CHAPTER 1: PRODUCTION PLANNING

● Positive student behaviors…

● Be punctual, prepared, pay attention, take notes, study, do assignments, participate, seek
guidance, set goals, be committed, be organized, be positive, work to full potential, take
pride in your work, be open-minded, be creative, be considerate of others…, be considerate
of equipment facilities, always consider email etiquette, help others, be honest, share,
network, learn, have fun!
● Brainstorming for an audio production project is a worthwhile experience that can yield
beneficial improvements
● Ideas for audio projects can come from news of the day, conversations with a friend, or
material in a book.
● Computer skills and the ability to troubleshoot technical equipment problems…
● Audio production personnel should possess skills that include: versatility, equipment savvy
and a sense of humor
● Sound effects also…
● Short individual sounds intended to capture attention are called stingers.
● Rate is the number of words you speak in a given period of time. Typical “out loud”
delivery is about 160 words per minute. This is usually not as fast as your normal
conversational rate, but is slightly faster than you are used to reading out loud. We’re not
normally an accurate judge of how fast we talk, so it’s a good idea to record your speech
and play it back to determine your rate as other people hear it. “Rate” refers to the
number of words spoken in a given time period.
● Creative Oregon radio sales promotional spot “Cat in the Dryer”
● Copy marking means using a system of graphic symbols to help you interpret the copy;
basically, it’s adding supplementary punctuation ot the script. There’s no universal system
and many announcers develop their own, but here are a few ideas for copy making:
Underline words or phrases you want to give extra emphasis. Double underline means
more emphasis. Use a forward slash/ to indicate a pause. A double slash // means a longer
pass, with each slash being about a “one-thousand one” count. Triple periods…
● A characteristic of a two-column script is: it is used when video and audio are recorded
together.
● A sample schedule for an audio production here after.
● Sample performance release here after.
● In the modern world, where many media programs are niche-oriented, it is important to
determine who you expect will listen to your audio material. The most common way that
such target audiences are defined is through demographics - statistical info such as age,
sex, income, nationality, and marital status.
● Married women in their thirties would be considered a target audience.
 ● A news story often starts with the voice of the reporter explaining the story, which then
goes to a sound bite that elaborates and confirms major points, and ends with a wrap-up
by the reporter. News stories are also often organized around the five w’s and h; in other
words, somewhere within the story it answers the question who, what, where, when, why,
and how. To that, some people add “so what?” - the need to explain the importance of the
story. There are many books that cover the intricacies of writing scripts. Those who are
seriously interested in audio production should avail themselves of this material which is
easy to find on the internet.
● A news script is the type of script that is most likely to include the five w’s and h.
● A legal principle that affects media is libel, which is saying something harmful and false
about a person.
● Ordinary people do not have to prove actual malice in libel suits because they have
different legal rights than public figures.
● Indecency is a term defined as language that, in context, depicts or describes, in terms of
patently offensive as measured by contemporary community standards for the broadcast
medium, sexual or excretory activities or organs. Obscenity, which is a more serious crime,
is defined as material that contains the depiction of sexual acts in an offensive manner;
appeals to prurient interests of the average…
● Federal Communications Commission v. Pacifica Foundation, 438 U.S. 726 (1978), was a
landmark decision of the US Supreme Court that defined the power of the Federal
Communications Commission (FCC) over indecent material as applied to broadcasting.
● Ethical behavior involves consideration of the moral value of good and bad.
● Ethics boils down to decisions individuals make, but to aid individuals who work in the
media, organizations develop codes or guidelines that outline principles that a committee
of respected practitioners have decided represent ethical behavior. Sometimes individual…
● Dishonesty, Accuracy & Ethics in the Media (Video of Awesome Man)

Questions ch 1
- Where can ideas for audio projects come from? news of the day, conversations with a friend,
material in a book
- In what way do the legal rights of ordinary people differ from those of public figures? Ordinary
people do not have to prove actual malice in libel suits and public figures do
- Which of the following is not a trait or skill that an audio production person should possess?
Convergence
● Versatility, equipment savvy, and sense of humor = YES
- Short individual sounds intended to capture attention called: Stingers
- Which type of script is most likely to include the five W’s and H? News script
● Rundown, template, slug = NO
- Which of the following is a characteristic of a 2-column script? It is used when video and audio
are recorded
- Which term is defined as a language that, in context, depicts or describes, in terms patently
offensive as measured by contemporary community standards for the broadcast medium, sexual
or excretory activities, or organs? Indecency
● Obscenity, liber, payola = NO
- Which of the following would be considered a target audience? Married women in their 30s
● Radio network pr, a style that relates to theater of the mind, ppl who do not fit
demographic = NO
- Which of the following does ethical behavior involve? Consideration of the moral value of good
and bad acts
- Which of the following refers to the number of words spoken in a given time period? Rate
● Pitch: agudo o grave
● Tone: specific to everyone
● Volume: high or low sound

CHAPTER 2: THE STUDIO ENVIRONMENT

● The radio expression to “work combo” means that the announcer operates the studio
equipment and also announces.
● Most production studios use a U-shaped layout because this design places equipment
within easy reach of the operator
● * Many audio production studios use a U-shaped layout or some variation of it, because
this allows the operator to reach all the equipment control surfaces, and puts the operator
immediately in front of the audio console.
● The performance studio is the type of studio that is least likely to contain an audio console.
● *Some facilities also have a studio that is considered performance studio or announce
booth. It usually is smaller than the other studios and houses nothing more than mics,
headphones, copystands, a table, and chairs.
● Sound produced in the audio studio that causes objects or surfaces within the studio to
vibrate sympathetically is called reinforced sound.
● In the production studio, sound that has bounced off one surface before reaching the
microphone is called Echo.
● “Reverb ring” in the production studio refers to the time it takes reflected sound to go from
full volume to silence.
● *In designing the audio studio, the goal is to manipulate the sound characteristics to
create a proper sound environment for production work.
● The use of carpeting on the walls of some audio production facilities is an example of
soundproofing the studio.
● Studios with parallel walls produce more reflected sound than irregularly shaped studios.
● *Both absorption and diffusion are used to control reflected sound.
● Static electricity can be a problem in the modern production studio. State-of-the-art audio
equipment is not impervious to static.
● *Static electricity can be a problem in production studios because of the heavy use of
carpeting.
● Cue talent is the hand signal that almost always comes immediately after the standby
hand signal. If you hold up the index, second, and third fingers of one hand in front of you,
you are telling the announcer there are three 3 minutes left in the program.
● Hand signals from our textbook
● Classic 1970’s radio hand signals
● The linking of a CD player to an audio console, the console to an equalizer, and the
equalizer to an audio recorder is called an audio chain.
● *This pic shows how audio equipment is interconnected.
● A standing wave is what we call the uneven sound that is produced when sound waves are
reflected between parallel walls in such a manner that a wave reflected in one direction is
combined with an identical wave going in the opposite direction.
● If the distance between the walls is the same as the wave length, the waves interact and
produce and undesirable combined sound
● When a “recording” light is on outside a production studio, it means a microphone is “live”
in that studio.
● If an audio studio has a live end/dead end design, the back of the studio is the “live end.”
● When sound produced in the production studio strikes a hard, flat surface, diffusion does
not happen. Reflection, absorption, and penetration does occur.
● One common audio studio design is a live end/dead end (LEDE) approach.
● A production studio wall that has an absorption coefficient of 0.50 will absorb half the
sound striking it and reflect back half the sound.
● Diffusion is what happens when the irregular surfaces of acoustic tiles break up sound
reflections.
● All materials absorb sound to some degree, but each material will have a different
absorption coefficient, which is the proportion of sound that it can absorb.
● Distortion is an unwanted change in the audio signal due to inaccurate reproduction of
sound.
● Sound vibrations can’t travel in a vacuum. Sound is generated when something vibrates.
Sound, to technically exist, must be heard. Sound vibrations develop waves by setting air
molecules in motion.
● The following are parts of a sound wave’s envelope: attack, decay, and sustain. The number
of times a sound wave vibrates (goes in an up-and-down cycle) per second determines the
 frequency of the sound. The standard unit of measure to gauge the relative intensity of
sound is called the decibel.
● Decibel meter pic in black and green of different sounds
● What is loud to one person isn’t necessarily loud to another person. Sound amplitude is
measured in decibels (abbreviated dB). The human ear is very sensitive and can hear a
tremendous range of sound amplitudes, so the decibel scale is logarithmic. Near total
silence is noted as 0 dB, a sound 10 times louder than this is 10 dB, a sound 100 times
greater/more powerful is 20dB, and so on.

Questions ch 2
- “To work combo” meaning: The announcer operates the studio equipment and also announces
- Audio studio least likely to contain audio console: performance studio
- Which term describes sound produced in the audio studio that causes objects or surfaces within
the studio to vibrate sympathetically? Reinforced sound
- In the production studio, sound that has bounced off one surface before reaching the
microphone: echo
- “Reverb ring”: the time it takes reflected sound to go from full volume to silence
- carpeting on the walls of audio production facilities: soundproofing the studio
- Studios with parallel walls produce less reflected sound than irregularly shaped studio: false
- Why do most production studios use a U-shaped layout? This design places equipment within
easy reach of the operator
- Static electricity is not a problem in the modern production studio because state-of-theart audio
equipment is impervious to static: false
- which hand signal almost always comes after standby? Cue talent
- Index, second and 3rd fingers of one hand indicates that: there are 3 minutes left in the program
- The linking of a CD player to an audio console, the console to an equalizer, and the equalizer to
an audio recorder is called: Audio chain
- Uneven sound that is produced when sound waves are reflected between parallel walls in such a
manner that a wave reflected in one direction is combined with an identical wave going in the
opposite direction: standing wave
- Recording ligh is on outside a production studio, it means a microphone is live in that studio:
true
- If an audio studio has a live end/dead end design, the front of the studio is the “live end”: false.
“The “live end” would be the back of the studio designed to add some reflected sound giving the
studio sound a desirable sharpness.”
- When a sound produced in the production studio strikes a hard flat surface, which of the
following does NOT happen?: diffusion
● Reflection, absorption, penetration = YES
- a production studio wall that has an absorption coefficient of 0.50 will absorb half the sound
striking it and reflect back half the sound: true
- Posters and other radio station paraphernalia should not be put up in a production studio
because it is distracting: false
- Term that describes what happens when the irregular surfaces of acoustic tiles break up sound
reflections: diffusion
- Unwanted change in the audio signal due to inaccurate reproduction of the sound: distortion
- Which statement about sound is not true? sound vibrations travel faster in a vacuum than in ai
● TRUE: sound is generated when something vibrates, to exist it must be heard, the
vibrations develop waves by setting adjacent air molecules in motion
- Not part of a sound’s wave envelope: rarefaction
- The number of times a sound wave vibrates (up&down cycle) per second is: frequency
- Standart unit of measure to gauge the relative intensity of sound: decibel
- Sound that has been manipulated electronically is called: AUDIO signal
● NOT sound signal

CHAPTER 3: DIGITAL AUDIO PRODUCTION

● Before the development and use of digital tech, audio recording relied on analog process
● Analog is short for analogous meaning “similar to” or “a replica of”.
An analog recording is similar to or a replica of an original sound
● An analog signal is a continuously variable electrical signal whose shape is defined by the
shape of the original sound wave
● Digital equipment offers superior audio quality and that it doesn't suffer from various
forms of audio distortion or build up any additional nose during recording or copying
● But there are other advantages to digital recording that have helped endear the technology
to the audio production person
● One operational advantage is the DAW (digital audio workspace) is fast random access to
all material saved in the system
● Digital tec is superior to analog tech in signal to noise ratio, frequency response, and
dynamic range
● Some of the reasons to edit audio are to eliminate mistakes to record out of sequence and
to cut to exact length
● Audio editing also gives the freedom of nonlinear recording or recording out of sequence.
For example, a producer might be putting together a production that uses the testimonials
of several customers
● Its possible thath the one used first in the comercial may not have been recorded first
● Editing allows u to easily rearrange the order or, again, just use a portion of what you
originally recorded in the final production
● A standard off the shelf desktop or laptop computer can be converted into a basic digital
audio editor by adding appropriate software and a DSP audio card
● The DSP audio card functions as both the A/S and D/A converter and the interface or I/O
(input output) device that moves the audio signal from its source to the editing system,
● In most production studios, an output from the audio console is fed into audio card so that
any equipment that runs through the board can be recorded into the desktop system
● An audio sound file that has been edited with a non-destructive system has not been
permanently altered so the original audio can be restored
● Most non destructive editing systems have an undo function that enables edited audio to
be restored.
● Audacity offers a free audio editor that can be downloaded from window mac and som
aux operating systems
● Users can record audio in 16-bit, 24-bit, and 32-bit resolution at a sampling rate of up to
97kHz
● Basic audio editing commands include cut, copy, paste and delete with undo and redo
functions
● Musical instruments (synthesizers or samplers) can interface with digital audio equipment
through an electronic communications language known as MIDI
● Most digital audio workstations and many other pieces of digital broadcast equipment
also have the ability to incorporate
● MIDI and SMPTE synchronization. MIDI (musical instrument digital interface) is an
interface system that allows electronic equipment mainly musical instruments like
synthesizers, drum machines, and samplers to “talk” to each other through any electronic
language
● MIDI Dj controller. Controllerism is the art and practice of using musical software
controllers (midi, open sound control joystick, etc) to build upon mix, scratch, remix,
effect, modify or otherwise create music usually by a digital DJ or live performance, often
called “controllerist”
● To edit out the word “two” from the phrase “one two three”, you place the edit marks just
before the two and before the three. This would edit out the word “two”
● A sound file is shown on the computer screen as the waveform of the audio
● The vertical axis indicate amplitude and the horizontal axis indicates time. Editing is
accomplished with a simple mouse drag operation, with the area to e edited out
highlighted
● The stage of the digital recording process that breaks down the analog signal into discrete
baileys or levels is called quantizing
● Quantizing and coding are the stages (3rd 4th) that assign a numerical value to each
sample taken. The samples are taken of the amplitude of the audio signal can occur at any
point within the range of amplitudes, from absolutely silent to very loud
● Vetween these 2 extremes, or indeed between any 2 points, there are an infinite number of
other options
● Bouncing describes the process of when two or more tracks or a multitrack recording are
combined and rerecorded on another vacant track. In a multitrack recording,
over-dubbing is the process of adding new tracks to existing tracks
● Ping ponging is another term for bouncing tracks on a multitrack recorder
● Ping ponging bouncing tracks, reduction mixing is a method of sound recording, it involves
combining multiple track stems into one allowing more room for overdubbing with a
limited set of tracks
● Digital recordings can be copied over and over with no measurable loss of sound quality
because it is binary data that is recorded, which can be accurately coped
● Coding refers to the process that involves assigning binary 0s and 1s in precise order
corresponding to the baileys measured during the quantizing process
● One announcer can appear to be 2 different announcers reading a dialog script using a
multi-track recording technique called dovetailing. By reading even lines of a script on one
track and the odd lines on another, one announcer can sound like they are talking to
another person
● Slight change of voices, practice a few times, you mentally read lines faster than you
actually speak, it can take time to perfect this technique
● Most digital equipment promises a longer interval between breakdowns than comparable
analog equipment; however, when there is a technical problem, digital equipment repair
time should be shorter than analog
● As there are a few internal operation parts, repair of digital equipment is often a simple
substitution of one circuit board or component for another
● Sometimes (not always) announcer voices are recorded first on a multitrack recording. It
doesn't really matter what sources are assigned to what tracks, but announcers are often
recorded first because its easier to lay down other tracks to the vocals, and high-priced
talent can be finished with their part of a production once their tracks are recorded, even
if the entire spot isn't completed
● Most audio editing software can save files in a number of different audio formats. The two
most common are WAV and mp3.
● 44.1 kHZ is the digital sampling rate that is used most frequently
● In most cases, you’ll want to export and save your project when you’re done editing so that
it can be saved to a cd, external cd to play back later
 ● A track sheet is a way of keeping notes of what is recorded on each track of a multitrack
production
● Multitrack productions are usually mixed down to a 2track stereo master. If the stereo
master is slightly out of phase when combines into a mono signal, it can be corrected by
changing the track equalization, track volume, or panning. Just moving the track’s
location won't help
● Multitrack recording can be complicated, good production practice dictates that you keep
good notes of what material is recorded on which track
● During a multitrack receding, the technique of “punching in” allow you to rerecord just a
portion of a track to correct a mistake while leaving the rest of the track undisturbed

Questions ch 3
- In which area is digital technology superior to analog technology?: signal to noise ratio,
frequency response, dynamic range
- Reason to edit audio: eliminate mistakes, record out of sequence, cut to exact length
- a standard off the shelf desktop or laptop computer can be converted into a basic digital audio
editor by adding appropriate software and: A DSP audio card
- an audio sound file that has been edited with a nondestructive system has been permanently
altered so the original audio cannot be restored: false
- Musical instruments (synthesizers or samplers) can interface with digital audio equipment
through an electronic communications language known as: MIDI
- edit marks to edit out the word two from one two three: just before the letter t of two and before
the letter t of three
- Stage of the digital recording process breaks down the analog signal into discrete values or
levels: quantizing
- Which term describes the process when two or more tracks of a multitrack recording are
combined and rerecorded on another vacant track? Bouncing
- In a multitrack recording, what is the process of adding new tracks to existing tracks called?
Overdubbing tracks
- Why can digital recordings be copied over and over with no measurable loss of sound quality?
Binary data are recorded and can be accurately copied
- One announcer can appear to be 2 different announcers reading a dialogue script using which
multitrack recording technique? Dovetailing
- Most digital equipment promises a longer interval between breakdowns than comparable
analog equipment; however when there is a technical problem, repair time for the digital
equipment will probably also be longer: false
- the main reason announcer voices are often recorded first on a multitrack is that vocal sources
are always announced to tracks 1 & 2: false
- most audio editing software can save files in different formants, which are the most common?
Wav & mp3
- Sampling rate most frequently used: 44.1 kHz
- Track sheet is a manufacturer’s specification sheet that lists the number of tracks that a
multitrack recorder has: false
- Multitrack productions are usually mixed down to a two track stereo master. If stereo master is
slightly out of phase when combined into a mono signal, it can be corrector by each of the
following adjustments to one of the stereo tracks EXCEPT: move track to a vacant track
- During multitrack recording, which technique allows you to rerecord just a portion of a track to
correct a mistake while leaving the rest of the track undisturbed: punching in
- bouncing tracks = ping ponging
- Drad and drop function allows you to move audio segments from one part of the track to
another but not from one track to another: false

CHAPTER 4: MICROPHONES
● Another name for the dynamic microphone is a pressure or moving coil microphone
● Dynamic mic’s sound-generating element is constructed of a diaphragm a permanent
magnet and a voice coil. A small electrical current is induced into the coil during use.
● The Condenser microphone differs because this one needs a power supply and the dynamic
mic doesn’t. Power supply is needed to charge the backplate and diaphragm
● Surround sound is accomplished by adding both left and right rear surround channels plus
a center front channel and a bass channel to the basic stereo setup of left and right front
channels
● Surround sound is more difficult to record than stereo sounf, so it is often put together in a
postproduction environment
● The difficulty occurs because of the number of channels involved.
● Surround sound provides channel sound that is, six separate sudio channels
● Center channel is added to stereo left and right channels facing the frin if the listener an
dleft and right surround channels are added to the rear
● Omnidirectional mics are ised when it is desirable to pick up sound evenly from all sides,
including above and below
● Used outside the studio when the ambience of location needs to be picked up with a
persons voice
● Omni: Pick up patterns sound on all sides
● Omni: Most appropriate for conducting an interview on sidelines of a football cgame
● Cardioid most appropriate for the sportscaster in a baseball game because it wouldnt pick
up background noise
● Purpose of mic changes sound energy into electrical energy: known as a transducer which
is a device that converts energy from one form to another
● A mic is a transducer. Not all microphones can pick up sound equally well in all directions
● Proximity effect is most likely to exaggerate the bass sound of a persons boice. When
announcer gets too close to mic, bass may be exaggerated
● Using a mic sometimes produces a sound phenomenon called the proximity effect=
exaggerated bass boost that begins as the sound source gets about 2 feet from mic. The
effect should be most noticeable when announcer gets 2-3 inches from the mic and
especially noticeable with cardioid mics
● Condenser mic voltage: standard 48 volt
● Sock mount: isolate microphone from mechanical vibrations
● Book stand can be farthest away from a person and still allow the person to be close to the
mic
● Mic accessory the shock mount: isolate mic from physical vibrations (shocks) that may be
transmitted through its stand, Its suspended, elastic bands. Id it is bumped, sound will not
be passed on and amplified by the mic
● Xy stereo miking technique uses 2 mics corosses like swords at 90degree angle to eachother
● A-b miking or spaced pair technique splits a pair os omnis or carsioids to the left and right
center about 3-10 feet appart
● Xy miking (crosspair) requires 2 cardioids like swords
● Stereo mic uses small multiple sound generating elements within a single mic housing
● Pasabolic mic is best at picking up sound when the sound source is a considerable distance
from the microphone
● Lavaliere mic (lav) : tiny mic that is inobtrusively clipped to announcers lapel or tie. Both
dynamic and condenser modelts.
● Occasionally used in radio, small size is more appropriate for television tho
● Sound picked up from rear of mic is 180 degrees off axis
● When testing a mic read first several lines or copu
● Sond picked up at fron is 0 degrees is on axis
● Sound picked uo from side is 90 degrees off azis
● Sound picked uo from the rear of mic is 180 off acis
​
● Mic sensitivity referst to a mics ability to create an output level, not the impedance
● Impedance is expressed in ohms, and mics can either be high impedance (10,000 omhs or
higher) or low impedance (600 omhs -)
● Sensitivity: mics efficiency or ability to create output level. For a same sound source,, a
highly sensitive mic produces a better output signal than a less sensitive mic
● Feedback: “screech” that occurs when a sound is picked up by a mic, amplified, feb back
thru speaker and picked up over and over
● Feedback is screeching or whining sound generated when sound picked up by a
microphone is amplified produced through a speaker again, creating a loop
● Mics are not classified bu size, but by pick up pattern and sound generating element
● Mics classified by the way in which tey convert sound into electrical current and pickup
pattern (2ways)
● The regulated phase mic has a wire spiral embedded in a circular diaphragm as part of its
sound, generating element
● Regulated pase mic can be thought of as part dynamic an dpart ribbon mic
● Multiple microphone interference can be avoided in the microphones employed are at least
three times as far from each other as they are from the sound source
● Sometimes 2 or more mics receiving the same sound signal are fed into the same mixer , the
combines signal becomes electronically out of phase. This happens because the sound
reaches each mic at slihghtyl a different time so that while the sound wave amplitude is up
on one mic, its slightly down on the other
● The PZM is a type of boundary mic that is designed to be placed on a flat surface, such as
a table top. It is not a wireless mic
 ● Pressure Zone Mic PSM (boudary, plate or surface mount mic) is a small mic capsule
mounted next to a sound reflecting plate. Designed to be used ona flat surface such as
table top, the mic picks up sound from all directions above the table surface

Questions ch4
- dynamic microphone = pressure or moving coil
- The dynamic mic’s sound generating element is constructed of a diaphragm, a permanent
magnet and a voice coil. Into which of these is a small electrical current induced during use? Coil
- Condenser mic differ from dynamic microphone: the condenser mic need a power supply,
dynamic doesn’t
- Surround sound is accomplished by adding what to the basic stereo set up of left and right front
channels? Both left and right rear or surround channels plus a center pront channel plus a bass
channel
- Which microphone pick up pattern picks up sound on all sides? Omnidirectional
- which mic would be mos appropriate for conducting a radio interview on the sidelines at a
football game? Omnidirectional
- mic appropriate for a sportscaster in an open press box at a baseball game? Cardioid
- A mic is a transducer, it can pick up sound equally well in all directions: false
- most likely to exaggerate the bass sounds of a person’s voice: proximity effect
- purpose of a shock mount: isolate the mic from mechanical vibrations
- type of mic stand can be furthest away from a person and still allow person to be close to mic:
boom
- which stereo miking technique uses 2 microphones crossed (like swords) at 90º angle to
eachother? XY miking
- which type of mic uses multiple small sound generating elements withing a single mic housing?
Stereo mic
- a mic’s pickup pattern is exactly the same thing as a mic’s polar response pattern: false
- a pop filter attaches directly to the head of a mic: false
- mic best at picking up sound when the sound source is a considerable distance from the mic:
parabolic mic
- sound picked up from the rear of a mic is 90º off axis: false
- when testing a mic’s level, what do you do? Read the first several lines of your copy
- microphone impedance refers to a mic’s ability to create an output signal: false
- describes a screech that occurs when sound is picked up by a mic, amplified and fed back
through speaker (over and over again): feedback
- NOT a way that mics are commonly classified: size
● YES: sound generating element, pickup pattern, impedance
- stereo miking tech that splits a pair of omnidirectional or cardioid mics to the left and right of
center about three to 10 feet apart: AB miking
- mic that has a wire spiral embedded in a circular diaphragm as part of its sound generating
element: regulated pase mic
- multiple mic interference can be avoided if the mics employed are at least 3 times as far from
each other as they are from the sound source: true
- NOT a term for a wireless mic: PZM
● YES: fm, rf, radio mic

CHAPTER 5: The Audio Console

● It's possible to have music from an audio recorder go into a control board and then come
out and be recorded on another recorder. A tape recorder can be both input and output
and an audio console can link 2 recorders
● Revox two channel reel to reel recorder
● A line-level channel of an audio console could have oth a cd player and an audio recorder
assigned to it
● Microphones generally do not have amplifiers built into them, whereas CD players and
audio recorders have already put their signals through a small amount of amplification.
When a signal from a sound source comes into a channel, it is sent through a
preaplification on stage.
● A microphone lever input allows a signal to catch ip to a stronger signal coming into the
line position in therms of amplification. Both signals often go through additional
amplification
● The monitor/speaker is considered an output. Sound comes out to the monitor/speaker
● Any control board has three primary functions: mix, amplify and rout audio
● First the audio console enables the operator to select any one or a combination of various
inputs.
● It must first be determined where the signal is coming from: a mic, a cd player, or an audio
recorder
● The purpose of the master volume is to allow all appropriate sounds to leave the audio
console. It must be up for sound to leave the board
● Some audio consoles include a master fader that controles the volume of the signal leaving
the board. Even if an input sound source is selected, program output is selected, and fader
volume is up, if the master fader is all the way down, no signal will go from the console.
Many boards have more than one output gain control
● The equalizer control found on an audio console can be used to help eliminate electronic
hum on an audio recording. It can aslo help eliminate high frequencies where cratches
reside. The equalizer control feature of an audio console would allow the operator to alter
 the tonal quality of a sound going through the board. EQ controls increase or decrease
certain frequencies of the sound, thus changing the tone
● Many sound boards include simple equalizers. In some instances, they help eliminate
unwanted sound. An audio recording might include an electronic hum that could be
lessened by filtering out frequencies around 60 hz.
● The cue position on a fader sends sound to a small speaker in the audio board. Cueing is
just for the person operating the board
● In the cue position, the audio signal is routed to a cue amplifier and then to a small
speaker built into the control board. As the quality of this small internal speaker is usually
marginal at best, the cue signal is often sent to a small but better quality external speaker
located near the audio console
● A tone generator can help assure that the level thats being recorded on an audio recorder
is the same as that coming from the audio board. If the board VU meter and the tape
recorder VU meter are both set at 100 percent tone, the levels should be the same.
● Some boards have a built.in tone generator. This reference tone is usually placed on an
audio recording before the actual program material begins. The tone generator sends out a
tone through the board that can be set at 100% using the board VU meter
● Digital bords have modules that accept analog signals and convert them to digital
● Digital equipment is very unforgiving in regard to recording “in the red”. Most digital
equipment will not tolerate recording at any level above 100% and will distort or add
“pops” to any recorded signal that exceeds it. Analog equipment is more forgiving in that it
simply distorts sound but good production practice dictates recording everything below
100%
● Allowing the gain to become so high that the needle reaches the upper peg is called
pegging the meter, or pinning the needle and should be avoided to prevent damage to the
meter as well as distortion of the signal. When the signal falls below 20% consistently, we
say the signal is undermodulated or in the mud and the operator should increase the
volume
● The osund transition tat occurs when one cd is faded down at the same time as another cd
is faded up is called a cross fade. The basic sound transition that mized one sound with
silence is the fade, not the segue. If you were attempting to segue from one song to another,
the first song should end with a cold ending
● There is a point as the two sounds cross when both sounds are heard. Because of this, care
should be taken into choosing music to cross fade. Some combinations of songs can sound
extremely awkward.
● On an audio console, a channel refers to a group of switches, faders, and knobs that are
usually associated with one sound source such as cd player
● Radio consoles are usually not as complex as the boards used in music recording
 ● The talkback switch feature of an audio console is a simple intercom system. It allows a
board operator to talk with an announcer in another studio
● A few boards have a talkback switch which is a simple intercom system consisting of a
built in microphone and a push button control that turns the microphone on or off. The
normal position of this switch is “off” so that the button must be pushed in to activate the
microphone
● On an audio console, a pan pot and a balance control both serve a similar function. Both
can be used to adjust how much of the audio signal goes to either the left or right channel
output
● Audio console channel inputs that are stereo often have a pan knob or pan pot. By turning
(panning) this knob to the left or right you can control how much of the sound from that
input goes to the right channel and how much goes to the left channel output

Questions ch5
- Its possible to have music from an audio recorder go into a control board and then come out
and be recorded on another recorder: true
- according to pot pan position on the analog channel, what is the relationship between the sound
signal going to the left channel and signal to the right? Left would be greater than right (similar
change) (5.9)
- if the digital fader was at -3 and you moved it to -7, what would you have accomplished?
Decreased the volume (5.9)
- sound on channel L-1 would not get to program out to be broadcast or recorded unless: the
PGM output selector switch is on (5.6)
- audible sound comes from what? The monitor speaker (5.8)
- a reading of 50% on the scale is roughly equivalent to which reading i dB scale? -6dB (5.10)
- which expression describes a 20% reading on the VU meter? Being in the mud (5.10)
- which expression describes a -3 dB reading on VU meter? Pegging the meter (5.10)
- a line level channel of an audio console would have what type of equipment assigned to it? CD
player and audio recorder
- which choice most accurately describes the monitor/spreaker? Output
- what happens if the pgm/aud/utl output sector switch of channel m1 is in the audition position?
Sound can be going to an audio recorder (5.6)
- which statement about the master volume control on an audio board is true? Must be up for
sound to leave the board
● NOT: is required only if the board is stereo, controls only volume od line/mic inputs
- which control found on an audio console might be used to help eliminate electronic hum on an
audio recording: equalizer
- TRUE about the cue position on a fader: sends sound to a small speaker in the audio board
 ● False: allows sound to go to transmitter, sometimes substitutes for trim control. Allows
sound to fade from left to right channel
- which of the following can help ensure that the level that’s being recorded on an audio recorder
is the same as that coming from the audio board? Tone generator
- NOT true of digital audio console: digital consoles do not accept analog inputs
● YES: digital consoles are more expensive than analog, include som type of display screen
adn offer several design architectures
- Sound transition occurs when one cd is faded down at the same time another cd is faded up:
cross fade
- term that refers to a group of switches, faders and knobs that are associated with one sound
source like a cd player: channel
- a segue is the basic sound transition in which one sound is mixed with silence: false
- most audio consoles used in radio broadcasting are identical to the consoles used in music
recording: false
- which feature of an audio console would allow the operator to alter the tonal quality of a sound
going through the board? Equalizer tone
- how can a channel of the digital audio console bu put into cue? By depressing the cue button
(5.9)
- which feature of an audio console is a simple intercom system? Talkback switch
- on an audio console, a pan pot and a balance control both serve a similar function: true
- segue from one son to nother, how should the first song end? Cold ending

5.6

5.8
5.9

5.10

CHAPTER 6: Digital Audio Players/Recorders

● One reason for using professional-quality CD player rather than a consumer model in the
audio production studio is professional-quality players are built for heavy-duty.
Conspicuous operation and consumer models are not. Most consumer-model CD players
can’t stand up long under the constant use of a broadcast facility
● The lacquer coating on a CD does not make it virtually indestructible in normal use. CDs
require careful handling even though the lacquer coating helps prevent problems
● The format that allows a CD recorder to record a blank CD only once is the “write once,
read many” (WORM) format used by CD-R machines
● CD-R (cd recordable) disc is based on what is known as the WORM design. The disc
consists of a photosensitive dye layer and a reflective layer, encased in the normal
protective clear polycarbonate
● Although a circular cleaning motion works for vinyl, it can damage a CD. CDs can be
cleaned by gently wiping the side without the label with a lint-free cotton cloth from the
center hole of the CD directly toward the CD rim
● Circular could cause a scratch, causing the disc to track improperly. Use a special cd
cleaning solution, isproppyl alcohol or methanol to remove dirt or other material from the
disc
● There is no standard method of data compression and different digital equipment will use
various types of audio data reduction schemes
● There has been some concern about the audible effects on sound that has been compressed
more than once, ej: if an mp3 file is played through a signal processor that also uses data
compression
● Lately the style of digital recorders that are enjoying the most prominent place in audio
production work are solid state recorders that record and store material on removable
media, such as a Compact Flash (CF) or Secure Digital (SD) card
● For production facilities with limited physical space, the option of online or cloud storage
is becoming more popular. Online services such as SoundCloud provide free or inexpensive
storage solutions that can take the place of tape, docs or hard drives
● WHile ,amy compressed data formats can contain text information to help make filing
easier, not every cd decl or computer can read that information. There are still some
compatibility issues in this regard, depending on the age of the digital file, operating
system udes, or software used
● A DVD can hold more information than a CD. A CDR or CDRW disc can hold a
maximum of 80 minutes of uncompressed audio, but if those audio tracks were compressed
into mp3 format, 10.12 times that amount of audio could be stored on the same disc (aprox
13 hours)
● 4.6 GB are available on a DVD (66 hours at standard compressions)
● A felt-tip permanent marker can be used to clabel a CD only on the label side
● If you must mark the disc, dont use a pen pencil or fine tip marker or adhesive label. Use a
nonsolvent based felt tip permanent market on the label side of the disc. To get the
maximum life span out of a CD, it should be stored in a plastic jewel box, or a bider made
specifically to hold discs in an upright position like a book
● A 300 y old cd or dvd? Delkin devices ddcd r sa/25
● Patented phthalocyanine dye formula that gives storage life of 300 years. Gold is one of
the most reflective robust elements on earth. More than 20 of 24k gold in every cd-r
● Maximum resistance to the harmful effects of oxidations (main cause of failure to optical
media)
● Scratch armor’s protective layer prevents scratch, scuffs, dirt, chemicals, fingerprints
● The main internal components of a cd player are the drive motor, laser and lens system
and tracking mechanism. It does not have a compact flash card player
● Drive motor spins the disc at a variable rate between 200 and 500 revolutions per minute.
To make sure the data on the disc is read by laser at a constant rate, drive motor speed up
 as the laser moves toward the outside of the disc. In the aser and lens system, a laser diode
generates a laser light beam, a light prism directs
● Digital distribution networks - one way digital technology and the internet have affected
both production and the distribution of content within the industry is the ability to deliver
cd quality audio to radio stations using digital distribution networks that link radio
stations with ad agencies, production houses and record companies through an online
network
● Both drop box and box can distribute large video and audio files worldwide.
● The majority of distribution requirements rely on the use of cell phones combined with
additional hardware and file transfer protocol (FTP) services to transfer audio files. Many
remote producers are using smartphones equipped with apps that are specifically for
recording, editing, distributing audio to studios and on air consoles (ipush)
● RCS, a broadcast software company offers iPush, a mobile app for nexgen digital. You can
create audio or news reports and send them to nexgen digital for broadcast

Questions ch6
- podcasting relies on ___ feeds that can be used to automatically notify subscribers when new
programs are available for downloading and/or listening: rss
- powerful communicator principles: tell the truth, make it matterm never be boring
- try to avoid when creating content for broadcast or for powerful podcasts: manufactured topics
for air
- high energy is more important than good story telling: false
- standard digital audio data compression is 192 kHz and 16 bits: false. 44.1 hz, 16-32 bits, 128 bpm
- compressed data formats can contain text info to help make filling easier, not every playback
device or computer can read that info: true
- hand held digital recorders cannot provide XY or MS microphone options because they can only
contain one mic: false
- a 64 GB flash drive, SD card or CF card can hold up to 1,100 hours of compressed stereo: true
- just as important for podcasters to retain current listeners as it is to attract new: true
- podcasting originated by combining ipod with broadcasting: true
- portable digital recorders than employ an SD or CF card have the ability to dub recordings
using USB direct downloading rather than having to wait for real time dubs: true
- online cloud storage services allow users to store as much content as they want for free: false
- Not an effective consumer based method of distributing or sharing digital audio files to more
than on eperson online: digital distribution networks
● YES: souncloud, dropbox, pcloud
- podcast production: recording and distributing files are all that matters: false
- IS an advantage of using a smartphone or tablet for remote audio production: content can be
sent worldwide since the internet is a distribution network, producers do not have to pack and
move a lot of equipment for a remote production, remotes are easier to schedule and produce

CHAPTER 7: MONITORING SPEAKERS & STUDIO ACCESORIES

Speaker
● The components that make up a 2 way speaker system are the tweeter, woofer and
crossover
● “Speaker” is the shortened form of the word “loudspeaker” and it refers to a device that
converts electrical signals into sound waves that we can hear
● The transducing element of a speaker is called a driver
● “Woofer” and “tweeter” are names given to drivers or individual speakers used within a
speaker system
● The bass reflex (vented box design) is quite efficient and produces a strong bass sound with
less power required
● The bass reflex speaker enclosure design utilizes a tuned port to provide a highly efficient
system with a full bass sound
● In a 2 way system, an inductor would pass all the audio below a certain frequency to the
woofer. A capacitor in the same speaker would pass all audio above a certain frequency to
the tweeter
● The individual speaker that is designed to reproduce higher frequencies is called the
tweeter
● The broadcast connector that has a guide pin is the XLR. This prevents it from being
connected incorrectly. A balanced cable has 3 wires: positive, negative, and ground
● The XLR connector = Cannon connector or 3-pin connector. Most common mic connector
in audio production use and is often used as the input-output connections on audio
recorders. The 3 pins of the male plug fit into the 3 conductor inputs of the female jack
● By convention, male XLR connectors are outputs and female XLR connectors are inputs
● The most practical place to locate monitor speakers in a production room is near the upper
corners, close to the call. This gives the operator a good sound and also leaves the counter
clear for other equipment
● If 2 speakers are out of phase, the cone of one speaker will be moving out while the cone of
the other speaker is moving in. The sound will be fighting each other when this happens
● The RCA connectors (the phono connector/pin connector). It is phono, not phone. Most
home stereo equipment and many professional quality CD players use this type of
connector
 ● The broadcast connector that is always mono is the RCA connector, You must use 2 RCA
connectors for stereo, one for each channel
● The dynamic loudspeaker is the type of monitor most likely to be found in the audio
production studio. The component of a speaker system that divided the incoming audio
signal into different frequencies and sends the proper frequencies to the appropriate driver
is the crossover. A crossover is a network of filters that divides the audio signal into
different frequencies and sends it to the proper individual speaker
● Small speakers set on short stands, placed left and right of the audio console so the listener
hears a mostly direct sound at ear level, are known as near-field monitors. Some
production people think that the best sound is heard through near-field monitoring
● Keeping speakers a couple of feet from the back wall will prevent any excessive bass boost
from the wall. Since the speakers are so close to the listener, mostly direct sound is heard
and there is no need to worry much about other effects
● The type of headphone that is designed with a porous muff that rests directly on the ear is
called the supraural headphone. Also known as open-air or hear-through cushion
headphones, supra-aural headphones are designed to rest directly on the ear (los de gamer)
● The best type of monitor when you need to use a microphone in the production studio to
record voice-over music are headphones. They would prevent feedback and allow the
operator to hear the music when the speakers are muted because the mic is on.
● The broadcast connector that has a sleeve, ring, and tip is the phone connector. Miniphone
connectors also have them. The male phone connector is most likely to be used for a patch
bay.
● Adapters usually come in handy in emergency situations when a connecting cable fails;
therefore having a variety of them available is good production practice
● A connector adapter is used to change a connector from one form to another. It transfers
the signal so that another form of connector can be used
● The normal outputs of a cd player produce a line level. Line-level outputs are standard for
most broadcast production equipment, such as cd players and audio recorders
● A telephone coupler is used to connect telephone lines directly to broadcast equipment
● In a basic configuration, the telephone goes through the interface and comes into the
audio console on its own channel. The caller volume is controlled with that channel’s fader,
in addition to a caller volume control on the interface

Questions Ch 7
1. What components make up a 2way speaker system?: Tweeter, woofer and crossover
2. Transducing element of a speaker: driver
3. Speaker enclosure design that utilizes a tuned port to provide a highly efficient system
with a full bass sound: bass reflex
4. Individual driver or speaker designed to reproduce higher frequencies: tweeter
5. Por a proper stereo sound, the listening angle formed between the speakers and the listener
should be 90 degrees: FALSE
a. True: “The tweeter is the speaker designed to reproduce high frequencies.”
6. Which broadcast connector has a gudiepin? XLR or cannon
7. Most practical place to locate monitor speakers in a production room: near the upper
corners, close to the wall
8. If 2 speakers are out of phase, then the cone of one speaker will be moving out while the
cone of the other speaker is moving in
9. Broadcast connector that is always mono: RCA
10. Type of monitor speaker that will most likely be found in the audio production studio:
dynamic loud speaker
11. Component of a speaker system that divides the incoming audio signal into different
frequencies and sends the proper frequencies to the appropriate diver: crossover
12. Which type of headphones is designed with a porous muff that rests directly on the ear?
Supra-aural headphone
13. Unbalanced audio cables are more susceptible to interference than balanced cables: TRUE
14. Having a higher power external monitor amplifier in your production studio will allow
you to record or broadcast a louder signal than using the internal monitor amp in the
audio console: FALSE
a. TRUE: “because monitor amps have no relation to the broadcast or recorded
signal.”
15. Small speakers set on short stands, placed left and right of the audio console, so the listener
hears mostly direct sound at ear level, are: Near field
16. Broadcast connecter that has a sleeve, ring and tip: Phone
17. Connector adapter is used for changing a connector from one form to another
18. Configuration that describes a balanced cable: Three wires
19. The normal outputs of a CD player produce which level of audio signal? Line
20. Studio timers can be interfaced with other studio equipment to reset to zero when the
equipment is started: TRUE
21. By convention, male XLR connectors are outputs and female XLR connectors are inputs:
TRUE
22. WHich production room accessory is used to connect telephone lines directly to broadcast
equipment? Telephone coupler
23. Best type of monitor when you need to use a mic in the production studio to record a voice
over music: Headphones

CHAPTER 8: SIGNAL PROCESSING EQUIPMENT

● The equalizer processes an audio signal by altering frequency response. Equalizers allow
you to adjust selected frequency volumes and thus alter the audio signal’s frequency
response
● Graphic equalizers come in different designs, but all of them divide the frequency response
range into separate frequency bands, arranged left to right in order of increasing
frequency
● The parametric equalizer can select an exact center frequency and bandwidth as well as
alter the volume at that frequency and bandwidth. The parametric equalizer gives the
operator the greatest control over the eq process
● The par eq gives the operator more flexibility with 3 basic controls: one to choose the
actual center frequency to work on, one to control the bandwidth of freqs selected and one
tocontrol the volume of the specified freqs
● A NOTCH FILTER IS A SPECIAL FILTER that completely eliminates an extremely
narrow range of frequencies or one individual freq such as AC hum at 60 Hz
● The notch filter would most likely be used to attenuate or eliminate a 60Hz hum in a
recording. This type of filter allows all frequencies to pass except a specified one, which we
could specify at 60 HZ to eliminate the hum
● Originally signal processing was accomplished with electronic “black boxes” or individual
units designed to produce one particular effect. So if you wanted to add reverb, you needed
a reverb unit.
● The reverb unit processor affects the imaging of a sound. Reverb units electronically
change the apparent acoustic environment in which we hear the sound
● To create a tinny voice using signal processing equipment you need to cut out utmost of
the lower frequencies, cutting the bass will give a tinny sound
● Dolby S is a noise reduction system is most likely to be found in the audio production
studio. Its one of the newer common ones. When using the dolby system of noise reduction
 volumes of certain frequencies are increased during recording and decreased during
playback, Its a 2 step process. Dolby noise reduction processes include Dolby S, Dolby B
and DOlby C
● A noise gate is a type of expander which is a type of signal processing equipment. A
compressor lowers a signal thats too loud nd raises one thats too soft.
● A noise gate is used to reduce noise by turning the level of an audio signal that falls below
a set threshold point way down. The compressor is one of the 2 most common signal
processing devices used to affect the dynamic range of the audio signal; the limiter is the
other
● The multu effect processor called the eventide harmonizer is most likely to offer a variety
of effect sucha s pitch change, time compression, reverb, and flanging
● Rather than using several individual signal processor “boxes”, many signal processing
devices are designed so that they perform more than one function. Ex: Eventide, yamaha
and lexicon all provide popular signal processing tools for the production studio
● The stereo synthesizer signal processing device inputs a mono signal and outputs a
simulated stereo signal. As the name implies, a stere synthesizer makes a mono signal into
a “fake” stereo signal
● Today’s digital equipment offers an increased dynamic range. A range of 120 to 140
decibels is now common
● The boost ar 1 KHz Graphic eq setting would most likely be used to add “brilliance” to an
announcer’s voice. The de-esser signal processor is designed to help control sibilance in an
announcer’s voice
● A De-esser is an electronic processor designed to control the sibilant sounds without
affecting other parts of the sound signal. Many microphone processor units include a
section that is essentially a de-esser
● The expander is the opposite of a compressor because the expander increases dynamic
range, thus it is the opposite of a compressor
● A noise gate is a type of expander used to reduce noise by turning the level of an audio
signal that falls below a set threshold point way down. Audio editing software often
includes some type of dynamics processor that can emulate stand alone compressors,
limiters, expanders and noise gates

Ch8 Questions
1. The equalizer processes an audio signal by altering frequency response
2. An audio signal that has been equalized would be called a “dry signal” FALSE
a. TRUE:..
3. Type of equalizer that can select an exact center frequency and bandwidth as well as alter
the volume at that frequency and bandwidth: parametric
4. Filter that would most likely be used to attenuate or eliminate a 60-Hz hum in a recording
Notch filter
5. The 60 Hz hum could also have been eliminated by the use of Dolby or dbx noise reduction
FALSE
a. True: because you can’t eliminate existing noise with noise-reduction units”
6. Signal processor that affects the imaging of a sound: Reverb unit
7. How coul you create a tinny voice using signal processing equipment? Cut out most of the
lower frequencies
8. Which noise reduction system is most likely to be found in the adio production studio?
Dolby S
9. Which is a true statement about the Dolby system of noise reduction? Volumes of certain
frequencies are increased during recording and decreased during playback
10. A noisegate is which tupe of signal processing equipment? Expander
11. Which is true about a compressor? Lowers a signal that’s too loud and raises one that’s too
soft
12. Any signal-processing equipment that’s labeled a unity-gain device woudl amplify all
frequencies of the signal going through that equipment an equal amount FALSE
a. TRUE:: “Unity-gain devices don’t amplify the overall level of the incoming signal.”
13. Which of the following is not a type of Dolby noise reduction? Dolby D
14. Which signal processing device is most likely to offer a variety of effects, such as pitch,
change, time compression, reverb, and flanging? Eventide Harmonizer
15. Which signal processing device inputs a mono signal and outputs a simulated stereo
signal? Stereo synthesizer
16. Today’s digital equipment offers an increased dynamic range and a rang of how many
decibels is now common? 120 to 140
17. A digital audio workstation usually includes digital reverb and delay effects but rarely any
other type of signal processing capability FALSE
a. TRUE: “Most digital audio workstations have multi-effect capability.”
18. Which graphic equalizer setting would most likely be used to add “brilliance” to an
announcer’s voice? Boost at 1KHZ
19. Which signal processor is designed to help control sibilance in an announcer’s voice?
De-esser
20. Which of the following is the opposite of a compressor? Expander

CHAPTER 9
● A radio Dj can “walk over” a false ending of a song by beginning the outro of a song
before its really over. Sound effects sometimes need to be looped because they are too
 short. They need to be recorded over and over to cover the length of something, such as a
commercial.
● When recording a commercial that consists of an announcer reading over a music, the
music bed will begin at full volume then fade under as the announcer begins talking. A
fast-paced announcing style would be most appropriate for a disc jockey working at a
contemporary hit radio format radio station
● It should take an announcer one hour to record a four-hour air shift by voice tracking.
Usually an announcer can produce an air shift in about one-quarter of the actual time by
voice tracking
● The term “actuality” refers to the voice of a person in the news
● Radio news copy should be written in simple, easy to read sentences
● Yes and no questions are not recommended in news interviews
● The best radio interview questions are open ended and similar to “what do you think will
be the outcome of the present attempt to outlaw capital punishment?
● Long and difficult interview questions do nos work. Keep them short and to the point
● When you are recording an orchestra you should place mics by sections rather than on
individual instruments. When there are that many instruments, you place mics by sections
● When you record each instrument of a band separately rather than recording them all
together you would not adjust the volume of each instrument so it is at a different level.
You would adjust the volumes later.
● When editing a news actuality it is ok to cut out a cough, shorten the length of the story or
to cut out material that is irrelevant. You definitely don’t want to edit to change the
meaning of the story.
● When a news story includes the actual voice of the person in the news, such as the mayor
commenting on the new city budget, that segment is called an actuality. Most radio news
operations strive to include many actualities within a newscast because these bring life to
the news. It’s more interesting to hear the mayor’s comments than an announcer telling us
what the mayor said.
● The sportscaster has the most latitude to be hyper and biased. At some stations the same
people who report sports on a regular basis from the studio also cover play by play at
various sports venues
● A good radio talk show technique is to ask follow up questions based on the interview’s
response
● A jingle is a short imaging element. It is a produced promo that includes the singing of call
letters, a station slogan, disc jockey names or other entertaining elements
● A sweeper, teaser or a bumper might be used before a commercial break, mano of these
imaging terms have interchangeable users
 ● Bumper: a prerecorded audio element that consists of voice over music that is used as a
transition between different forms of content. It might consist of music and the disc jockey
saying their name in an unusual manner
● Jingle: a produced programming element that includes the singing of call letters. A station
slogan, disc jockey names or other imaging elements
● Liner: a sentence or sentences that a disc jockey says over the intro to a song or during a
break between songs. An example might be ! its always golden here at KRVR”
● Promo: short for promotional spot. This is an announcement, usually the length of a
commercial, that promotes an upcoming station event such as a concert or a contest. A
promo for a contest might include excited reactions of past contest winners, the contest
rules, the prize, and how this contest relates to the station programming

Ch9 Questions
1. How would a radio DJ “walk over” a false ending of a song? By beginning the outro
of a song before it is really over
2. What is the reason sound effects sometimes need to be looped? They are too short
3. Which of the following might be used before a commercial break? Sweeper, teaser,
bumper
4. Which of the following describes good radio talk-show technique? Ask follow-up
questions based on the interviewee’s response
5. A fast paced announcing style would be most appropriate for a disc joker working
at which type of station? Contemporary hit radio
6. Which of the following best describes what should occur for a commercial that
consists of an announcer reading over a music bed? The music bed will begin at
full-volume then fade under as the announcer begins talking
7. Approximately how long should it take an announcer to record a four hour air shits
by voice tracking? 1 hour
8. Which of the following are you least likely to do when you record each instrument
of a band separately rather than recording them all together? Adjust the volume of
each instrument to it is at different level
9. What does the term “actuality” refer to? The voice of a person in the news
10. Which of the following is true about the content of radio news copy? It should be
written in simple, easy to understand sentences
11. Which of the following are you more likely to do if you are recording an orchestra
than if you are recording a string quartet? Place mics by sections rather than
individual instruments
12. Which of the following would not be a good reason for editing a news actuality? To
change the meaning of the story
13. Which type of announcer has the most latitude oto be a hyper and biased? A sportscaster
14. Which of the following is the best definitions of a jingle? A short imaging element that
includes singing
15. Which of the following would be the best radio interview question? What would you think
will be the outcome of the present attempt to outlaw capital punishment.

CHAPTER 10: LOCATION SOUND RECORDING

● The traffic reporter would be most likely to use a helicopter, a reporter should keep a
station news van gas tank three-quarters full to make sure that they will have enough gas
to leave quickly to cover a story that is at some distance. You may need to get somewhere
quickly and you need the gas to get there
● When you are scouting a location that you plan to use for recording you should have the
owner of the location facility sign a form that gives you permission to record there. If you
are using house sound, you should listen with your headphones to the output of your
recorder so you can tell whether your sound is distorted. House sound can lead to
distortion.
● A recorder is most likely to have a problem caused by low battery power. You must
carefully monitor your recorder’s batteries. You should replace batteries in your equipment
when they are 25 only percent full. Batteries are the main potential problem related to
portable recorders. You should make sure that a recorder’s battery is fully charged before
you take it out and you should bring along extra batteries
● Every sound engineer needs to understand 60 cycle hum. This problematic issue can arise
while recording audio in the field. Hum is a low rumble, usually at a frequency of 60Hz
that can be picked up by recording equipment such as fluorescent lights, vacuum cleaners,
inconsistent grounding, etc. The easiest way to get rid of it is to find the offending
equipment and turn it off. But that may not be possible – a factory owner is not going to
shut down the factory because you are getting hum. Wearing headphones is paramount,
when in the field, to check for any hum, buzz, or other errant noise being picked up by the
microphone”
● A dynamic cardioid handheld mic is the most common microphone for interviewing in the
field. A dynamic mic is rugged and both the cardioid pick up pattern and hand holding
are best for an interview. A helicopter traffic reporter is most likely to have their
microphone attached to the headphone assembly
● The RPU (Remote pickup unit) system for getting sound froma location back to the studio
uses frequencies set aside by the FCC specifically for this purpose. This system uses special
 equipment often referred to as “Marti” because that is the name of the main company that
provides the gear.
● GEORGE WESLEY MARTI INVENTOR OF THE RPU.
● “Dead spots” are places from which a transmitted signal will not reach its destination. LEO
(low-earth orbit) satellites are used for satellite phone transmission. LEOs are as low as 100
miles and up to 1,000 miles above earth, so although there is still a delay of sound when
they are used, the delay is not as great as that with geosynchronous satellites
● Walla walla refers to people’s incoherent voices in the background of an audio recording.
The selective attention principle enables you to concentrate on having a conversation with
someone even though there are many other noises nearby
● You would be most likely to use a mixer to adjust the volume for several inputs, such as an
announcer’s voice and background noise from a busy street. A bulletproof vest would be
most important if you, as a news reporter, are covering a man barricaded in a house who
occasionally shoots from a house window

Ch10 Questions
1. Which of the following is most likely to use a helicopter? A traffic reporter
2. Why should a reporter keep the gas tank of a station news van three-quarters full?
To make sure that they will have enough gas if they have to leave quickly to cover a
story that is some distance away
3. Which of the following should you do when you are scouting a location that you
plan to use for recording: have the owner of the location facility sign a form that
gives you permission to record there
4. Which of the following should you be sure to do if you are using house sound? Listen
with your headphones to the output of your recorder so you can tell whether your
sound is distorted
5. Which of the following is most likely to have a problem caused by low battery
power? A recorder
6. When should you replace batteries in your equipment= When they are 25-percent
full
7. Which is the most common microphone for interviewing in the field: A dynamic cardioid
handheld mic
8. WHich person is most likely to have their mic attached to the headphone assembly? A
sportscaster
9. Which system for getting sound from a location back to the studio uses frequencies set
aside by the FCC specifically for this purpose? RPU
10. WHich of the following refers to people’s incoherent voices in the background of an audio
recording? Walla walla
11. What are dead spots? Places from which a transmitted signal will not reach its destination
12. Which of these does the selective attention principle enable you to do? Concentrate on
having a conversation with someone even though there are many other noises nearby
13. Which of the following would be most important if you, as a news reporter, are covering a
person barricaded in a house who occasionally shoots from a house window? A
bulletproof vest
14. What methods are producers using today to get the audio signal back to the studio from
remote locations? ISDN, smartphones, iPush
15. Which of the following would you be most likely to use to adjust the volume for several
inputs, such as an announcer’s voice and background noise from a busy street? A mixer

CHAPTER 11: SOUND PRODUCTION FOR THE VISUAL MEDIA

● A timing sheet is the name of a sheet given to a composer that includes time code numbers
of where the director thinks that music is needed. If a person is seen in a close up, but the
person’s voice sounds like it is coming from a distance, this would e a perspective problem
● A fish pole is effective for recording audio for video because it can move above the heads of
performers. In this way, people can move
● A disadvantage of using a lavaliere mic to capture sound for a movie would be that it
might be visible in a closeup
● A perambulator boom is a movable platform that can be used to move a microphone in
various directions
● Cardioid mics are appropriate for recording dialogue for video because they generally
don’t pick up sounds from the area where the video equipment is operating. Cardioids are
less likely to pick up unwanted equipment noise
● Foley is a unique sound effect technique that involves creating and performing everyday
sounds for movies and television shows. It is most likely to need various walking surfaces
such as brick, tile and cement
● Foley effects work both with and to replace the film sound recorded on set which is known
as field recording. Most scenes use a combination of field recordings and foley effects.
named after sound-effects artist Jack foley.
● In a drama tv show or film we have a need for the mic to be invisible. Mic placement can
be more difficult for video or film, because the mic should not show in the pic. This is one
way that dealing with audio joined with video is different from dealing with audio only.
● A mic that is put in a vase of flowers that is on the set is called a hidden mic.
 ● When sound entered the world of silent film there were many issues. This eas documented
in the film “Singing in the rain”
● The transition to sound in the late 1920s was not an easy one. See it recreated in singing in
the rain
● Another name for automated dialogue replacement is looping. Music is least likely to be
an ambient sound
● Sweetening is most likely to involve filtering out a hum from an audio track. The sound
designer is the title of the person who plans the overall strategy of sounds for a video
production

Ch11 Questions
1. What is the name of a sheet given to a composer that includes time code numbers of
where the director thinks that music is needed? Timing sheet
2. Which of the following would be a perspective problem? A person is seen in a close
up but the person’s voice sounds like it is coming from a distance
3. Why is a boompole effective for recording audio for video or film production? It
can move above the heads of several performes
4. What is a disadvantage of using a lavaliere mic to capture sound ofr a movie
Perspective and clothing noise
5. Which of the following is a movable platform that can be used to move a mic in
various directions? Preambulator boom
6. Why are directional or shotgun mics appropriate for recording dialogue for video or
film? They generally don’t pick up background sounds from the sides where the
video or film equipments usually is
7. Which of the following would be an example of double-system sound? Recording to
an audio recorder rather than the camera
8. Which of the following is most likely to need various walking surfaces such as brick,
tile, and cement? Foley
9. For which type of tv show is there the most need for the mic to be invisible? Drama
10. What is another name for automated dialoge replacement? Looping
11. Least likely to be an ambient sound: Music
12. Most likely to involve filtering out a hum from an audio track Sweetening
13. One way that dealing with audio joined with video is different from dealing with
audio only: Mic placement can be more difficult for video bcs the mic should not
show in the picture
14. What is the title of the person who plans the overall strategy of sounds for a
production? Sound designer
15. What might a mic that is put in a vase of flowers that is on the set be called?
Hidden (or plant) mic

CHAPTER 12: Internet Radio and Other Distribution Platforms

● The internet has been important to college radio because stations can have an
international audience and alumni can keep in touch by listening to the college radio
station over the internet. In addition, colleges that could not have a station because of lack
of available frequencies can now have one
● Files of programmes material that can be accessed over the internet defines on-demand
programming. A listener can click on a file on a webpage. The player aspect of Internet
radio is on the listener’s computer
● The nonstreaming type of soundfile allows listeners with low-bandwidth connections to the
internet to still listen to high-quality, on-demand sound rifles. Nonstreaming files can be
downloaded and then listened to. As an audio signal requites more and more bandwidth,
the higher the quality of the sound will be. More bandwidth = higher quality
● The S/N ratio improves 6dB with each additional bit when you are dealing with bit depth
● Generally speaking, the greater the number of bits, the higher the S/N ratio and the better
the signal quality
● S/N = signal to noise ratio
● Thw Winamp software audioplayer has a simple interface and a few compatibility issues.
Nullsoft’s Winamp is a barebones player
● MP3, MPEG-2, Layer 3 is the audio compression system based on the one developed by the
moving picture expers group
● Perceptual coding takes into account what sounds the human ear can’t hear
● Humans can’t hear Below 20Hz or above 20 thousand hz
● ASCAP is a music licensing agency. A digital distribution network delivers CD quality
radio content such as commercials to radio stations around the country
● AM radio was developed the earliest before FM radio, cable radio and satellite radio
● Satellite radio requires a subscription and a special receiver
● Sirius and XM satellite radio were designated by the fcc to establish a satellite radio
service
● AM stations modulate by varying the height of the carrier wave and fm stations modulate
by varying the frequency of the carrie wave
● The most common way that radio programming is delivered and listened to is by local
broadcast stations. Soun goes from the station’s studio to its transmitter where it is
modulated
 ● Variable bitrate streaming VBR streaming takes time and can consume a lot of computer
resources. Use for downloading on deman files. Best to use vbr for downloading
prerecorded files
● Encoding at a lower quality creates a smalled file size which is important when
considering server space and bandwidth capabilities
● Encoding software has utilizes vbr processing more and more effectively over the last
several years

Ch12 Questions
1. How has the internet been important to college radio?
● Stations can have an international audience, alumni can keep in touch by listening to a
college radio station over the internet, colleges that could not have a sation because of
lack of available frequencies can now have one
2. Which defines on-demand programming? Files of prerecorded material that can be
accessed over the internet
3. Which aspect of internet radio is on the listener’s computer, tablet or smartphone? Player
4. Which distribution allows listeners with low-bandwidth connections to the internet to still
listen to high-quality, on demand sound files? Nonstreaming
5. Someone with a modem operating at 56 Kb per second can easily receive uncompressed
analog audio signals from the internet. FALSE
6. As an audio signal requires more and more bandwidth, which of the following will occur?
The higher the quality of the sound will be
7. Approximately how much does the S/N ratio improve with each additional bit when you
are dealing with depth? 6 dB
8. True about perceptual coding: It takes into account which sounds the human ear can’t
hear
9. Servers that provide access to internet radio stations do not need to have as much
bandwidth as those that receive the signal FALSE
10. What is one difference between internet radio and over the air radio? Each listener is
served individually for internet radio, but an over the air signal can be picked up by
anyone who has a radio within the service area. Internet radio requires a separate stream
for each listener. Recently, many radio stations have bypassed the option of providing
their own streams and have instead made their content available through a centralized
provider such as TuneIn, RadioFX or iHeart
11. Streamed audio stays permanently on a listener’s computer in a large buffer area that acts
like a storage tank. FALSE
12. Which is generally found on consumer-grade sound cards? Miniphone input
13. One way to avoid copyright issues when using music in your online production is to create
your own music using free or proprietary music creation software TRUE
14. What is the audio compression system based on the one developed by the moving picture
experts group know as? MP3
15. Which is a licensing agency? ASCAP
16. An external audio recording interface is a good device to consider if you want to have
more input options to record and process audio on a laptop computer
17. Which was developed first? AM radio
18. Which mobile form of radio requires a subscription and a proprietary receiver? Satellite
radio
19. Which company was one of two designated by the FCC to establish a satellite radio
service? Sirius
20. Identify one difference between AM and FM: AM stations modulate by varying the height
of the carrier wave, whereas FM stations modulate by varying the frequency of the carrier
wave
21. Analog audio can be streamed online FALSE
22. VBR streaming takes time and can consume a lot of computer resources: Therefore it is
more appropriate to use for Downloading on-demand files
23. Producers of online audio content should not concern themselves with informing their
listeners of any software player updates or upgrades FALSE
24. Encoding at a lower quality creates a smaller file size, which is important when
considering server space and bandwidth capabilities
25. HD radio signals can be received using a standard AM/FM radio FALSE