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Lecture 5

The document summarizes key events in the evolution of eukaryotic cells and early land plants. Proteobacteria and cyanobacteria evolved into mitochondria and chloroplasts inside eukaryotic cells. Early algae like Chlamydomonas and Ulva had alternating haploid and diploid generations with flagellated gametes that could undergo sexual reproduction. Red algae like nori were among the first to colonize land around 500 million years ago, followed by bryophytes like liverworts and mosses that had leafy aquatic gametophytes and taller sporophytes.

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26 views

Lecture 5

The document summarizes key events in the evolution of eukaryotic cells and early land plants. Proteobacteria and cyanobacteria evolved into mitochondria and chloroplasts inside eukaryotic cells. Early algae like Chlamydomonas and Ulva had alternating haploid and diploid generations with flagellated gametes that could undergo sexual reproduction. Red algae like nori were among the first to colonize land around 500 million years ago, followed by bryophytes like liverworts and mosses that had leafy aquatic gametophytes and taller sporophytes.

Uploaded by

zehroo.siddiqi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Lecture 5

Proteobacterium (oxygen using) turns into mitochondria


Cyanobacterium turns into chloroplast
Eukaryote forms- turns into algae and plant

- Cyanobacteria is eaten by protoalgae which is the primitive algae

- Cyanobacteria could have two reaction centres


o Makes oxygen
- Bacteria sex- changes of DNA between cells
- Red alga- first sexual production fossil

Chlamydomonas reinharditii
- Green alga- unicellular
- Live in fresh water and on soil
- Flagella to move
- Horse shoe shaped chloroplast
- Primitive sexual productive system
- Haploid most of the time
- Haploid-n (sperm and egg) single copy of chromosome
o Diploid-2n
- Mitosis gives 4 daughter cells
o Chromosome number does not change
- Sexual reproduction occurs when stressed
- Daughter cells produced asexual production by two organisms fuse and form a
zygote and form a diploid cell by sexual reproduction
- In the past dominant generation was haploid not diploid

Ulva lactuca (sea lettuce)


- Sporophyte-2n diploid
- Gametophyte-n haploid
- Zygote-2n
- Meiosis halves number of chromosomes (2n to n)
- Male gamete is smaller than female
- Sporophyte is a body that makes spores
- Gametophyte is a body that makes gametes
- Sporophytes produce Zoospores-n haploid

Sushi sex-red algae


- Sushi made of nori- red algae
- Gametophyte-plate like used for sushi
- Sporophyte- filament
- Distinct male and female structures
o Non motile sperms (require current)
First land plants
- 500 M yrs ago- plants colonised land
- Increased o2 in atmosphere
- Followed on from Cambrian explosion
- Advantages-
o New space
o High CO2
- Disadvantages
o Lack of water
o reproduction

Bryophytes
- liverwort
- mosses
- hornworts
o vascular plants

Liverworts
- primitive form of mosses group
- dominant gametophyte
- may grow as a plate
- thalloid or may be leafy
- specialised cells
o rhizoid grows down and absorb water
o not photosynthestic
o primitive water transport
- gametophores grow up
- sperm swim from male (antheridia) to female (archegonia) gametophytes
o move via water
- sporophyte grows on gametophore
- asexual reproduction (gemmae)

Moss
- more complex structure
- leaf life structure
- may have extensive branching
- simple water connecting tissue
- maybe ombrotropic
o absorb nutrition from water
- sporophyte grows above gametophyte
- moss sporophyte
o cuticle (waterproof)
o vascular tissue (move water)
o stomata (gas exchange)
o tall sporophyte so better spore dispersal
- reproduction
o sperm and egg
o sperm moves via water to egg
o makes zygote in female gametophyte
o germination occurs

Hornworts
- gametophyte and sporophyte
- blue/green as they have cyanobacteria growing on them

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