UNESCO-NIGERIA TECHNICAL &

VOCATIONAL EDUCATION
REVITALISATION PROJECT-PHASE II

NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS (II)

COURSE CODE: EEC 249

YEAR II- SEMESTER IV

PRACTICAL

Version 1: December 2008

1
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
WEEK 1: Step down transformer
WEEK 2: Single phase transformer
WEEK 3: Transformer ratio
WEEK 4: Measurement of voltage and current
WEEK 5: Continuity test in three phase transformer
WEEK 6: Terminals of three phase transformer
WEEK 7: Three phase star connected circuits
WEEK 8: Three phase delta connected circuits
WEEK 9: Power measurement using two wattmeter method
WEEK 10: Charging and discharging of a capacitor
WEEK 11: Three phase induction motor
WEEK 12: Three phase induction motor under load
WEEK 13: Characteristics of torque current
WEEK 14: Three phase dual speed
WEEK 15: Measurement of electrical quantity
Step Down Transformer Week 1

TITLE: Transformer
OBJECTIVE: Demonstrate the effect of the step-down transformer.

THEORY
Transformer is a device that serves to transform the alternating voltage from value to
another. A simple transformer consists of two electrical conductors called the primary
winding and the secondary winding .

MATERIALS REQUIRED:
 Step-down transformer.
 Low AC voltage power supply.
 Multimeter.

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect one coil to the power supply as the primary coil.
2. Check with a multimeter whether a voltage is induced in the second coil with the
power supply switched on and with it switched off.
3. Compare the output voltage from the secondary coil with the input voltage to the
primary coil for several settings of the power supply voltage.

1
Step Down Transformer Week 1

Q1) voltage to the voltage to the secondary

Step
primary coil coil
1
2
3
4

Calculate the turns ratio for step number 1?

Q2) Calculate the number of turns for the secondary coil if the turns of primary coil is 100
turns?

Q3) Calculate the number of turns for the primary coil if the turns of the secondary coil is
50 turns?

Q4) state the transformer applications?

2
Single phase Transformer Week 2

TITLE: Continuity Test on a Single Phase Transformer

 Introduction:
The continuity of the transformer windings can be checked by using an
ohmmeter, to carry out this test connect the circuit as shown in fig.(2-1).

 Apparatus

- Electric tool box

- Ohmmeter
- Transformer single phase
Procedures :
1. Disconnect the external power supply from the transformer and place the
transformer on a clean horizontal surface.
A) Testing of primary winding
2. Connect the ohmmeter to the primary winding as shown in Fig. (1-1).
Ohmeter

∞ 0
_ + Single phase
Ω Transformer

Primary Secondary
Winding Winding

Fig. (1-1)

3. Read the ohmmeter reading and record it in table (1-1).

3
Single phase Transformer Week 2

B) Testing of secondary winding

4. Connect the ohmmeter to the secondary winding as shown in fig. (1-2).
Ohmeter

∞ 0
_ +
Ω
Single phase
Transformer

Primary
Secondary
Winding
Winding

Fig. (1-2)

Tested Winding Reading Open Closed Good

Primary winding

Secondary winding
Table (1-1)

1.2 Ground Test

 Introduction:
In transformer, the windings are insulated from each other and from the core to
prevent ground faults and short circuits. This practical work examines the insulation
between core and windings to make sure the transformer is not grounded. To carry

4
Single phase Transformer Week 2

out the test connect the circuit as shown in Fig. (1-3). To check the transformer
against ground fault.
 Apparatus
- Electric tool box
- Megger
- Transformer single phase (240-24 V)

 Procedures :

1. Disconnect the external power supply from the transformer and place it on a
clear horizontal surface
2. Adjust the megger for measuring resistance.

A) Testing of primary winding

3. Connect one lead of the megger to the transformer core and the other lead to
one of the primary winding terminals as shown in Fig. (1-3).
4.
Megger

∞ 0
_ + Single phase
MΩ Transformer

Primary Secondary
Winding Winding

Fig. (1-3)

5. Read the megger reading and record it in table (1-2) in your work book.

5
Single phase Transformer Week 2

6. Repeat steps (3) & (4) for the other terminals of primary winding.

B) Testing of secondary winding

1. Connect one lead of the megger to the transformer core and the other lead to
one of the secondary winding terminal as shown in Fig. (1-4).
2. Read the megger reading and record it in table (1-2) in your work book.
3. Repeat steps (1) & (2) for the other terminal of the secondary winding.
Megger

∞ 0
_ +
MΩ
Single phase
Transformer

Primary
Secondary
Winding
Winding

Fig. (1-4)

Tested Winding Reading Grounded Not grounded

Primary winding

Secondary winding
Table (1-2)

Note:
- No reading of the megger indicates no ground.
- Reading of the megger indicates ground.

6
Single phase Transformer Week 2

Worksheet
Solve the following questions:
1) Name the instrument used to carry out ground and continuity test.

2) What is the purpose of carried out the continuity and ground test?

3) Name and sketch the main parts of transformer.

4) Complete the following circuit to instrument check the primary winding against
open circuit, name this instrument.

7
Single phase Transformer Week 2

Ohmeter

Single phase
Transformer ∞ 0
_ +
Ω

Supply

8
Transformer Ratio Week 3

TITLE: Transformer Ratio

 Introduction:
The turns ratio of transformer is defined as the number of turns in one winding
in relation to the number of turns in the other winding, which also equals the no load
voltage ratio. It is define mathematically as follow.

When current is applied to the primary winding it causes a magnetic flux to

surround both windings and any change in this flux induces an electromotive force
in the secondary winding.
In ideal transformer
primary power = secondary power
Pp = P s
Ip X Vp = Is X Vs
Vp Is
=
Vs Ip

Vp Is
Turns ratio = N = =
Vs Ip

 Apparatus
- Electric tool box
- Variable power supply
- Single phase transformer
- Two AC voltmeter

8
Transformer Ratio Week 3

Single phase Transformer

Supply
0- 220 V V Load
Vac

Fig. (1-5)

 Procedures :
1) Connect the circuit as shown in fig. (1-5) after adjusting the instruments
according to source voltage.
2) Apply an AC supply to the circuit and record the instruments reading in
table (1-3).
3) Vary the supply voltage and repeat step (2).
4) Repeat step (3) until table (1-3) is completed.
5) Disconnect the power supply and the circuit.
6) Calculate the turns ratio and compare it to theoretical.

Step Primary Secondary Turns Ratio

no. Voltage Vp Voltage Vs N = Vp/Vs
1

4
Table (1-3)

9
Transformer Ratio Week 3

Note : Never switch ON the power supply without your teachers permission.
Worksheet 02
Solve the following questions:
1) Name the instrument used to carry out this test.

2) What is the meant by transformer ration?

10
Measurement of Voltages and Current Week 4

TITLE: Measuring voltages, currents in three phase Transformer

 Introduction:

A three-phase transformer has three windings on the primary side and

three windings on the secondary side. These windings can "be either
connected in star fig.( 3-8) or in delta fig.(3-9).

L1 IL1

VL1
Vph1
L2

L3

Figure ( 3-8): Star connection

L1

Vph1
VL1

L2

L3

Figure ( 3-9): Delta Connection

11
Measurement of Voltages and Current Week 4

In Star connection : IL = IPH VL = √3 VPH

In Delta connection : IL = √3IPH VL = VPH

To connect the secondary winding in star:

Procedures:

a) First connect two winding, measure the voltage for connection

b) Connect the third winding, and check VAC and VBC. It must equal VAC.
If the reading is not equal to V3 VPH, then one of the winding connection
must be reversed.

To connect the secondary winding in delta:

a) First, connect only two windings, and then measure the voltage vac. It
must be
equal to the voltages vab and vbc. If not, one of the winding must be
reversed.
b) Connect ONE terminal only of the third winding and leave the other ,
opened. Measure the voltage across the opened terminals , which should
equal zero. If not then winding C must be reversed to avoid short circuit.
If the reading is equal to zero the joined C and C together.

Apparatus

- Electric tool box

- Ac instruments
- Transformer three phase

12
Measurement of Voltages and Current Week 4

Primary Secondary
Three Phase
Winding Winding
IL1 IL1 Load
L1 A A
V VL1 V VL1
Vph1 Vph1
L2

L3

Fig. (3-10)

Procedures :
1) Connect the circuit as shown in fig.(3-10)
2) Apply the rate of voltage to primary side of the transformer
3) Measure the voltage and currents for both the primary and secondary side.
4) Record your results in the table(3-4).
5) Switch “OFF” the circuit

Type of Connection Reading

IL
Primary
winding

IPH
VL
VPH
da

ng
Se

wi
co

ry

di

IL
n

13
Measurement of Voltages and Current Week 4

IPH
VL
VPH
Table (3-3)

Note:
 A zero reading on the ohmmeter, indicates a grounded coil.
An infinity reading, indicates a good winding.

Worksheet
Solve the following questions:
1) Determine the turns ratio of transformer.

2) Use the values contained to verify the relation ship between phase and line
voltages and current .

14
Continuity Test In three phase Transformer Week 5

TITLE: Testing the three-phase transformer against open and short circuit (Continuity
Test)
 Introduction:

A ground fault occurs if any of the coils becomes in direct contac with the core of the
transformer, see fig.(3-7). Such a fault can be detected by using an ohmmeter or a
megger.

Apparatus

- Electric tool box

- Megger
- Transformer three phase

If the Megger ohmmeter reading indicates:

1. Zero then the coil is short-circuited.
2. Infinity then the coil is open-circuited.
3. Unequal readings obtained for either the primary- coils or the secondary
coils indicates that some coils are short-circuited.
4. Equal and high value readings of all primary coils or secondary coils, then
the windings are all in good condition.

Fig. (3-7)

15
Continuity Test In three phase Transformer Week 5

Procedures :
1. Disconnect the external power supply from the transformer and place the
transformer on a clean horizontal surface.
A) Testing of primary winding
2. Connect the ohmmeter to the primary winding ( coil no. 1) as shown in Fig.
(3-8).
Megger

0 ∞
+ _
MΩ

Fig. (3-8)
3. Repeat the step(2) with primary coils no 2 and 3.
4. Read the ohmmeter reading and record it in table (3-2).

B) Testing of secondary winding

5. Connect the ohmmeter to the secondary winding( coil no. 1) as shown in

fig. (3-9).
6. Repeat the step(5) with secondary coils no 2 and 3.
7. Read the ohmmeter reading and record it in table (3-3).

16
Continuity Test In three phase Transformer Week 5

Meggr

∞ 0
_ +
MΩ

Fig. (3-9)

Not
Tested Winding Reading Grounded
Grounded
coil 1
Primary
winding

coil 2

coil 3

coil 1
Secondary
winding

coil 2

coil 3
Table (3-3)

Note:
 A zero reading on the ohmmeter, indicates a grounded coil.
An infinity reading, indicates a good winding.

17
Continuity Test In three phase Transformer Week 5

Worksheet
Solve the following questions:
1) Compare the resistance reading obtained.

2) Determine the coils of each side (primary and Secondary coils).

18
Terminals of Three Phase Transformer Week 6

TITLE: Determine the Terminal of Three Phase Transformer

 Introduction:
Three-phase transformers have three primary coils and three secondary coils. These
coils are either wound on three separate cores fig. (3-1) or wound on a common core
having three legs, fig. (3-2) , on every leg wound a primary and a secondary coil.

Fig. (3-1) Single core three phase transformer.

It should be noted that the number of turns and resistance of the primary soils must
be the same, and also those of the secondary coils.
So, for the primary side:
Nl = N2 = N3 and R l = R2 = R3
And for the secondary side:
Nl = N2 = N3 and R l = R 2 = R3

19
Terminals of Three Phase Transformer Week 6

Fig. (3-2) Three nits single-transformers.

 Apparatus
• A three-phase transformer unit ( either common core or three separate
transformers).
• An avo meter.
• Electrician tool box..
3.1.1 Determining the terminals by inspection.
Procedures :
1. Put the transformer on a horizontal position.
2. Inspect the transformer, read its nameplate, or any others information
available, then: .
 Distinguish between the primary coils and the secondary coils.
 Find the type of transformer (step-down or step-up).
 Get the rating of the transformer.
 Record all information obtained in your workbook.
 Draw a simple representation of the transformer and label all parts.

20
Terminals of Three Phase Transformer Week 6

3.1.2 Determining the terminals by measurement

Procedures :
1. Adjust the AVO for measuring resistance ,
2. Disconnect any made and separate the terminals from each other clearly.
3. Distinguish between the terminals by numbers or color code.
4. Connect the ohmmeter between any two terminals, that would indicate a
reading. As in fig.(3 -3).
5. Measure the resistance and record the readings in your table (3-1).
6. repeat step (4) and (5), until the resistance of all 6 coils are measured.
Ohmeter

∞ 0
_ +
Ω

Fig. (3-2)
Tested coils Coil 1 Coil 2 Coil 3 Coil 4 Coil 5 Coil 6

Resistance

Condition

Table (3-1)
Note
A reading indicates that the ohmmeter is connected
to one the coils of the transformer.

21
Terminals of Three Phase Transformer Week 6

Worksheet
Solve the following questions:
1) Compare the resistance reading obtained.

2) Determine the coils of each side (primary and Secondary coils).

22
Three Phase Star Connected Circuits Week 7

TITLE: Three phase star-connected circuits

OBJECTIVE:- To demonstrate three phase star-connected circuits
APPARATUS:-
(1) One Power Supply
(2) One A.C Instrumentation Group
(3) One Variable Resistive Load Ebc
DIAGRAM:-

a
Enc Ebn

Inc

n Ean Ina Ena

b c Inb

Eab Enb Ecn Eca

0-1A a.c
A a b
I1
880
880
E E
0-500V a.c
Supply
0-1A a.c
0-380V a.c
0-500V a.c
3 ph I2 E
880

B
0-500V a.c E

0-500V a.c E
0-1A a.c
C
I3
c
Fig 7.1

23
Three Phase Star Connected Circuits Week 7

PROCEDURE:-
(1) Connect the circuit as shown in figure 1.
(2) Turn on the power supply and note your readings:
Eab = 380 volt Ean = 220 volts
Ebc = 380 voltsEbn = 220 volts
Eac = 380 volts Ecn = 220 volts
Ian = 0.25 amp.
Ibn = 0.25 amp.
Icn = 0.25 amp.
(3) Calculate the power for each phase.
Pan = Ean Ian = 55 watts
Pbn = Ebn Ibn = 55 watts
Pcn = Ecn Icn = 55 watts
Pt = Pan + Pbn + Pcn
(4) Calculate the total power with the following method:
P = 1.73 Eab Ian P = 164.35 watts

CONCLUSIONS
(1) On graph 1, draw the vectors corresponding to the results recorded at step
“b” of procedure 1.
(2) In a star connected three phase system, is the line voltage greater or smaller
than the phase voltage?
(3) What is the line current of a three phase star connected system when the
current flow from phase to neutral is 12 amp.
(4) Is there difference between the power calculated at step “c” and “d” of
procedure 1?
If so, calculate the percentage error.

24
Three Phase Star Connected Circuits Week 7

Elc: 380V
Ecm: 220V Elm: 220V

Ecm: 220V Eca: 220V

Eac: 380
Erl: 380V

Eml: 220V Eml: 220V

RESULTS:
(1) Graph
(2) In a star connected three phase system, the line voltage is 1.73 times than the
phase voltages.
(3) In a star connected three phase system, when the current from phase to
neutral is 12 amperes, the line current is also equal to 12 amperes.
(4) The power calculated at step “c” and “d” is relatively equal.
% error = 165 – 164.35 X 100 = 0.03%
164.35

25
Three phase Delta connected circuits Week 8

TITLE: Three phase delta-connected circuits.

OBJECTIVE:- To demonstrate three phase delta connected circuits
APPARATUS:-
(1) One power supply
(2) One A.C instrumentation group
(3) Two instrumentative load

DIAGRAM:-

b c

PROCEDURE:-
(1) Connect the circuit as shown in figure 8.1
(2) Turn “ON’ the power and note your readings:
Eab = 380 volts Iab = 0.215 amp.
Ebc = 380 volts Ibc = 0.215 amp.
Eac = 380 volts Iac = 0.215 amp.
IAa = 0.373 amp.
IBb = 0.373 amp.
ICc = 0.373 amp.
(3) Calculate the power for each phase and make the total;

26
Three phase Delta connected circuits Week 8

Pab = Eab Iab = 81.7 watts

Pbc = Ebc Ibc = 81.7 watts
Pac = Eac Iac = 81.7 watts
Pt = Pab + Pbc + Pac = 245.1 watts
(4) Calculate the power with the following method:
P = 1.73 Eab Iab = 245.21 watts

CONCLUSION:
(1) Draw the vectors corresponding to the results recorded at step “b” of
procedure 1.
(2) In a three phase delta connected circuits, is the line voltage greater or
smaller than the phase voltage?
(3) What is the line current in a delta system when the phase current is 12 amp.?
(4) Is there a difference between the power calculated at step “c” and “d” of
procedure 1.?
If so, calculate the percentage error.

0 – 1A ac
A a
IAa
0 – 500V ac
I1
880

E E 880

0 – 1A ac 880
B b 0-1 A ac
Supply
880

0-380V ac
IBb
3ph I2
E 880
0 – 500V ac I3
C 0 – 1A ac 880

ICC c

Fig 8.1

27
Three phase Delta connected circuits Week 8

Enc

IBT: 75
Iab: 0.215
Icb: 0.215

Ica: 0.432 Iac: 0.215

IA2: 75 Iba: 0.432 Ibc: 0.215 Icc 0.75

Fig 8.2

Results:
(1) Graph
(2) In a three phase delta connected circuit the line voltage is equal to the phase
voltage.
(3) In a delta system, when the phase current is 12 amps, the line current is 1.73
times greater.
(1.73 X 12 = 20.75 amps)
(4) The power calculated in step “C’ and “d” of procedure 1 is relatively equal.
% error: = 245.2 – 245.1 X 100 = 0.01%
245.1

28
Power measurement using two wattmeter method Week 9

TITLE: Three phase power measurement by the two wattmeter method.

OBJECTIVE:- To demonstrate three phase power measurement using two wattmeter
Method.
APPARATUS:
(1) One power supply
(2) One three phase wattmeter group
(3) One AC instrumentation group
(4) One variable resistor load
(5) One inductive load
(6) One capacitive load

PROCEDURE 1:
(1) Connect the circuit shown in figure 1.
(2) Place all switches of the resistive load in the position “OFF’
(3) Turn “ON” the power supply and adjust the voltage so that the E1 = 380
volts
(4) Set the resistive load to 586 ohms per phase
(5) Record all your readings in Table 1.
(6) Turn “OFF’ the power supply.
PROCEDURE 2:
(1) In figure 1, change the resistive load for the inductive load.
(2) Place all the switches of the inductive load in their “OFF’ positions.
(3) Turn “ON’ the power supply and adjust for E1 = 380 volts.
(4) Set the inductive load to 586 ohms per phase.
(5) Record all your readings in Table 1.
(6) Turn “OFF” the power supply.

PROCEDURE 3:
(1) In figure 1, change the inductive load for the capacitive load.
(2) Place all the switches of the capacitive load in their “OFF’ positions.

30
Power measurement using two wattmeter method Week 9

(3) Turn “ON” the power supply and adjust for E1 = 380 volts.
(4) Record your readings in Table 1.
(5) Turn “OFF’ the power supply.

CONCLUSION
(1) From results of procedure 1, calculate:
Apparent power:
E1 380 X I1 0.375 X 1.73 = 246 VA
Real power:
( W1) 123 + ( W2) 123 = 246 watts
Power factor:

Real power X 100 = 100%

Apparent power
(2) From results of procedure 2, calculate:
Apparent power:
E1 380 X I1 0.395 X 1.73 = 260VA
Real power:
( W1) +75 + ( W2) -65 = 10 watts
Power factor:
Real power X 100 = 3.8%
Apparent power
Reactive inductive power:
260 VA2 – 10 W2 = 260 Vars
(3) From results of procedure 3, calculate:
Apparent power:
E1 380 X I1 0.404 X 1.73 = 266 VA
Real power:
( W1) 75 + ( W2) -85 = 10 watts

31
Power measurement using two wattmeter method Week 9

Power factor:

Real power X 100 = 3.7%

Apparent power
Reactive capacitive power:
266 VA2 – 10 W2 = 265.82Vars

880
0 – 1A ac
E2 1760

E1 0 – 500V ac W1
880

Supply 1760
0 – 380v ac.
3ph
W2
880

1760

Fig 9.1

Table: Results Obtained

Procedure E1 I1 W1 W2 VA W2 VARS Power factor

1 380 0.375 123 123 246 246 0 100%

2 380 0.375 +75 -65 260 10 259.8 3.8%

3 380 0.375 -75 +85 265 10 264.8 3.7%

32
Power measurement using two wattmeter method Week 9

RESULTS
(1) Procedure 1
(a) Apparent power:
VA = E X I X 1.73 = 380 X 0.375 X 1.73 = 246
(b) Real power
Watt = ( E1) + ( W2) = 123 + 123 = 246 watt
(c) Power factor
F.P = W X 100 = 246 X 100 = 100%
VA 246
(2) Procedure 2
(a) Apparent power
VA = E X I X 1.73 = 380 X 0.395 X 1.73 = 260
(b) Real power
Watt = ( W1) + ( W2) = (+75) + (-65) = 10 watts
(c) Power factor
P.F = W X 100 = 10 X 100 = 3.8%
VA 260
(d) Reactive inductive power
VAR = VA2 – W2 = 2602 – 102 = 259.8 VARS
(3) Procedure 3
(a) Apparent power
VA = E X I X 1.73 = 380 X 0.404 X 1.73 = 264.8VA
(b) Real power
Watt = ( W1) + ( W2) = (-75) + (+85) = 10 watts
(c) Power factor
P.F = W X 100 = 10 X 100 = 3.7%
VA 264.8
(d) Reactive capacitive power
VAR = VA2 – W2 = 2652 – 102 = 265.8 VARS

33
 Charging and Discharging of a Capacitor Week 10

TITLE: Starting method of three-phase induction motors, Direct on-line starting method

 Learning Outcomes
Connect and operate a small size (fractional hp) three-phase squirrel-cage induction
motor by using a direct on-line starter method.

 Resources
1. Electric toolbox.
2. Three-phase squirrel cage induction motor.
3. Three-phase power supply.
4. One AC instrumentation group.
5. Connection leads.
6. Start and Stop push buttons.
7. Triple pole contactor with one N/O and one N/C auxiliary contact.
8. Thermal over load relay.
9. Tripe pole isolator.

 Procedures
A) Direct on- line starter without remote
a) Connect the control circuit as shown in Fig.(1.1)
1. Perform a line to line check of the control circuit without power.
2. If the wiring is correct, connect the supply to control circuit.
3. Press the start push button to check of the control circuit with power.
4. What do you observe?

34
 Charging and Discharging of a Capacitor Week 10

L1

Fuse

F1

S1

S2 C11

C1
Fig (1.1)

L2

CONTROL CIRCUIT OF DIRECT

ON-LINE STARTER

35
 Charging and Discharging of a Capacitor Week 10

b) Connect the power circuit as shown in Fig. (1.2)

1. Perform a line to line check of the power circuit without power (using AVO
meter).
2. If the wiring is correct, connect the supply to control and power circuit.
3. Press the start push button to operate the circuit with power.
4. What do you observe?

L1

L2

L3

Q1

I> I> I>

C1

Fig (1.2)
W V
3 Y
M

POWER CIRCUIT OF
DIRECT-ON-LINE STARTER
36
 Charging and Discharging of a Capacitor Week 10

5. Connect the supply to the motor.

6. Press the start push button to start the motor. What do you observe?
7. 30 second after operation, press the stop push button to stop the motor. What
do you observe?
8. Disconnect the motor and all equipments.
9. Write your comments and observations on this method in your workbook.

B) Direct on- line starter with remote

L1

Fuse

F1

S1

S2

S3 S4
Fig (1.3)

C1

L2

CONTROL CIRCUIT OF DIRECT ON-

LINE STARTER WITH REMOTE

37
Measurement of Electrical Quantity Week 11

TITLE: Measuring the electrical quantities of 3-phase induction motor

 Introduction
The torque is directly proportional to rotor current, IR, and the cosine of the phase
angle between the rotor and stator fields (cos θ). Another way of expressing this
relationship is that torque is directly proportional to the in-phase component of rotor
current, IR cos θ.

At the instant of start, IR is high but the in-phase components is low because of the
poor power factor (cos θ). As the rotor picks up speed, both the induced rotor voltage and
the inductive reactance decrease. Basically IR is going down while cos θ is going up. You
can see that there is not very much difference in the value of cos θ when θ is 0° (cos 0 = 1)
and when θ is 20° (cos 20 = 0.94).

Therefore, over the operating range of the motor, the rotor power factor does not play
an important part in the torque output. More important is rotor current. Rotor current falls
off sharply as the rotor approaches synchronous speed (i.e., slip approaches zero). Speed
doesn't have to drop back very much to increase the rotor current, stator power factor, and
torque.

When you are running an induction motor without load, it draws almost as much
current as it does fully loaded. This no-load current, however, is made up of two
components. The in-phase component supplies electrical and mechanical losses. The
quadrature (90 degrees out of phase) component is the magnetizing current. It is quite large
in comparison with the in-phase part. As the motor is loaded, it is like putting a resistive
load on the secondary of a transformer. The in-phase component gets larger. The stator's
power factor improves accordingly. The increased rotor current does not necessarily add to
the total current being drawn by the motor. It simply uses more of that current for useful
work.

38
Measurement of Electrical Quantity Week 11

 Apparatus
1. One Squirrel cage three phase induction motor
2. One prony brak
3. One power supply
4. One AC instrumentation group
5. Two wattmeter
6. One tachometer
 Procedure
1. Couple and clamp the machine with tachometer and prony brake
2. Connect the motor and instruments as shown in figure 3- 12
3. Start the motor under no load and make sure its rotation is in the "right direction for
the scale of the Prony brake.
4. Load the motor in six steps to 125% of rated capacity.
5. Record your readings in Table in your worksheet for each step.
6. Turn off the power supply.

Prony
L1 A W1 brake

Tach
Stator
Supply L2 W2 U1
3Ø V1 U2
0-415V
Ac V2
N
V W2 Rotor

W1
L3

Figure (3-12): 3-phase induction motor circuit diagram

39
Measurement of Electrical Quantity Week 11

Worksheet 07
Solve the following questions:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure 3-12, Operate, record your results in
Table 3-5

Line Line Power(P)

Torque (T) Speed (N)
voltage (VL) current(IL ) P =W1 +W2
(N.m) (RPM)
(Volts) (Ampere) (KW)

Table 3-5
Torque (T)
Power Factor (P.F)
(N.m)

40
Measurement of Electrical Quantity Week 11

2. Calculate the power factor and

record your results in Table 3-6

Table 3-6

3. plot the graph (3-5) of the torque versus motor current

41
Measurement of Electrical Quantity Week 11

Graph 3-5 : the relationship (T VS Motor Current)

42
Measurement of Electrical Quantity Week 11

4. plot the graph (3-6) of the torque versus power factor

Graph 3-6 : the relationship (T VS p.f.)

43
3-phase Inductor Motor Under Load Week 12

TITLE: Three-phase Induction motor under load

 Introduction
The speed at which the stator's field revolves is the synchronous speed. As this field
is cut by the bars of the squirrel-cage rotor winding, current is induced into the bars. The
rotor's magnetic field (caused by this current) interacts with the stator's field to produce
torque on the rotor.

 Apparatus
1. One Squirrel cage three phase induction motor
2. One prony brak
3. One power supply
4. One AC instrumentation group
5. One tachometer
 Procedure
1. Couple and clamp the machine with tachometer and prony brake
2. Connect the motor and instruments as shown in figure 3- 11
3. Start the motor under no load and make sure its rotation is in the "right direction for
the scale of the Prony brake.
4. Load the motor in six steps to 125% of rated capacity.
5. Record your readings in Table in your worksheet for each step.
6. Turn off the power supply.

44
3-phase Inductor Motor Under Load Week 12

Prony
brake
L1 A

Tach
Stator
Supply L2 U1
3Ø V1 U2
0-415V
Ac V2
N
V W2 Rotor

W1
L3

Figure (3-11): 3-phase induction motor circuit diagram

45
3-phase Inductor Motor Under Load Week 12

Worksheet 06
Solve the following questions:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure 3-11, Operate, record your results in
Table 3-4

Line Line
Torque (T) Speed (N)
voltage (VL) current(IL )
(N.m) (RPM)
(Volts) (Ampere)

Table 3-4

46
3-phase Inductor Motor Under Load Week 12

2. plot the graph (3-4) of the torque versus motor speed (4-3)

Graph 3-4 : the relationship (T VS Motor speed)

47
Characteristics of Torque Current Week 13

TITLE: Torque – Current Characteristic

 Apparatus
1. One synchronous machine
2. One power supply
3. One Prony Brake
4. One AC instrumentation group
5. One DC instrumentation group
 Procedure
1. Couple the Prony Brake to the synchronous motor.
2. Connect the circuit shown in figure 2-2

Prony
brake

L1 A

L2 U1
V1 U2 0-1A dc

Supply V2 A +
3Ø W2
Supply
0-415V 0-250V
V
Ac dc
_
W1
L3

Figure (2-2)
3. Start the motor and make sure its rotation is in the "right direction for the
scale of the Prony brake.
4. Adjust the field rheostat for nominal speed .
5. Load the motor by prony brake in five steps to 125% of rated capacity.
6. Record your readings in Table 4-1 for each step.

48
Characteristics of Torque Current Week 13

7. Turn off the power supply.

Worksheet 04
Solve the following questions:

Connect the circuit as shown in figure (2-2), Operate; record your results in Table
2-2 and plot the graph of line current versus applied torque (T VS I)

Torque (T) Current (I)

(N.m) (A)
0

Table (2-2)

49
Characteristics of Torque Current Week 13

Graph 2-2

50
Three Phase Dual Speed Week 14

TITLE: Connecting the 3-phase dual speed squirrel cage induction motor

 Introduction

Until the advent of modern solid-state drives, induction motors in general were not
good machines for applications requiring considerable speed control.

There, are .really only two techniques by which the speed of an

induction motor can be controlled. One is to vary the synchronous speed,
which is the speed of the stator and rotor magnetic fields, since the rotor
speed always remains near synchronous speed.

The other technique is tovary the slip of the motor for a given load. Each of these
approaches will be taken up in more detail below.

The synchronous speed of an induction motor is given by:

NSyn =
120 f
P
So the only ways in which the synchronous speed of the machine can be varied are
(1) by changing the electrical frequency and
(2) by changing the number of poles on the machine.

 Apparatus
1. One Connection leads
2. One 2- Dual speed motor
3. Three AVO-meter

51
Three Phase Dual Speed Week 14

 Procedure
1. Use the Ohmmeter to determine the starts and ends of coil groups of each
phase.
2. Number the starts and the ends of the coils by 1,2.3,4 respectively as
shown in fig (3-13 a)
3. For 4 poles motor Join the terminals 3,4 of each phase as shown in fig.(3-
13 b, c)
4. Connect the motor to a suitable supply and measure the speed
5. switch off the supply and interchange any two phases to change the
direction of rotation and put the switch on and observe at the direction of
rotation
6. Switch off the supply.
7. For 8 poles motor Join Terminals for one phase the terminals 2,3 of each
phase as shown in fig(3-14 a, b and c)
8. Connect the motor to suitable supply and measure the speed
9. Switch off the supply and interchange any two phases by the aid of the
diagram shown in table in your workbook to change the direction of the
rotation
10. Switch on and observe at the direction of rotation
11. Turn off the motor
12. Comment the results in your worksheet

52
Three Phase Dual Speed Week 14

1 2 3 4

a) Terminals for one phase

N S N S

1 2 3 4

b) 4-poles connection for one phase

L1 L2 L3

4
Terminal Box
C) 4-poles connection for three phase

53
Three Phase Dual Speed Week 14

Figure (3-13): 4-poles motor

54
Three Phase Dual Speed Week 14

1 2 3 4

a) Terminals for one phase

N S N S N S N S

1 2 3 4

b) 8-poles connection for one phase

L1 L2 L3

4
Terminal Box
C) 8-poles connection for three phase

55
Three Phase Dual Speed Week 14

Figure (3-14): 8-poles motor

Worksheet 08
Solve the following questions:
1. Connect the motor as 4-poles motor, Operate, measure speed, record your
results in Table 3-6
2. Reverse the direction of rotation.
3. Connect the motor as 8-poles motor, Operate, measure speed, record your
results in Table 3-6
4. Reverse the direction of rotation.

Speed (N)
Connection
(RPM)
4-poles connection
8-poles connection

Table 3-6

56
Induction Motor Week 15

TITLE: Induction motor

THEORY:-
Three-phase motors vary from fractional-horsepower size to several thousand
horsepower. These motors have a fairly constant speed characteristic and are
made in designs giving a variety of torque characteristics.
Some three-phase motors have a high starting torque; others, low starting
torque. Some are designed to draw a normal starting current while others,
'high starting current. They are made for practically every standard voltage
and frequency and are very often dual-voltage motors.
Three-phase motors are used in different applications such as: to drive
machine tools, pumps, elevators, fans, cranes, hoists, blowers, and many other
machines.
Dismantle and Re-assemble three-phase Induction Motor
 Introduction
Dismantle and reassemble three phase induction motor is an essential
operation to know the main parts and be familiarize with them for repairing
and connection purposes
 Apparatus
 Screw driver set
 Hammer
 Tools box
 Puller
 Rubber hammer
 Squirrel cage three-phase induction motor
 Grease

56
Induction Motor Week 15

 Procedure :
1. Record the information of the motor from the nameplate in your worksheet.
2. Remove the pulley or the coupling by using a suitable puller as shown in
figure (3-1)

Figure (3-1) : bearing and puller

3. Mark the end plates and the motor hosing of the machine with a file or a
marking pen as shown in figure (3-2). This will help in identifying the
matching parts and reassembling them correctly.

Figure (3-2) : End plats marking

4. remove the rear cover

5. Slightly loose the cooling fan and remove it, which shown in figure (3-3)

57
Induction Motor Week 15

6. Remove the screws, nuts or bolts that secure the rear end plate, and then
tap the driving shaft with rubber hammer to free the rear end plate.
7. Remove the nuts or screws securing the font end plate, lightly move the
end plate using rubber hammer and remove it .
8. Withdraw the rotor with the end plate.
9. Check and grease the motor bearing or replace them if they were worn out
10. The procedure for re-assembling is reverse of dismantling.

Figure (3-3) :

Determine the three phase induction motor terminals

 Introduction
The stator of the three phase induction motor is connected either in star or
delta connection, whereas the wound rotor is always star connected, these terminals

58
Induction Motor Week 15

need to be recognized in order to connect the motor circuit correctly.

 Apparatus
1. AVO meter
2. Tool box
3. Screwdriver set
4. Squirrel cage three-phase induction motor

 Procedure:
1. Set the AVO meter to ohm position and adjust the zero of the scale.
2. Remove any connectors from the motor terminal box.
3. Place one test lead at the lower left terminal on the terminal box and other
test lead on each upper terminal until the meter read a value of resistance
(small value) as shown in fig. (3-4).

Terminal Box

Ohmeter
E

∞ 0
_ +
Ω

Figure (3-4): Identify phase A

4. Record the reading in table in your workbook.
5. Mark the first lower terminal by letter (U2) and the upper one by letter (U1).
The (U2) and (U1) terminals are the start and end of phase A as shown in
fig.(3-5)

59
Induction Motor Week 15

Terminal Box

U1

U2 E

Figure (3-5): Mark start and end of phase A

6. Place one test lead at the middle lower terminal on the terminal box and other
test lead on each upper terminal until the meter read a value of resistance
(small value) as shown in fig. (3-6).

Terminal Box

U1

Ohmeter
U2 E

∞ 0
_ +
Ω

Figure (3-6): Identify phase B

7. Record the reading in table in your workbook.

60
Induction Motor Week 15

8. Mark the middle lower terminal by letter (V2) and the upper one by letter
(V1). The (V2) and (V1) terminals are the start and end of phase B as shown
in fig. (3-7).
Terminal Box

U1 V1

U2 V2 E

Figure (3-7): Mark start and end of phase B

9. The last lower and upper terminal is the phase C and marked by the letter
(W2) and (W1) respectively as shown in fig. (3-8).

Terminal Box

U1 V1 W1

Ohmeter
W2 U2 V2 E

∞ 0
_ +
Ω

Figure (3-8): Mark start and end of phase C

10. Measure the resistance and record the reading in table in your workbook

61
Induction Motor Week 15

11. To connect the stator in star connection link the three lower terminals (W2,
U2, V2) by a three copper jumpers and connect the supply circuit to the lower
terminals (U1, V1, W1) respectively as shown in fig. (3-9).

Terminal Box

U1 V1 W1

W2 U2 V2 E

Figure (3-9): Star connection motor

12. To connect the stator in delta connection, connect the three copper jumpers in
parallel as shown in fig. (3-10).

Terminal Box

U1 V1 W1

W2 U2 V2 E

62
Induction Motor Week 15

Figure (3-10): Delta connection motor

Worksheet 05
Solve the following questions:
1. determine the terminal of the induction motor and record the resistance of
each phase in the following table(3-1):

coil reading condition

X-U

Y-V

Z-W

Table (3-1)

2. connect the motor as star, run the motor and reverse the motor direction

3. connect the motor as delta, run the motor and reverse the motor direction

63