a transparent medium like glass or water, most of the light falling on it gets transmitted. 0 SOME BASIC TERMS Ray of ight - A ray of light is the direction in which light travels. Beam of ight - A bundle of light rays is called beam of light (or light beam). Convergent beam - A beam of light in which all the rays move towards a single point is called convergent beam [see fig.4a]. Fig. 4a: A convergent beamOver a a of light in which all the rays emerge out from a single point is called divergent ig 4b: A divergent beam + Perallelbeam « A beam of light in which all the rays are parallel to e2c! (see fig.4(c)]. h other is called parallel beam, > ———> Fig. 4A parallel beam _ tustrations Illustration 1. Light is in nature : (A) Mechanical (B) Electromagnetic (C) Transparent fluid (D) None of these Solution. (B) Light is an electromagnetic wave which do not require any medium to travel. Illustration 2. Speed of light in vacuum is : (A) 3x10®m/sec. (B) 3x10%m/sec. (C)3x105msec. — (D) 3x10°misec. Solution. (A) In vacuum, speed of light is maximum and its numerical value is 3 x 10° ms, Illustration 3. Choose the wrong statement : (A) Light does not need medium to travel (B) Speed of light is same in air, water and glass (C) Light travels in a straight line (D) Speed of light depends upon the nature of medium Solution. (B) Speed of light depends on the refractive index of a medium. If R. of medium is more speed of light is lesser hence it is different in air, glass and water, Illustration 4. Which of the following is a hot source of light : (A) Firefly (B) Tube light M Solution. (©) . am (D)/Moon | In sum, due leat . ; a mae enue! fission, energy is radiated. Part of which are light energy andReflection of ctive Questions Ob eaten a rg of physics where light and its phenomenon is studied is V (B) Acoustics (C) Mechanics (D) Thermodynamics 2. en of the following is an important source of light for us? (ay Sun (B) Mars (C) Jupiter (D) Venus 3. Which of the following is a cold source of light (A) Bulb (8) Moon (C) Sun (D) All of them 4. Anarrow stream of light is called a : Jay Ray (B) Beam (C) Sunlight (D) None of these 5, Aight is said to be divergent when : (a) All the rays travel parallel to each other (By Alll the rays spread from a point source of light (C) Alllthe rays converge together to a single point (D) It travels in an irregular pattern Subjective Questions 6. Define: (i) convergent beam of light (ii) Extended source of light 7. Define (i) Transparent medium (ii) Translucent medium (i!) Opaque medium 8. Name some natural sources of light. 9. Define point source of light 10. What do you understand by term light ? ee —Class X_: Physics 7.0 (ii) (iii) (iv) (wy) (vi) REFLECTION OF LIGHT (REL - 2) REFLECTION OF LIGHT Reflection of light is the process in which light rays meeting the boundary between two media ‘bounces back’, to stay in the t medium (see fig 5). The process of sending back of light rays which fall on the surface of an object is called reflection of light. On reflection of light from a surface, the speed, wavelength and frequency of light does not change. This is because the light stays in the same medium. But, amplitude and intensity of reflected ray are slightly less than that of incident ray as some part of energy is absorbed at the surface. Fig. 5: Reflection of light Some basic terms of reflection Mirror ‘A smooth polished surface from which regular reflection can take place is called mirror. MM’ is the mirror as shown in fig. 6. Incident ray Array of light which travels towards the mirror is called incident ray. Ray AB is incident ray in fig. 6. Point of incidence : ‘The point on the mirror, where an incident ray strikes is called point of incidence. ‘B’ is the point of incidence in fig. 6. Reflected ray : Aray of light which bounces off the surface of a mirror, is called reflected ray. BC is reflected ray in fig. 6. Normal 4 The perpendicular drawn at the point of incidence, to the surface of mirror is called normal. BN f is the normal in fig. 6. 3 i Angle of incidence ‘ The angle made by the incident ray with the normal is called angle of incidence. ABN is the } angle of incidence in fig. 6. It is denoted by 2i. i (vii) Angle of reflection i The angle made by the reflected ray with the normal is called angle of reflection, 1 Positive Negative Diminished Same size Magnified Virtual, Real, image image image erect inverted Fig27 : Concept of magnification 24,ar Reflection of Light important points related to spherical mirrors, ii i som" Concave mirror * a (4) Object distance, u = always negative {2) Image distance, v = positive, when object is placed between P & F (virtual and erect image). v = negative, all other possible cases (real and inverted image) (3) {= negative, R = negative. : (a) Convex mirror (1) Object distance, u = always negative. (2) Image distance, v = always positive (virtual and erect). (3) {= positive, R = positive. (a) Image is always diminished. Illustrations. —-———_———_ Aconvex mitror used for rear-view on an automobile has a radius of curvature of 3.00m. ion 1 ration 1. x Mls If a bus is located at 5.00 m from this mirror, find the position, nature and size of the image. gotutton Given, radius of curvature, R= + 3 m; object distance, u = — 5 mm; image distance, v = ?; magnification, Now, focal length, f = R/2 = +3/2 m Mirror formula, 1 1 1 or 1,1. o 1 5) 4372) v or 221,2_3+10_18 gp v.18 = 4115m v 15 5 13, Thus, the image is 1.15 m at the back of the mirror. a hy __v__(#15/13)_ 3 fication, m=22 = (15/13) 3 240; Now, magnification, m= 52 =—~ a5 02 ‘The image is virtual, erect and smaller in size by a factor of 0.23. Ilustration 2. An object, 4.0 cm in size, is placed at 25.0 em in front of a concave mirror of focal length 15.0 cm. At what distance from the mirror should a screen be placed in order to obtain a sharp image ? Find the nature and the size of the image. Solution Given, object size, h, = + 4 cm ; object distance, u = - 25 cm; Focal length, f = -15 cm ; image distance, v = ? ; image size, h, Mirror formula, The screen should be placed at 37.5 cm from the mirror. v Now, magnification, m=P2 =-% hu or hy =—2xhy = (1802) (44) = 34 =-6cm (25) The image is real, inverted and enlarged. 25}Class X_: Physics Illustration 3. An object is placed at Solution Given, object 10 em in front of a concave mirror of radius of curvature 15 cm Find the magnification of the image. ance, u = -10 cm ; radius of curvature, R = - 15cm 5 image distance, v = ? ; magnification, m = ? Focal length, f = -15/2 cm Mirror formula, Ilustration 4. A concave mirror of focal length f produces a real image n times the size of the objec. Solution What is the distance of the object from the mirror. Objective Questions 1. The focal length of a spherical mirror whose radius of curvature is 20 cm is : (A) 40 cm (B) 30cm (C) 20 cm (D) 10 cm A virtual image three times the size of the object is obtained with a concave mirror of radius of curvature 36 cm, The distance of the object from the mirror is : (A) 5cm (B) 12 cm (C) 10 cm (D) 20 cm If an object is placed 10 cm in front of a concave mirror of focal length 20 cm, the image will be : (A) Diminished, upright, virtual (B) Enlarged, upright, virtual (C) Diminished, inverted, real (D) Enlarged, upright, real An object 1 cm tal height one needs a i (A) Convex mirror of radius of curvature 12 em (B) Concave mirror of radius of curvature 12cm | (C) Concave mirror of radius of curvature 4em (D) Plane mirror of height 12cm | i placed 4 em in front of a mirror. In order to produce an upright image of 3 cm} a Seer aes placed aa distance of 1.5 f from a concave mirror where f is the! focal length of mirror. The length : : axis, then the length of the image fe nath of the object is perpendicular to the principal 5 m § cast om (8) 10 (©)2cm (D) 6 cm :acon ht 28)\20N A. 202223 1p ln of Uh Reflection of Light Subjective Questions 6. 7. 10. i ize of the image DyePherical mirror produces a magnification of +1.5. Explain the nature and size of the imag: formed by it. Which type of spherical mirror is this ? , i re Asmall candle, 2.5 cm in size is placed at 27 cm in front of a concave mirror of erent 36 cm. At what distance from the minor should a secon be placed in order to ol image? Describe he Nature and size of the image. If the candle is moved closer to the mirror, how would the screen have to be moved ? The image of an of the mirror. Fi Object viewed in a concave mirror of focal length 25.0 cm appears 75.0 cm in front ind the location of the object and the magnification. An object of size 7.0 cm is placed at 27 cm in front of a concave what distance from the mirror of focal length 18 cm. At and tc Ould @ screen be placed, so that a sharp focussed! image can be obtained? Find the size and the nature of ier image. —Class X _: Physics GOLDEN KEY POINTS © Light has a dual nature. In some experiments, il behaves like a particle, while in others, it behay like a wave. vq © When light falls on a surface or a boundary separating two media, usually a part is reflected, a nq is transmitted (refracted) and a part is absorbed. © Forconcave mirror, ‘m’ can be positive as well as negative. Also, |m| can be less than, equal tog greater than one. © The laws of reflection hold good for all kinds of waves. These laws are applicable to plane as well a curved surfaces. © Spherical mirror can be thought of as a portion of a sphere that was sliced away and then silvere ‘on one of the sides to form a reflecting surface. Concave mirror is silvered on the inside of thy sphere and convex mirror is silvered on the outside of the sphere: For concave mirrors, centre of curvature and principal focus are real. For convex mirrors, centre curvature and principal focus are virtual. ¢ — Foraspherical mirror, the line joining the centre of curvature and any point on the mirror represents the radius of curvature and it acts as a normal at that point. © Concave mirror can be used as a magnifier to see a larger image of an object when it is placed between pole and focus. For example, it is used as shaving mirror (a magnifier) to see an enlarged image of the face. — Anegative sign in the value of the magnification indicates that the image is real. A positive sign in the value of the magnification indicates that the image is virtual. ive’. Distances measured opposite © Distances along the direction of incident light are considered ‘p to the direction of incident light are considered ‘negative’. © If image is virtual and erect i.e., above principal axis, its height is taken ‘positive’. If image is real and inverted i.e., below principal axis, its height is taken ‘negative’. © Aplane mirror forms a virtual, erect and same size image as that of the object thus, the magnification of a plane mirror is +1 — j { | i 4 | i i29\ 00 41222 KUM Ope cn Reflection of Light 1. Which of the following stateme, 1, Light does not nee nls is/are correct 'd material medium to travel 2, Light is a Non mechanical wave 3. Light has particle nature 4. Light has wave nature (A) Only 1.2, & 3 are correct (B) Only 1 & 2 are conect CFA are c t (@MAll are conec (D) Only 3 & 4 are correct 2. Light has =~ (A) Particle nature (C)ual nature be aad it say 3, Areal image is formed when two or more: (A) Reflected rays meet B) Refractec (C) Reflected rays appear to meet I peltacted rays meet (P) Both A and B are correct 4, When you stand in front of a plane mirr (A) real, erect, and smaller than you (B) real, erect, and the same size as you (C) virtual, erect, and smaller than you JP) virtual, erect, and the same size as you ‘Or, Your image is 5. Which of the following figure does not show lateral inversion : (ayn (@)P (Ck eS ¢ 6. Anincident ray strikes a plane mirror at an ang incident ray and reflected ray is (a) 15° (B) 30° (ener (D) None of these ast ‘gle of 30° with the mirror. The deviation between the 7. Aball is held 50 cm in front of a plane mirror. The distance between the ball and its image is (prod cm ~~~ (B) 150 cm (C) 200 em (D) Ocm 8. The laws of reflection hold good for (A) plane mirror only (B) concave mirror only (C) convex mirror only JB] all mirrors irrespective of their shape on The focal length of a spherical mirror is N times its radius of curvature where N is (a) v4 1B) v2 (1 (D)2Class X_: Phys 10. Which of the followin: shown in figure? (a) 7 6) 11. A virtual image is formed at a point (A) toward which light rays converge but do not pass {BJ from which light rays diverge but do not pass through (C) from which light rays diverge as they pass through (D) toward which light rays converge and pass through other strikes a concave mirror then : (B) They meet at focal plane (D) They will meet at 2F g ray diagrams Is correct for the ray of light incident on a concave MINOT « through 12. When a number of rays coming parallel to each {af They meet at focus (C) They diverge after striking the mirror 13. The image of an erect candle, formed using a convex mirror, is always (A) virtual, inverted, and smaller than the candle (B) virtual, inverted, and larger than the candle (C) virtual, erect, and larger than the candle (D) virtual, erect, and smaller than the candle 14. Atwhat distance in front of a concave mirror must an object be placed so that the image and objet are of the same size ? (A) a focal length (B) half a focal length (@hitwice a focal length (D) less than half focal length 15. As an object is moved from a distant location toward the center of curvature of a concave mirror, its image (A) remains virtual and becomes smaller (B) remains virtual and becomes larger ; (C) remains real and becomes smaller {(D) remains real and becomes larger j 16. A child is standing in front of a magic mirror. She finds the image of her head bigger, the middle | portion of her body of the same size and that of the legs smaller. The following is the order off combinations for the magic mirror from the top: i My plone, owed and concave (B) convex, concave and plane j We, plane and convex (D) convex, plane and concave i 17. naa objec located between a concave mint and its focal point. Ils image f i (sa ree ond Inge thon the objet (B) real, inverted, and larger than the object j I, 1, larger than the object (D) virtual, inverted, and larger than the object 1ALLEN Reflec 18. A 10mmiong aw! pin is placed vertically in front of a concave mirror. A 5 mm long image of the awl nis aoe at 30 cm in front of the mirror. The focal length of this mirror is A)-30en (B)-20cm (C)-40 cm (D) - 60 cm 19. Under which of the followin, actual object ? '$ conditions a concave mirror can form a real image larger than the 20. Magnification produced by ‘A) is less than one .B) is more than one (C) is equal to one 8 tear-view mirror fitted in vehicles D) can be mor (D) than or less than one depending upon the Position of the object in front of it Ws fror rt 21, Res tom {he Sun converge ata point 15 em in front ofa concave mirror Where should an abject 7c placed so that size of its image is equal to the size of the object ? (A) 15 cmin front of the minor : (B) 30 cm in front of the mirror (©) between 15 cm and 30 em in front of the mirror (D) more than 30 cm in front of the mirror 22. A full-length image of a distant tall buildi (A) @ concave mirror (B) 2 convex mirror (C) a plane mirror (D) both concave as well as plane mirror ing can definitely be seen by using 23. Match List I with List II and select the comect answer using the codes given below in the lists : List I List 11 (Posi n._of the object) (Magnification) (1) An object is placed at focus before a convex mirror. (A) Magnification is ~ 2» (Il) An object is placed at centre of curvature before a (B) Magnification is + 2 concave mirror. . (ill) An object is placed at focus before a Concave mirror. (C) Magnification is + 1 (IV) An object is placed at centre of curvature before a (D) Magnification is ~ 1 2 convex mirror. {E) Magnification is 0.33 j Codes : i (A) I-B, 1I-D, I-A, 1V-E {B) I-A, I-D, II-C, 1v-B (C) LC, 1-8, III-A, 1V-E (D) -B, II-C, I-A, 1V-E 2(24.) A man stands with his nose 8 cm from a concave shaving mirror of radius 32 em. The distance 2 >—~ from the mirror to the image of his nose is c (A) 8 cm (B) 12 cm (©) 16 cm (D) 24 cm £25. A concave mirror forms a real image that is twice the size of the object. If the object is 30 em from g the mirror, the radius of curvature of the mirror must be about z (A) 13 cm (B) 20 cm (C) 27cm (D) 40 cm mtClass X : Physi Assertion & Reason 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statems of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as: (A) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason (R) is the correct explanation of assertion (B) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true but reason (R) is not the correct explanation assertion (A) (C) Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false. (D) Assertion (A) is false but reason (R) is true. Assertion : A ray incident along normal to the mirror retraces its path. Reason : In reflection, angle of incidence is always equal to angle of reflection. Assertion : Plane mirror may form real image. Reason : plane mirror forms virtual image, if objects is real. Assertion : A ray passing through the centre of curvature of a concave mirror after reflection ; reflected back along the same path. Reason : The incident rays fall on the mirror along the normal to the reflecting surface. Assertion : A convex mirror is used as a driver's mirror. Reason : Convex mirrors have a wider field of view as they are curved outwards. They also ge an erect, through diminished image. Assertion : Large concave mirrors are used to concentrate sunlight to produce heat in soz cookers. Reason : Concave mirror converges the light rays fal Assertion : A virtual image can be photographed. Reason : Only real objects are photographed. Assertion : An object i will form at infinity. Reason : The distance of image in convex mirror can never be infinity. placed at a distance of f from a convex mirror of focal length f, its imax Assertion : The focal length of the convex mirror will increase, if the mirror is placed in water. Reason : The focal length of a convex mirror of r R ius R is equal to, f= & 2 Assertion : The mirror used in search lights are concave spherical, Reason : In concave spherical mirror the image formed is always virtual. Assertion : It is not possible to see a virtual image by eye. Reason : The rays that seem to emanate from a virtual image do not in fact emanates from thtCase Stud! 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 1 based Q. 36 to 40 Reflection of Light ‘The curved surface ofa cae can be considered as a spherical mirror. A highly smooth polished surface is called mirror. The mirror whose reflecting surface is curved inwards or outwards is called 5 epherical mirror. Ce Part works as concave mirror and the outer bulging part acts as a convex mirror. The center of the reflecting surface of a spherical mirror is called pole and the radius of the ius of curvature. sphere of which the mirror is formed is clled ra wena eee ® held towards the sun and its sharp image is formed on a piece of carbon paper for » @ hole is burnt in the carbon paper, What is the name given to the distance between the mirror and carbon paper? (a) Radius of curvature (B) Focal length (©) Principal focus (D) Principal axis The distance between pole and focal point of a spherical mirror is equal to the distance between. (A) pole and center of curvature. (B) focus point and center of curvature (C) pole and object (D) object and image. ‘The focal length of a mirror is 15 cm. The radius of curvature is (a) 15cm (B) 30 cm (C) 45cm (D) 60 cm The normal at any point on the mirror passes through (A) focus (B) pole (C) center of curvature (D) any point Ina convex spherical mirror, reflection of light takes place at (A) a flat surface (B) a bent-in surface (C) a bulging-out surface (D) an uneven surface eeeeee 33