Introduction to

C++

Vahan
Hovhannisyan

Introduction

Your First C++

program

Introduction to C++ Fundamentals

Tutorial
Week 1 - Fundamentals
Summary

Vahan Hovhannisyan
 Introduction to
Introduction to C++ C++

Vahan
Hovhannisyan

Introduction

Your First C++

program

Fundamentals
I Your first C++ course
Tutorial
I To prepare for Quantitative Finance with C++ Summary

I Tutorials will be integrated into lectures

I Bjarne Stroustrup ’The C++ programming language’ -
as a reference only
I cplusplus.com
 Introduction to
Course Syllabus C++

Vahan
Hovhannisyan

Introduction

Your First C++

program

Fundamentals
I Fundamentals Tutorial

I Functions Summary

I Arrays
I Pointers
I Object Oriented Programming
 Introduction to
Teachers C++

Vahan
Hovhannisyan

Introduction

Your First C++

program

Fundamentals

Vahan Hovhannisyan Tutorial

Summary
I PhD from Department of Computing
I Research Director at nPlan
I [email protected]
 Introduction to
This Week C++

Vahan
Hovhannisyan

Introduction

Your First C++

program
Introduction
Fundamentals

Tutorial

Summary
Your First C++ program

Fundamentals

Tutorial
 Introduction to
What is C++? C++

Motivation Vahan
Hovhannisyan

Introduction

Your First C++

I C++ is based on C with extra features (Object Oriented program

Fundamentals
Programming)
Tutorial
I C++ was first released in 1985 and is still hugely popular
Summary
I Produces extremely efficient programs
I Has both high and low level features
I Has huge code base
I Constantly evolves (last release was in December 2020)
I It is a language of choice for high performance
applications, including in finance
I Many other popular languages (C, Java, C#) have very
similar syntax to C++
 Introduction to
Technical Remarks C++

Compiling Vahan
Hovhannisyan

Introduction

Your First C++

program

Fundamentals

Tutorial
I Unlike scripting languages such as Python and MatLab, Summary
C++ code must be compiled before we can run it
I .cpp extension for source files with C++ code
I Compile the code into a binary file
I Execute the binary file
 Introduction to
Tools C++

Vahan
Hovhannisyan

Introduction

Your First C++

program

Fundamentals
I We will use Notepad++ to write C++ code.
Tutorial
I It can be downloaded from the Software Hub or directly Summary
from https://notepad-plus-plus.org
I We will use a terminal to compile and execute C++
programmes. On Windows machines we will use MinGW
2.3.2 available from Software Hub. On Mac we will
use its built-in Terminal.
 Introduction to
Hello World! C++

Vahan
Hovhannisyan

Introduction
We start with the simplest possible program. Your First C++
program
Create a new file in Nontepad++ with the following content
Fundamentals
// Your f i r s t C++ code Tutorial
#i n c l u d e <i o s t r e a m > Summary

u s i n g namespace s t d ;
i n t main ( )
{
c o u t << ” H e l l o World ! ” << e n d l ;
return 0;
}
Save the flie as hello.cpp in your home directory
 Introduction to
Compile and run your code C++

Vahan
Hovhannisyan

Introduction
I In the Terminal (or MinGW) navigate to your home
Your First C++
directory: program

cd H:/Users/COLLEGE USERNAME Fundamentals

Tutorial
I Compile the code with:
Summary
g++ -o hello hello.cpp
I and if there are no error messages, you can run it with:
./hello
I If you encounter File not found errors, make sure the
terminal is navigated to the folder containing the
hello.cpp file by running
ls -ls
and checking that the file is in the list
 Introduction to
Breakdown of Hello World C++

Vahan
Hovhannisyan

Introduction

Your First C++

program
I Comments are ignored, but are very useful Fundamentals
I // one line comment Tutorial
I /* multi-line Summary
comment */
I #include <iostream> - links the library to our code
I preprocessing is in red
I using namespace std; - groups all standard libraries
together
I reserved words are in blue
 Introduction to
Breakdown of Hello World C++

Vahan
Hovhannisyan

Introduction
I int main() - the main function of the program Your First C++
program
I function with return type int
Fundamentals
I name main (fixed and unique)
Tutorial
I parameters in () and
Summary
I the program goes in {}
I cout - console output
I << - insertion operator (always follows cout)
I output string in ""
I another << to separate outputs and
I endl - output manipulator (add a new line)
I return 0; - return value, end of function.
Up to two return statements are allowed.
 Introduction to
Playing with the Code C++

Vahan
Hovhannisyan

Introduction

Your First C++

program
I Empty int main() {} will compile, but do nothing
Fundamentals
I Try without endl or with "\n" instead Tutorial

I Output multiple messages using << Summary

c o u t << ” H e l l o ” << ” World ! ”

<< ” What ’ s up ?\ n” ;
I Try other escape sequences
I ”\n” - new line
I ”\t” - horizontal tab
 Introduction to
Summary of the Example C++

Vahan
Hovhannisyan

Introduction

Your First C++

program

I #include and using are preprocessing derivatives Fundamentals

Tutorial
I #include <iostream> - add an external library
I using namespace std; - declare that we will be using Summary

objects and functions from a particular group

I cout<<"string"<<endl; - prints out on the screen
I return 0; could be omitted by using
I Exactly one main() function is allowed
 Introduction to
Structure of a C++ Program C++

Vahan
Hovhannisyan

Introduction

Your First C++

program
preprocessing Fundamentals

int main() Tutorial

{ Summary

First statement;
...
Last statement;
return 0;
}
 Introduction to
Math Example C++

Vahan
Hovhannisyan
Read in a real number and print out its
Introduction
1. square root and
Your First C++
2. cosine program

Fundamentals

#i n c l u d e <i o s t r e a m > Tutorial

#i n c l u d e <cmath> Summary

u s i n g namespace s t d ;
i n t main ( )
{
d o u b l e num ;
c i n >> num ;
c o u t << s q r t (num) << ”\ t ”
<< c o s (num) << e n d l ;
return 0;
}
 Introduction to
Breakdown of the Math Example C++

Vahan
Hovhannisyan

Introduction

Your First C++

program
I #include <cmath> - library with mathematical Fundamentals
functions Tutorial

I cin >> - input and extraction operators (always go Summary

together)
I int and double - declaring integer and real variables
I sqrt and cos from the cmath libarary
I Running the program
I Input using new line or spaces
 Introduction to
Basic Operations C++

Vahan
Hovhannisyan

Introduction

Your First C++

program

I Operators: +, *, -, =, == Fundamentals

Tutorial
I Operator priorities: * and / before + and -
Summary
I Formatting and aligning the code
- White space/alignment and comments are very
important for the readability of the code, but are not
necessary. Except for #include and strings
I Choose meaningful names
 Introduction to
Tutorial: Quadratic Equation C++

Vahan
Hovhannisyan

Introduction

Your First C++

program

Fundamentals

Write a program that solves a given quadratic equation Tutorial

Summary

ax 2 + bx + c = 0,
assuming it has real roots.
Test on x 2 − 2x + 1 = 0.
 Introduction to
Identifiers C++

Data Types Vahan

Hovhannisyan

Introduction

Your First C++

program
I Data types: Fundamentals
I bool - Can only represent true or false states Tutorial
I char - integer to represent one character Summary
I short, int, long - integer variables of various sizes
I float, double - real numbers
I void - means ”nothing” or ”no type”
I Type modifiers:
I unsigned - restricts a particular integer type to only
non-negative variables
I const - the value of the variable cannot be changed
 Introduction to
Identifiers C++

Reserved words Vahan

Hovhannisyan

Introduction

Your First C++

program

Fundamentals

Tutorial
I Decision Making - if else, switch case default
Summary
I Loops - for, while, break, continue
I return - immediate return from function
I Dynamic memory allocation - new, delete
I Object oriented keywords - class, private, public...
 Introduction to
Identifiers C++

Other Vahan
Hovhannisyan

Introduction

Your First C++

program
I sizeof - get the size of a type or variable during Fundamentals

compilation time Tutorial

Summary
I Library identifiers - e.g. cin, cout, abs... Should not
be overwritten by the programmer unless there is a very
good reason to do so
I Programmer supplied identifiers: names of variables,
functions, classes etc
I Case sensitive, consists of letters, numbers and ,
starting with a letter or , can’t use reserved words
 Introduction to
Tutorial: Variable Names C++

Vahan
Hovhannisyan

Introduction

Which of the following declarations are legal? Your First C++

program

1. int root; Fundamentals

Tutorial
2. int ROOT;
Summary
3. int rOOT6;
4. int 44root;
5. int 44root;
6. int +r00t;
7. int root-11;
8. int root ;
 Introduction to
Integer Types C++

Vahan
Hovhannisyan

Introduction

Your First C++

program
I Set space in memory for a particular type, example: Fundamentals
unsigned int m, n; - reserves memory for two Tutorial
non-negative integers Summary

I There are certain rules to follow:

1. Decimal points cannot be used - 5.6 is not an integer
2. Commas cannot be used - 12, 345 must be written as
12345
3. Cannot start with a leading 0 - 011 will be interpreted
as a base eight number with value 9
 Introduction to
Integer Types C++

Vahan
Hovhannisyan

Introduction

I Some of integer types in C++: Your First C++

program

Fundamentals

type bytes range Tutorial

char 1 -128 to 127 Summary

short 2 -32768 to 32767

int 4 -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647
unsigned short 2 0 to 65,535
I Varies depending on the particular architecture (32-bit
and 64-bit). Use sizeof() to check.
I long int and long long int allow larger integers
 Introduction to
Operators C++

Vahan
Hovhannisyan

Introduction

Your First C++

program
I +, -, *, /, % Fundamentals

I Be careful when applying / on integers, try Tutorial

Summary
cout << 9/2 << endl;
and
cout << 9.0/2 << endl;
I Examples
I 10 % 3 is 1
I abs(-4) is 4
 Introduction to
Real Numbers C++

Vahan
Hovhannisyan

Introduction

Your First C++

program

Fundamentals

I Can use . or e to represent real numbers Tutorial

Example: 3.14 or −2.5e3 Summary

I There are three types for real numbers:

float, double and long double
I Can’t use unsigned with real numbers
 Introduction to
Real Numbers C++

Vahan
Hovhannisyan

Introduction

Your First C++

program

Fundamentals
type size range digits Tutorial

float 4 +/ − 3.4 × 10+/−38 7 Summary

double 8 +/ − 1.7 × 10+/−308 15

long double allows larger/more accurate floating numbers

The size depends on machine architecture, use sizeof() to
check
 Introduction to
Type Casting C++

Vahan
Hovhannisyan

Introduction

Your First C++

program

Fundamentals
Type casting to solve the problem with integer division
Tutorial
I answer = double(numerator) / denominator; Summary

I do NOT use
answer = double(numerator / denominator);
Example: int(8.799) gives 8
Example: double(9)/2 gives 4.5
 Introduction to
Constants C++

Vahan
Hovhannisyan

Introduction

Your First C++

program

Fundamentals
I Constants cannot be changed after initialization Tutorial
I Example Summary
I const float pi = 3.14159;
I The <cmath> library has a constant M PI
I In general use
const <type> name;
 Introduction to
Strings C++

Vahan
Hovhannisyan

Introduction

Your First C++

program
I C++ comes with a rich set of compound standard Fundamentals
types, for example, the string class Tutorial

I For example, ”Hello World!” is a string Summary

I The string type can be using just like any other type
to create variables after including the <string>
standard library
I Exercise: Replace the text in the Hello World! example
with a variable
 Introduction to
Some More <cmath> Functions C++

Vahan
Hovhannisyan

Introduction

Your First C++

program

Fundamentals

Tutorial
I The <cmath> library contains many mathematical Summary
functions, such as
I cos acos, sqrt, abs, etc
I const float pi = atan(1.0);
 Introduction to
Tutorial: Triangle C++

Vahan
Hovhannisyan

Introduction

Your First C++

program

Fundamentals
Write C++ code to calculate the
Tutorial
1. hypotenuse of a right triangle given: Summary

I the other two sides

I one side and its adjacent angle
I its area and one of the angles
2. average length of all sides of the triangle
 Introduction to
Summary C++

Vahan
Hovhannisyan

Introduction

Your First C++

program

Fundamentals

Tutorial
I Introduction to C++ Summary

I Your first C++ code

I Variables and arithmetic in C++
 Introduction to
Next Week C++

Vahan
Hovhannisyan

Introduction

Your First C++

program

Fundamentals

Tutorial
I Tutorial Summary

I Blocks and scope

I Decision making