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Lists of Species Check List 12(2): 1867, 4 April 2016 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/12.2.1867
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Fishes of Alto Jacuí sub-basin: a poorly studied sub-basin of

northwestern Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
Karine O. Bonato* and Clarice B. Fialho

Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Zoologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em
Biologia Animal, CEP 91501–970, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
* Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract: The streams in the state of Rio Grande do their fish fauna, especially with medium-sized and small
Sul (mainly in the Alto Jacuí sub-basin belonging to the water bodies such as streams (Castro 1999). According
Laguna dos Patos system) have scarce information about to Langeani et al. (2007) streams are the environments
their ichthyofauna. Thereby for providing information that have the highest number of new species still to be
about stream species, the purpose of the present study discovered. But the small size of streams and headwater
was to inventory the ichthyofauna of the streams of the environments makes these places more susceptible
Alto Jacuí sub-basin, located in northwestern state of to anthropogenic action and they may experience
Rio Grande do Sul. The samples were taken bimonthly significant change in their population structure, leading
from June 2012 to June 2013 using electrofishing to the disappearance of the most sensitive species
technique in 10 streams. A total of 13,247 specimens (Galves et al. 2009). This situation makes it difficult to
were collected belonging to 42 species, 10 families and understand ecological, biological and biogeographical
six orders. We report the occurrence of five new species processes (Barletta et al. 2010).
that have not yet been described by researchers. Although the situation has been changing in the last
two decades with an increase of studies (biological,
Key words: stream; Alto Jacuí sub-basin; Laguna dos ecological and systematic studies) in streams, there is a
Patos system; ichthyofauna inventory lack of knowledge in some regions such as in southern
Brazil. Most studies in the state of Rio Grande do Sul
refer to large rivers, lagoons or estuarine areas (Fialho et
INTRODUCTION al. 1998; Garcia and Vieira 2001; Bastos 2002; Garcia et
Fish are considered the most diverse group of al. 2003; Majolo 2005; Maltchik et al. 2005; Dufech and
vertebrates (Lowe-MacConnell 1999), with an estimated Fialho 2006; Garcia et al. 2006; Petry and Schulz 2006;
richness of 32,900 species (Froese and Pauly 2014). By Ribeiro and Köhler 2007; Dufech and Fialho 2009;
December 2013, Pelayo-Villamil et al. (2014) had found Flores-Lopes et al. 2010; Saccol-Pereira and Fialho 2010).
14,782 described species of fish that occur only in The only stream environment studies from Rio Grande
freshwater. Although there is a lack of a complementary do Sul are: Tagliani (1994), Becker (2002), Bozzeti and
information, current estimates of the icthyofauna Schulz (2004), Vilella et al. (2004), Hirschmann (2009),
in the Neotropical region are that there are about Silva (2009), Winkler-Sosinski et al. (2009), Costa and
6,000 to 8,000 species, totaling 13% of the vertebrate Schulz (2010) and Volcan et al. (2011).
biodiversity in aquatic ecosystems worldwide, with Little information are available about sampling and
Brazilian continental waters showing 21% of global studies of the ichthyofauna in streams for the Jacuí
diversity (Reis et al. 2003; Agostinho et al. 2005). river basin and no studies of the upper region of the
There is still a lack of knowledge of fish richness, basin, called the Alto Jacuí sub-basin. Malabarba (1989)
mainly in South America, Africa and Asia, whichis due showed a list of freshwater fish present in the Laguna dos
to a lack of sampling and databasingPelayo-Villamil et al. Patos system and cited species found in Jacuí River and
2014). Brazil has the largest river networks in the world its tributaries. Alves and Fontoura (2009) identified the
(Galves et al. 2009); however, many Brazilian basins distributive pattern of migratory fish of the Jacuí River
and sub-basins have not yet been sampled (Agostinho basin, but the data were obtained through interviews,
et al. 2005), or there exists little information about collections, literature and technical studies (EIA-RIMA

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 Bonato and Fialho | Fishes of Alto Jacuí sub-basin

Estudo e Relatório de Impacto Ambiental) developed in Subtropical Ombrophilous Forest. The economy is based
the study region. Additionally there are some taxonomic on agriculture (soybeans, corn, wheat and rice) and
reviews and descriptions of new species that are livestock. The basin is drained by the Jacuí, Jacuí-Mirim,
distributed on this drainage (Ottoni and Cheffe 2009; Jacuizinho, Caixões, Ivaí and Soturno rivers (SEMA
Menezes and Ribeiro 2010; Carvalho and Reis 2011). 2010). The Jacuí River is the main tributary of the basin
We emphasize that to understand the ecological and it is responsible for 85% of the waters forming the
mechanisms in these little-explored environments we Lago Guaíba (FEPAM 2011).
must use many tools, including ichthyofaunal studies. Thus, this study was conducted in 10 streams (Figures
Streams are highly heterogeneous environments 1 and 2–11) in northwestern Rio Grande do Sul, which
(Winemiller et al. 2008) and this allows for the corresponds to the Alto Jacuí sub-basin (Table 1). All
establishment of numerous species of fish. Further, streams flow into the Jacuí River, which is one of the
more studies of streams in south Brazil are necessary main tributaries to the Laguna dos Patos system.
because some basins are not as well explored as the
Alto Jacuí sub-basin. Therefore, the aim of this study Data collection
is to inventory and provide more information about Fish samples were collected with authorization
distribution and species richness of ichthyofauna in number 34940 from register number 3196382 from
the Alto Jacuí sub-basin located in northwestern Rio Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Bio­diversid­
Grande do Sul. ade (ICMBio). This study was approved by the Ethics
Committee on Animal Use of the Universidade Federal
MATERIALS AND METHODS do Rio Grande do Sul (permit number 24434) and was
Study site conducted in accordance with protocols in their ethical
The Alto Jacuí sub-basin belongs to the large Laguna and methodological aspects for the use of fish.
dos Patos system and is located in the state of Rio Grande The fish were collected in June, August, October and
do Sul in the northwestern Middle Plateau and Central December 2012; February, April and June 2013. Each
Depression region. The Alto Jacuí has its headwaters sampling event lasted four days. For the sampling,
located in the municipality of Passo Fundo and occupies we used electrofishing with three stages of 30 min
an area of 16,062 km2 with its rivers flowing into the each, in stretches of 50 m per sampling stream. After
Lago Guaíba (COAJU 2009). The basin’s vegetation sampling, fish were euthanized with 10% eugenol (Vidal
consists of Seasonal Deciduous Forest and some areas of et al. 2008; Lucena et al. 2013a), fixed in 10% formalin

Figure 1. Sampling streams in the Alto Jacuí sub-basin. For stream code see Table 1.

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 Bonato and Fialho | Fishes of Alto Jacuí sub-basin

and then transferred to 70% alcohol for conservation. Lucena (2010), Ferrer and Malabarba (2013), Lucena et
The taxonomic identification was carried out in the al. (2013b), Lucena and Soares (2016) and additional
laboratory using Rodriguez and Reis (2008), Bertaco and literature cited herein. Classification and nomenclature
follows Reis et al. (2003), with additional changes made
by Thomaz et al. (2015) for Characidae. The nomenclature
for Cichlidae followed the new classification of bony
fishes proposed by Betancur et al. (2013) that include
this family in the order Cichliformes. The voucher
specimens were deposited in the fish collection of the
Departamento de Zoologia at Universidade Federal do
Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS; Table 2).

RESULTS
A total of 13,247 specimens belonging to 42 spe­cies,
ten families and six orders (Table 2 and Figures 12–32)
were collected. The most significant orders were Chara-
ciformes (36%), Cichliformes (24%) and Siluri­formes
(14%), with 15, 10 and six species, respectively. Cyprin-
odontiformes was represented by two species, and both
Gymnotiformes and Synbranchiformes were represent-
ed by only one species. The predominant families were
Characidae (12 species, 29%), Loricariidae (nine species,
21%), Cichlidae (seven species, 17%) and Heptapteridae
(four species, 10%), followed by Cre­nuchidae, Poecili-
idae and Trychomycteridae with two species (5% each).
Erythrinidae, Pimelodidae, Gym­not­idae and Synbran-
chidae showed one species, corresponding to 2% each of
the total richness.
Five species are identified only to genus level and
correspond to undescribed species: Australoheros sp.
(Rícan and Kullander 2008), Bryconamericus sp. b (Silva
1998), Heptapterus sp. (Bockmann 1998), Ituglanis sp.
(J. Ferrer, personal communication) and Bryconamericus
sp. a which also seem to be a new species but, could not
be described because it may just be a variation (as color
and body shape) of Bryconamericus iheringii. According to
Bonato and Ferrer (2013), the individuals of Phalloceros
spiloura Lucinda, 2008 collected in the Alto Jacuí sub-
basin during the present study represent the first record
of this species to the Laguna dos Patos system.
The highest species richness was found in RP, RT, RC
Figures 2–11. General view of the sampled streams in the Alto Jacuí sub- and RQ with 28 species, 27 species, 25 species and 21
basin, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil: 2: AA; 3: RP; 4: RD; 5: RC; 6: RJ; 7: RM; 8: RQ; species, respectively. RM and RSC showed the lowest
9: RSC; 10: RT; 11: RV. For stream code see Table 1. species richness with only 15 and 14 sample species.

Table 1. Geographic coordinates, elevation and localization of the sampled streams and their respective codes in the Alto Jacuí sub-basin.

Stream Code Geographic coordinates Elevation (m) Locality

Caixões River RC 29°01ʹ54.4ʺ S, 052°49ʹ25.1ʺ W 420 Guanxuma, Espumoso
Jacuizinho River RJ 28°58ʹ02.9ʺ S, 052°47ʹ20.3ʺ W 513 Depósito, Espumoso
Morcego River RM 28°53ʹ55.0ʺ S, 052°49ʹ05.6ʺ W 461 São Domingos, Espumoso
Turvo River RT 28°43ʹ47.0ʺ S, 052°47ʹ40.4ʺ W 351 Santo Antônio, Espumoso
Quati River RQ 28°38ʹ31.8ʺ S, 052°37ʹ07.9ʺ W 439 Mormaço
Santa Clara River RSC 28°44ʹ30.1ʺ S, 053°13ʹ03.0ʺ W 439 Santa Clara, XV de Novembro
Valoroso Stream RV 28°41ʹ32.0ʺ S, 052°51ʹ41.5ʺ W 376 Teutônia, Tapera
Divinéia Stream RD 28°42ʹ16.7ʺ S, 052°52ʹ25.9ʺ W 350 Teutônia, Tapera
Paz Stream RP 28°42ʹ57.3ʺ S, 052°50ʹ41.7ʺ W 378 Vila Paz, Tapera
Angico Stream AA 28°39ʹ17.9ʺ S, 052°54ʹ31.1ʺ W 368 São Rafael, Tapera

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 Bonato and Fialho | Fishes of Alto Jacuí sub-basin

Table 2. List of fish species collected at each sampled stream in the Alto Jacuí sub-basin. See Table 1 for stream names. Asterisk indicates the endemic
species to Laguna dos Patos system.

Streams
Taxa RC RJ RM RV RD AA RSC RQ RP RT Voucher (UFRGS)
CHARACIFORMES
Characidae
Astyanax lacustris (Lütken, 1875) X X X X X X X 19977
Astyanax laticeps (Cope, 1894) X X X 19327
Astyanax obscurus (Hensel, 1870) * X X X 19329
Astyanax procerus Lucena, Castro & Bertaco, 2013 * X X X X X X X X X X 19323
Astyanax xiru Lucena, Castro & Bertaco, 2013 X X X X X X 19325
Bryconamericus iheringii (Boulenger, 1887) X X X X X X X X X X 19974
Bryconamericus sp. a X X 19975
Bryconamericus sp. b * X 19980
Diapoma alburnus (Hensel, 1870) X X X X X X 19976
Diapoma dicropotamicus (Malabarba & Weitzman, 2003) * X X 19952
Oligosarcus jacuiensis Menezes & Ribeiro, 2010 X X X X X X X X 19978
Oligosarcus jenynsii (Günther, 1864) X X X X X 19979
Crenuchidae
Characidium orientale Buckup & Reis, 1997 X 19962
Characidium pterostictum Gomes, 1947 X X X X X X X X X X 19973
Erythrinidae
Hoplias malabaricus (Bloch, 1794) X X X X X 19961
SILURIFORMES
Heptapteridae
Rhamdia quelen (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) X X X X X X X X X 19265
Rhamdella eriarcha (Eigenmann & Eigenmann, 1888) X 19951
Heptapterus mustelinus (Valenciennes, 1835) X X X 19967
Heptapterus sp. X X X X X X X X X X 19266
Trichomycteridae
Ituglanis sp. X 19949
Trichomycterus poikilos Ferrer & Malabarba, 2013 * X X X X X X X X X X 19267
Loricariidae
Ancistrus brevipinnis (Regan, 1904) X X X X X X X X X X 19984
Eurycheilichthys limulus Reis & Schaefer, 1998 X X X X X X X X X X 19985
Hemiancistrus punctulatus Cardoso & Malabarba, 1999 * X X X X X X X X 19986
Hisonotus armatus Carvalho, Lehmann, Pereira & Reis, 2008 * X 19957
Hisonotus brunneus Carvalho & Reis, 2011 * X X 19959
Hypostomus commersoni (Valenciennes, 1836) X X 19958
Rineloricaria baliola Rodriguez & Reis, 2008 X X X X X X X X X 19982
Rineloricaria cadeae (Hensel, 1868) * X X X X X 19983
Rineloricaria microlepidogaster (Regan, 1904) X X X 19981
Pimelodidae
Pimelodus pintado Azpelicueta, Lundberg & Loureiro, 2008 X X 19960
GYMNOTIFORMES
Gymnotidae
Gymnotus aff. carapo Linnaeus, 1758 X X X X 19966
CICHLIFORMES
Cichlidae
Australoheros sp. X X X X X 19968
Crenicichla lepidota Heckel, 1840 X X X X 19969
Crenicichla punctata Hensel, 1870 X X X X X X 19972
Geophagus brasiliensis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) X X X X 19965
Gymnogeophagus gymnogenys (Hensel, 1870) X X 19964
Gymnogeophagus labiatus (Hensel, 1870) X 19954
Gymnogeophagus rhabdotus (Hensel, 1870) X X 19955
CYPRINODONTIFORMES
Poeciliidae
Phalloceros caudimaculatus (Hensel, 1868) X X X X 19963
Phalloceros spiloura Lucinda, 2008 X X X 17827
SYNBRANCHIFORMES
Synbranchidae
Synbranchus marmoratus Bloch, 1795 X 19953
Total of Species (n= 42) 25 18 15 18 17 18 14 21 28 27

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 Bonato and Fialho | Fishes of Alto Jacuí sub-basin

Figures 12–32. Some species of fishes found in Alto Jacuí sub-basin, Rio Grande do Sul. Photos by L.R. Malabarba. 12: Astyanax xiru, 13: Astyanax
procerus, 14: Bryconamericus sp. b (UFRGS 17931), 15: Bryconamericus iheringii (UFRGS 17992), 16: Australoheros sp.(UFRGS 17989), 17: Trichomycterus
poikilos, 18: Heptapterus sp. (UFRGS 17933), 19: Heptapterus mustelinus,20: Rhamdella eriarcha (UFRGS 17984), 21: Characidium pterostictum (UFRGS
17826), 22: Characidium orientale, 23: Eurycheilichthys limulus (UFRGS 17986), 24: Rineloricaria baliola (UFRGS 17991), 25: Rineloricaria cadeae, 26: Hypos-
tomus commersoni, 27: Creniciclha punctata (UFRGS 17990), 28: Gymnogeophagus gymnogenys, 29: Rhamdia quelen, 30: Gymnotus aff. carapo (UFRGS
17989), 31: Astyanax laticeps, 32: Astyanax obscurus.

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 Bonato and Fialho | Fishes of Alto Jacuí sub-basin

DISCUSSION general pattern with real diagnostic value for stream

According to Pelayo-Villamil et al. (2014) an average environments. In this study, the streams with lower
of 240.2 species of fishes were described per year in the species richness are the first-order streams, which have
last ten years worldwide. The five new species uncovered a habitat of lower complexity as RD, RV and AA streams
by this inventory (Australoheros sp., Heptapterus sp., (see Table 1 for stream codes). This situation is expected
Bryconamericus sp. a and b, and Ituglanis sp.) support the in accordance with the River Continuum Theory
importance of this type of study. In addition, inventories (Vannote et al. 1980). Thus, the larger streams, with
are important in extending the distributional range greater width between banks, areas with and without
of some species, such as Phalloceros spiloura that was shading, and more heterogeneous environment showed
previously only known from the coastal drainages of the highest species richness (Fereira and Casatti 2006;
states of Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina, Iguaçu Súarez and Petrere-Junior 2005) as occurred in the RT,
and Uruguay river basins, and as part of this study, was RP and RC streams.
found in the Alto Jacuí sub-basin representing a new Despite the fact that we did not evaluate the degree of
record for the Laguna dos Patos system (Bonato and anthropic influences in the sampled streams, all streams
Ferrer 2013). sampled here showed some kind of human interference.
Malabarba (1989) registred 25 species of the 42 Most streams are very close to agricultural areas with
species sampled in this study to Laguna dos Patos the presence of dairy cattle or pig livestock. In stream
system. The most recent literature indicates a total of RP there was a considerable amount of waste coming
160 species to the Laguna dos Patos system (Malabarba from homes and sometimes we found dead animals
et al. 2009) including 35 species that were new species within the stream. Probably the residents of the region
and yet not described in 2009. Of these 35 species slaughter animals for their own consumption and
listed by Malabarba et al. (2009), we have sampled five discard the remains of the animal in the river. However,
species that were described in recent years (Oligosarcus this stream had considerable marginal vegetation and a
jacuiensis Menezes & Ribeiro, 2010; Hisonotus brunneus heterogeneous environment with changing pools and
Carvalho & Reis, 2011; Astyanax procerus Lucena, Castro areas of rapids, which led to the high amount of richness
& Bertaco, 2013; Astyanax xiru Lucena, Castro & Bertaco, observed.
2013; Trychomycterus poikilos Ferrer & Malabarba, Due to a lack of data for streams of the studied sub-
2013), indicating that a representative amount of the basin it is difficult to say that the number of species
ichthyofauna of the upper Jacuí River was described in found is representative of the streams belonging to
recent years. There are no comparable studies for the Laguna dos Patos system. The checklist showed 42
Alto Jacuí sub-basin. We can only make comparisons species representing 26% of the species mentioned for
with other basins belonging to the Laguna dos Patos the Laguna dos Patos system. This study is an important
system. For stream environments Bozzeti and Schulz record for the region of the Alto Jacuí sub-basin due to
(2004) found 57 species in the Gravataí and Sinos sub- the lack of extensive collecting effort in the region. The
basins, Hirschmann (2009) found 55 species in the expansion of the sampled streams in Jacuí River basin
Forqueta sub-basin (Taquari-Antas basin), and Becker may increase the records of species and information
et al. (2013) found 119 species for the Taquari-Antas about endemic species.
basin but in respect to the last study, the high number
of captured species is likely due to their larger sampling ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
of 519 sites. We thank the colleagues of the Ichthyology Lab at the
The number of species found in this study is lower Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul for field work;
compared to those cited by other studies mainly because MSc. J. Ferrer, MSc. P.C. Silva for help in identifying
it was conducted in streams from a headwater region the species studied and Dr. L.R. Malabarba to provide
and many of the streams (of lower species richness) the species figures; the Orlandi and Bonato families for
are first-order. The highest occurrence of the orders help and support in field work; and Coordenação de
Characiformes, Cichliformes and Siluriformes in studies Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES,
is also well documented for the Laguna dos Patos system Proc. 1104786, to KOB) for financial support. We also
and for the Neotropical region (Castro 1999; Garcia et thank to Adam J. Taylor for reviewing the English of this
al. 2003; Buckup et al. 2007; Lévêque et al. 2008; Costa manuscript.
and Schulz 2010). Headwater streams do not have an
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république orientale de l’Uruguay, la République argentine, la Academic editor: Tiago P. Carvalho

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