5CCS2ENM: Engineering Mathematics

Coursework 1 Solutions

1.
⃗ 3 3
F : R → R a vector field
We know that the divergence of a curl is always zero and the curl of a gradient is always zero,
then:

∇ ∙ (∇ × ⃗
F )=0∧∇ × ∇ f =0⃗

So we are looking for a vector field that is compressible and rotational. We only require both the
divergence and curl to be non-zero somewhere.

F ( x , y , z )=x ∙ i⃗ + x ∙ y ∙ ⃗j+ x ∙ y ∙ z ∙ ⃗k so that:

For example, we can choose ⃗

∂⃗
F ∂⃗F ∂⃗
F
∇∙ ⃗
F= + + =1+ x + x ∙ y =1+(x + y ) which is non-zero when x=1, y=2 and z=2 for example.
∂x ∂ y ∂z

| |
i⃗ ⃗j ⃗k
∇×⃗ F= ∂x ∂y ∂z
x x∙ y x ∙ y∙ z

¿ i⃗ ∙ ( ∂ y ∙ x ∙ y ∙ z−∂ z ∙ x ∙ y ) − ⃗j ∙ ( ∂x ∙ x ∙ y ∙ z−∂ z ∙ x ) + k⃗ ∙ ( ∂ x ∙ x ∙ y−∂ y ∙ x )

¿ x ∙ z ∙ i⃗ − y ∙ z ∙ ⃗j+ y ∙ k⃗

∂ ∂ ∂
Where ∂ x = , ∂ y= , ∂ z= .
∂x ∂y ∂z

Which is non-zero ∀ x ≠ y ≠ z ≠ 0 for example x=1 , y=2 , z=2.

2.
F : R → R a vector field such that ∇ ∙ ⃗
⃗ 3 3 2
F =x ∙ y +3 ∙ y ∙ cos(x ∙ z )

Consider ⃗ F ( x , y , z )=P ( x , y , z ) ∙ ⃗i +Q ( x , y , z ) ∙ ⃗j + R( x , y , z )∙ k⃗ a vector field on R3 and P , Q, R : R3 → R .

By definition, we require:

∂P ∂Q ∂ R
∇∙ ⃗
2
F= + + =x ∙ y +3 ∙ y ∙ cos(x ∙ z )
∂x ∂ y ∂z

There are many ways we can assign terms on the RHS to the partial derivatives on the LHS, for
example:

∂P 1 2
= ∙x ∙ y
∂x 2
∂Q
=3∙ y ∙cos (x ∙ z )
∂y
∂R 1 2
= ∙x ∙ y
∂z 2

Therefore, by integrating in respect to x, y and z respectively, we get:

1 3
P= ∙ x ∙ y +C 1
6
3 2
Q= ∙ y ∙cos ( x ∙ z ) +C 2
2
1 2
R= ∙ x ∙ y ∙ z +C 3
2

where C 1 , C 2 , C3 are arbitrary constants of integration.

It follows that:

⃗
(1
6 ) ( 3
2 ) 1
F ( x , y , z )= ∙ x3 ∙ y+ C1 ∙ i⃗ + ∙ y 2 ∙ cos ( x ∙ z ) +C 2 ∙ ⃗j+( ∙ x 2 ∙ y ∙ z+ C3 )∙ ⃗k
2

To simplify the problem, we can consider C 1=C2 =C3=0as they are arbitrary constants.
3.
s1=1 , s 2=9 , s3=1 , s4 =4 , s 5=9 , s 6=2 , s 7=4

We are given: ϕ ( r ,θ ) : [ 0 , 11 ] ×[0 ,2 π ]→ R3

ϕ ( r ,θ )=r ∙ cos ( θ ) ∙ i⃗ +r ∙ sin ( θ ) ∙ ⃗j+(11 −r ) ∙ ⃗k
2 2 1 /2

F ( x , y , z )=( x 3 ∙ z ) ∙ i⃗ + ( y 3 ∙ z ) ∙ ⃗j+0 ∙ ⃗k
⃗

(a) To prove Gauss’ Divergence Theorem, we need to evaluate both the LHS and the RHS of
the equation separately:
❑ ❑

∯ ⃗F ∙ d ⃗S =∭ ∇ ∙ ⃗F ∙ dV
δW W

where W is the region enclosed by ∅

LHS:
We have that:
⃗ −r
T r=cos ( θ ) ∙ i⃗ +sin ( θ ) ∙ ⃗j+
(11¿ ¿ 2−r 2) ⃗k ¿
1 /2

T θ=−r ∙ sin (θ ) ∙ i⃗ +r ∙cos ( θ ) ∙ ⃗j+ 0∙ k⃗

⃗

⃗
T r ×⃗
T θ=
| ⃗i ⃗j k⃗ r ∙ cos ( θ ) 0
cos (θ ) sin ( θ ) ¿
¿ ¿ |
2
r ∙ cos ⁡(θ)
¿
2 1 /2 r 2 ∙ sin ( θ )
(11¿ ¿2−r ) ∙ i⃗ + 1
¿
(11 ¿ ¿ 2−r ) ∙ j+r ∙ ⃗k ¿
2 2 ⃗

❑ ❑

∯ ⃗F ∙ d ⃗S =∬ ⃗F ∙ (⃗
T r ×⃗
T θ ) ∙ dA
δW D
where dA=dr ∙ dθ∨dA=dθ ∙ dr
❑
¿∬¿ ¿ ¿
D

❑
¿ ∬ [r 5 ∙ cos 4 ¿ ( θ ) +r 5 ∙ sin4 (θ)]∙ dA ¿
D
2 π 11
¿ ∫ ∫ r ∙(cos (θ ) +sin (θ))∙ dr ∙ dθ
5 4 4

0 0

[ ]
2π 11
r6
¿∫
4 4
∙(cos ( θ ) +sin (θ))∙ dθ
0
6 0
6 2π
11
∙ ∫ ( cos ( θ ) +sin ( θ ) ) ∙dθ
4 4
¿
6 0

cos ( 2 θ ) +1 1−cos ⁡(2θ)

use cos2 ( θ )= ∧sin 2 ( θ ) =
2 2
 6 2π 2 2
11 cos ( 2 θ ) +1 1−cos ( 2 θ )
¿ ∙ ∫ [( ) +( ) ]∙ dθ
6 0 2 2
6 2π
11 1
∙ ∫ ∙ [cos (2 θ )+2 ∙ cos ( 2 θ ) +1+1−2 ∙ cos ( 2 θ ) +cos ( 2 θ ) ]∙ dθ
2 2
¿
6 0 4
6 2π
11 1
∙ ∫ ∙ [2 ∙ cos ( 2θ )+ 2]∙dθ
2
¿
6 0 4
6 2π
11 1
∙ ∫ ∙ [cos ( 2θ )+1]∙ dθ
2
¿
6 0 2

2 2
use cos ( θ )=cos ( 2θ )+ sin (θ)
2π
11
6
cos ( 4 θ )+ sin2 ( 2 θ ) +1
¿ ∙∫ ∙ dθ
6 0 2

1−cos ⁡(2 θ)
use sin2 ( θ )=
2

6 2π
11 1 1−cos ( 4 θ )
¿ ∙ ∫ ∙ [cos ( 4 θ )+ +1]∙ dθ
6 0 2 2
6 2π
11 cos ( 4 θ ) 3
¿ ∙∫ [ + ]∙ dθ
6 0 4 4

[ ]
2π
116 sin ( 4 θ ) 3
¿ ∙ + ∙θ
6 16 4 0

6
11
¿ ∙π
4
RHS:
We have that:
∂ 3
∇∙ ⃗
F= ( x ∙ z ) + ∂ ( y 3 ∙ z ) + ∂ 0=3 ∙ x 2 ∙ z +3 ∙ y 2 ∙ z
∂x ∂y ∂z
2 2 1 /2
x ( r ,θ )=r ∙cos ( θ ) , y ( r , θ )=r ∙ sin ( θ ) , z ( r , θ )=(11 −r )

0 ≤ r ≤11∧0 ≤θ ≤ 2 π
❑ ❑

∭ ∇ ∙ ⃗F ∙ dV =∭ (3 ∙ x 2 ∙ z +3 ∙ y 2 ∙ z)∙ dV
W W

❑ 11
¿ ∬∫ (¿ 3 ∙ x ∙ z +3 ∙ y ∙ z )∙ dz ∙ dA ¿
2 2

D 0

[ ]
❑ 11
z2
¿ ∬ 3 ∙(x + y )
2 2
∙ dA
D
2 0

2 ❑
11
∙ ∬ ( x + y )∙ dx ∙ dy
2 2
¿3∙
2 x + y ≤11
2 2 2

δ(x , y)
using =r ∧x2 + y 2=r 2
δ (r , θ)

2 2 π 11
11
¿3∙
2
∫ ∫ r 3 ∙ dr ∙dθ
0 0

[ ]
2π 11
112 r4
¿3∙ ∙∫ ∙ dθ
2 0 4 0

6
11 2π
¿3∙ ∙ [ θ ]0
8
6
3∙ 11
¿ ∙π
4
(b)
4.
s1=1 , s 2=9 , s3=1 , s4 =4 , s 5=9 , s 6=2 , s 7=4

1 1
We are given: ⃗
F ( x , y , z )= ∙ i⃗ + ∙ ⃗j+2 ∙ z ∙ k⃗ .
x y

Let γ ( t ) =x ( t ) ∙ i⃗ + y ( t ) ∙ ⃗j+ z (t)∙ ⃗k

Then, we need to calculate the velocity:

' ∂ x ⃗ ∂ y ⃗ ∂z ⃗
γ ( t )= ∙i + ∙ j+ ∙ k
∂t ∂t ∂t
❑

∫ ⃗F ∙ d s⃗=( s 1+ s 7+ 1 ) ∙ π
γ

∫ ⃗F ∙ d s⃗=6 ∙ π
γ

We can work out the integral using the path integration over vector fields as follows:

∫ ⃗F ∙ d s⃗=∫ ⃗F ( γ ( t ) ) ∙ γ' ( t ) dt=∫( 1x ∙ ⃗i+ 1y ∙ ⃗j +2 ∙ z ∙ ⃗k )( δx

δt
∙ i⃗ + ∙ ⃗j+ ∙ k⃗ ) dt=∫ ∙dx + ∙ dy +2 ∙ z ∙dz =ln ( x )+ ln ( y ) + z
δy
δt
δz
δt
1
x
1
y
γ

We know that this integral is equal to 6 ∙ π , hence:

2
ln ( x ) +ln ( y ) + z =6 ∙ π

Using the logarithm’s property ln ( x ) +ln ( y )=ln ⁡(x ∙ y ), we get:

ln ( x ∙ y ∙ e ) =6 π
2
z
2

x ∙ y ∙ e z =e 6 ∙ π

We can choose x=e t , y=e−t ∧z= √ 6 ∙ π , witht ∈[0 ,1 ].

Therefore, a possible path would be:

γ ( t ) =e ∙ i⃗ +e ∙ ⃗j+ √ 6 ∙ π ∙ ⃗k
t −t
5.
s1=1 , s 2=9 , s3=1 , s4 =4 , s 5=9 , s 6=2 , s 7=4

2
d f (t) df ( t )
2
−2 ∙ + ( 10+ s 2+ s 3+ s 4 ) f ( t )=( t−2 ) ∙ δ ( t−5 )
dt dt

Plugging in the values for s2 , s 3∧s4 , we get:

2
d f (t) df ( t )
2
−2 ∙ +24 ∙ f ( t )=(t−2)∙ δ (t−5)
dt dt

and f ( 0 )=2+ s5=11∧f ' ( 0 )=4 + s6 =6

The definition for the Dirac delta function states that:

{
δ (t−5 )= ∞ ,if t=5
0 , if t ≠ 5

Therefore, for t ≠ 5, we get the homogeneous ODE:

2
d f (t) df ( t )
2
−2 ∙ +24 ∙ f ( t )=0
dt dt

Using the substitution f ( t )=e λ∙ t, where λ ∈ R is a constant to be determined, we have that:

df λ ∙t
=λ ∙ e
dt
2
d f 2 λ∙ t
2
=λ ∙ e
dt
Hence, we have that:
2 λ∙ t λ∙ t λ∙t
λ ∙ e −2∙ λ ∙ e +24 ∙ e =0
which is to say that:
2
λ −2 λ+24=0
2± 2 i∙ √ 23
λ 1, 2=
2

λ 1=1+i √ 23∧ λ2=1−i √ 23

f ( t )= A ∙ e (1+i √ 23) ∙ t +B ∙ e (1−i √ 23) ∙t

⟺ f ( t )=C 1 ∙ e ∙ cos ( √ 23∙ t ) +C2 ∙ e ∙ sin ⁡( √ 23 ∙ t)
t t

Using the initial conditions, we get:

f ( 0 )=11⇒ C 1 ∙ 1+C 2 ∙ 0=11⇒ C 1=11

f ( t )=C 1 ∙ e ∙ cos ( √ 23 ∙ t ) −C 1 ∙ e ∙ sin ( √ 23 ∙t ) +C 2 ∙ e ∙ sin ( √ 23 ∙t ) +C 2 ∙ e ∙cos ⁡( √ 23 ∙ t)

' t t t t

f ( t )=e ∙ cos ( √ 23 ∙t ) ∙ (¿ C1 +C 2)+e ∙ sin ( √ 23 ∙ t ) ∙(C 2−C 1)¿

' t t

'
f ( 0 )=6 ⇒ C 1+C 2=6 ⇒ C2=−5
f ( t )=11∙ e ∙ cos ( √ 23∙ t )−5 ∙ e ∙ sin ⁡( √ 23∙ t)
t t