Module 1: Republic Act 1425 or Rizal Law the ideals of freedom and nationalism for English translation shall

sh translation shall be used as basic

which our heroes lived and died." texts.
 House Bill No. 5561
 Senate Bill No. 438. "Whereas, all educational institutions are SECTION 2. It shall be obligatory on all
 It is commonly known as the Rizal under the supervision of, and subject to schools, colleges and universities to keep in
Act, established on 12th of June 1956 regulation by the State, and all schools are their libraries an adequate number of copies
by Senator Claro M. Recto. enjoined to develop moral character, of the original and unexpurgated editions of
 It requires the curricula of private and personal discipline, civic conscience, and to the Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, as
public schools, colleges and teach the duties of citizenship. well as of Rizal's other works and biography.
universities courses to include, works The said unexpurgated editions of the Noli
The law requires all schools, colleges, Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo or their
and writings of Jose Rizal, particularly
universities private or public to include in their translations in English as well as other
his novels Noli Me Tangere and El
curricula courses on the life and works of writings of Rizal shall be included in the list of
Filibusterismo. It was made effective
Rizal. It also states that all schools are approved books for required reading in all
on August 16, 1956.
required to have an adequate number of public or private schools, colleges and
copies of the copies of the original and universities.
unexpurgated editions of El Filibusterismo
-It was written by Sen. Jose P. Laurel with a and Noli Me Tangere, as well as other works SECTION 3. The Board of National
comprised version of House Bill no. 5561 and biographies of Rizal. Education shall cause the translation of the
which came out on April 19, 1956 in the Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, as
House of Representatives and Senate Bill no. well as other writings of Jose Rizal into
428 on April 3, 1956 by then Committee on English, Tagalog and the principal Philippine
The purpose of Batas Rizal is to rekindle
Education, led by Cong. Jacobo Gonzales dialects; cause them to be printed in cheap,
the flame of nationalism in the hearts of
and Sen. Claro Recto known as Noli-Fili Bill popular editions; and cause them to be
the Filipino, particularly the youth. We are
distributed, free of charge, to persons
"An Act to Include in the Curricula of All forgetting what our patriots have done and
desiring to read them, through the Purok
Public and Private Schools, Colleges and given to fight for our freedom.
organizations and Barrio Councils throughout
Universities Courses on the Life, Works and the country.
Sections from R.A. 1425
Writings of Jose Rizal, particularly Noli Me
Tangere and El Filibusterismo, Authorizing SECTION 1. Courses on the life, works and
the Printing and Distribution thereof, and for writings of Jose Rizal, particularly his novel
Other Purposes. Important points of R.A. 1425
Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, shall
be included in the curricula of all schools, WHEREAS, today, more than any other
As stated in the preamble of RA 1425/Rizal
colleges and universities, public or private: period of our history, there is a need for a re-
Law;
Provided, That in the collegiate courses, the dedication to the ideals of freedom and
"Whereas, today more than other period for original or unexpurgated editions of the Noli nationalism for which our heroes lived and
history, there is a need for a re-dedication to Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo or their died;
  it is meet that in honoring them, that prohibit any books that conflicts and  We are also to develop moral
particularly the national hero and mock the doctrine and practices of the character, personal discipline, civic
patriot, Jose Rizal, we remember with catholic church. They argued that the novel conscience, and to teach the duties of
Noli Me Tangere composed of 333 pages but citizenship, by applying this in our
special fondness and devotion their
25 of the pages are nationalistic in nature and daily lives…
lives and works that have shaped the the rest of 120 pages was anti-Catholic and  The values that we Filipinos that has
national character: anti-friars. been instilled to us may be passed on
 the life, works and writing of Jose to the next generation for the
Rizal, particularly his novels Noli Me In addition, based on the examination betterment of our country
Tangere and El Filibusterismo, are a of the censor of the church 170 pages of  At the end of the day, we are Filipinos
Noli Me Tangere are highly against the that must be proud of the selflessness
constant and inspiring source of
catholic faith and 50 pages of El of our National Hero, Jose Rizal for
patriotism with which the minds of the Filibusterismo were heresy. bringing us to this moment, the people
youth, especially during their Rizal two Novels did not only attacks the he inspired despite his short lived life
formative and decisive years in friars or the hierarchy of the church but the that awaken the burning desire of
school, should be suffused; core of the catholic faith itself. freedom from our captives and up to
 all educational institutions are under “Recto and Laurel defended the bill and this day.
argued that the only objective of the bill is  The torch of freedom has passed
the supervision of, and subject to
to keep the memory of the national hero on, for we the Filipino people honor
regulation by the State, and all
alive in every Filipino’s mind, to emanate those who are fallen.
schools are enjoined to develop moral Rizal as he peacefully fought for freedom, HERO
character, personal discipline, civic and not to go against religion.” 1. A prominent or central personage
conscience and to teach the duties of taking an admirable part in any
citizenship; The Rizal bill faces many objections and trials remarkable action or event.
but the proponents of the bill wisely creates 2. A person of distinguished valor, or
Goals: some revision, the modification of the bill is enterprise in danger, or fortitude in
that Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo suffering.
1. To rededicate the lives of youth to the will not anymore obligatory to read in the 3. A man honored after death by public
ideals of freedom and Nationalism, for basic education in elementary and secondary worship, because of exceptional
which our heroes lived and died. students but it will be compulsory in the service to mankind.
college students to study and read.
2. To pay tribute to our national hero for
devoting his life and works in shaping Criteria in Choosing the Philippine
the Filipino character. IMPORTANCE OF RIZAL LAW  National Hero
3. To gain an inspiring source of  The Philippine Education system has
 Filipino citizen
patriotism through the study of Rizal's included the Life, works, and teaching
 Patriot/nationalist
Life, works, and writings. of Jose Rizal to instill to the youth
the importance of freedom and  Has already been dead
nationalism  Patient
According to the pastoral letter of the
Catholic Bishop Conference of the  Thru the effort of our first National
Philippines (CBCP), the Rizal bill Hero
desecrated the Canon Law number 1399
Personalities Nominated to be our One way to understand a person is to
National Hero understand his or her background, in that
note we can understand Rizal and his
 Marcelo H. del Pilar thought and perspective by understanding
 Emilio Jacinto Module 2: 19th Century the social and political
 Graciano Lopez-Jaena
 Antonio Luna Introduction context of the 19th century where he existed.
Many social scientists marked that the 19th
One of the benefit of studying the history is to century as the genesis of modern life as well
be able to understand our identity as a nation as the beginning of many nations and states
and so as an individual. According to of the world.
professor Dela Costa “It is difficult to say
Issues about the Proclamation of Dr.Jose when Filipinos began to think of themselves Modernity was hastened by three great
Rizal as National Hero as Filipinos and not simply as Tagalogs, revolutions, namely
Ilokanos or Visayans. Probably the 1. Industrial revolution in England,
preliminary stage in the development of 2. French Revolution in France
 He was the illegitimate son of Adolf
national consciousness was reached when 3. American Revolution.
Hitler
 He should not be proclaimed as the indios realized that they have something in
national hero because of his common, that is, a common grievance
cowardice to fight the colonizers against the Spaniards.” (Dela Costa 1965: Industrial Revolutions
through revolution. page 213).
 He was regarded as an "American- Industrial revolution is also known as
made hero". Indeed, the concept of being as “one nation” economic revolution. When Europe started to
 First Philippine Commission was is and was imprinted in the mind and invent and used steam engine and machinery
formed by the United States President consciousness of Jose Rizal, because he in their factories and in their industries for
headed by the American Governor- was the earliest person to contemplate that efficient and effective productions. Europe
General William Howard c. Taft. the indios as unique people when he first feudalism dramatically modify to economic –
coined the word “Filipino” to denote to all capitalism that focus into machinery and
 Declaration of Dr. Jose Rizal as our
dwellers in the land, whether they are pure trade of services and goods. Traders became
national hero was only their strategy
blood Spanish or a pure blooded Filipino. Our wealthy by trading and using their capital in
to hinder our nationalistic feelings.
experiences, may it be in forms of struggle or business in different industries to gain profits.
the sweetness of victory molded us to think Many farms were abandoned by the famers
not only for our self but also to the welfare of and choose to be an industrial worker in the
the others. As the famous dictum stated that cities and left behind their life in the rural
no one can live alone without the help and areas. According to Karl Marx women
influence by others. became domesticated household keepers in
the society.
THE GLOBAL CONTEXT: THE THREE
GREAT REVOLUTIONS “…the fast tempo of economic progress in the
Philippines during the 19th century facilitated
by Industrial Revolution resulted to the rise to
a new breed of rich and influential Filipino
middle class. Non-existent in previous “Moreover, essential modifications in traditions and trying to debunk, criticize and
centuries, this class, composed of Spanish government structure were introduced by oppose using the human reason the dogmas
and Chinese mestizos rose to a position of liberals in the motherland. From 1834 to and teaching of the catholic church and this
power in the Filipino community and 1862, for instance, a brief span of only 28 intellectual revolution called the
eventually became leaders in finance and years, Spain had four constitutions, 28 Enlightenment.
education.” (Agoncillo 1990: page 129-130). parliaments, and 529 ministers with portfolio”.
(Zaide 1999: page 203). Explanation from the philosophers such
“Lastly, safer, faster and more comfortable Michel de Montaigne, thought that human
means of transportation such as railways and “All these political changes in Spain had their reason could be a tool to contest ignorance,
steamships were constructed. The consequences in the Philippines, changing delusion, and autocracy and to shape a
construction of steel bridges and the opening the system of the old colonial scheme and healthier world and nations, against the
of Suez Canal opened shorter routes to introducing through blows dangerous domination the religions and of a society with
commerce. Faster means of communications possibilities of development, of equality and an inborn aristocracy.
enable people to have better contacts for even liberation” (De la Costa 1965: page
business and trade. This resulted to closer 159). THE CHURCH IN THE 19TH CENTURY
communication between the Philippines and
Spain and to the rest of the world in the 19th The American Revolution Secularism in Europe is greatly affected the
century. “ (Romero 1978: page 16). Church and the Spain, the battle between the
Philippines was not directly affected by the secular world from the power and influence of
The French Revolution American Revolution, but because of the religions. Religion are significantly attached
influence of the Americans and through the to the monarch and aristocracy during the
French revolution started in the year 1789 reformation brought by Rizal. Zaide said middle era of our history. France discerned
until 1799, where political upheaval in Europe “Filipino reformists like Rizal to desire for that the Church is a danger to the unified
and in other places of the world, because of freedom and independence. When the German Empire.
this revolution France transforms its Philippines was unlocked by Spain to world
government from absolute monarchy to a trade in the 19th century, liberal thoughts “…In Spain, the liberals considered the
more democratic form of government. They flourished from America endured by ships Church as an enemy of reforms. Thus they
get away from monarchial rule and adopt the and men from foreign ports began to reach sought to curtail to influence of the Church in
egalitarian principles of Freedom, Fairness the country and influenced the ilustrados. political life and education. This movement
and Fraternity. This transformation echoes These philosophies, contained in books and against the Catholic Church called anti-
not only in France but also in some parts of newspapers, were ideologies of the American clericalism had gained strength in the
the world and it reached Spain in the 19 th and French Revolutions and the thoughts of nineteenth century not only for political
Century. According to Dela Costa, “…Spain Montesquieu, Rousseau, Voltaire, Locke, reasons but also of the materialistic
experienced a turbulent century of political Jefferson, and other political philosophers.” preferences of the people generated by the
disturbances during this era which included (Zaide 1999: 214) economic prosperity of the period.” (Romero
numerous changes in parliaments and et al 1978: page 17-18).
constitutions, the Peninsular War, the loss of THE RISE OF SOCIAL SCIENCES
Spanish America, and the struggle between The Opening of the Suez Canal
liberals and conservatives”. (De la Costa Not only the political revolution contributes to
1965: page 159). the reformation but also the birth and advent “… the inaugural of the Suez Canal to
of the Sociology, anthropology and history worldwide carriage on 17 of November, 1869.
creates a great impact to the intellectual Suez Canal is 103 miles long and links the
Mediterranean with the Gulf of Suez and from censorship.” (Maguigad & Muhi 2001: and the tributo or tax tribute. These tribute
now with the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean. 63). entailed of uninterrupted (personal tribute and
Its importance could not be underrated. With income tax) and indirect (customs duties and
the opening of this canal, the distance of “He recognized the liberty of speech and of the bandala), taxes, monopolies (rentas
travel between Europe and the Philippines the media, which were assured by the estancadas) of special crops and items as
was meaningfully reduced and brought the Spanish laws. Because of his lenient policy, spirituous liquors, betel nut, tobacco,
country nearer to Spain. In previous years, a priest like Fr. Jose Burgos and all Filipino explosives and opium.” (Agoncillo 1990: page
steamer from Barcelona had to cruise around priests were stimulated to follow their vision 81).
the Cape of Good Hope, and reached Manila of substituting the friars with the Filipino
after a dangerous journey of more than three clerics as parish administrator in the country.” Abuses and Immoralities of the Friars
months. With this waterway, the tour was (Zaide 1999: 217).
reduced to only 32 days.” (Zaide 1999: 215). “…not all friars are bad, abusive and immoral
they became a reason of public’s regret
These water ways open the opportunities to because of the Spanish regulation.
enable the importation of printed books, The Cavite Mutiny and the Martyrdom of Reformists like Dr. Rizal reviled the abusive
newspapers and magazines brings forth the GOMBURZA friars and hunted them to be ejected from the
liberal ideas from Europe and America, that country as indicated by their “Anti-Friars
sooner swayed the minds and ideals of our The killing of GOMBURZA had hastened the Manifesto of 1888”: The ruthless friars were
Filipino reformist like Rizal. rise and the growth of Philippine nationalism depicted by Rizal in his two novels Noli Me
and the demise of the Spanish rule in the Tangere and El Filibusterismo and by
“…political thoughts of liberal thinkers like country. Filipinos disliked the drastic death of Graciano Lopez Jaena as Fray Botod ( friars
Jean Jacques Rousseau (Social Contract), the three Filipino priests they believed that with big belly).” (Zaide 1999: page 211). They
John Locke (/two Treatises of Government), they were guiltless and blameless and were were arrogant and abusive, they impregnated
Thomas Paine regarding his common Sense accused to die because they stand up for the local women and gave them unlawful
and others entered the country.” (Maguigad rights of the Filipinos. Paciano witnessed the children.
& Muhi 2001; page 62) execution and he stimulated Rizal to follow
the cause of the three priests. And later on Racial Discrimination
The Democractic Rule of Gov. Gen. Dela Rizal devoted his novel Noli Me Tangere to
Torre GOMBURZA to display his gratitude to the
bravery, commitment to Filipino rights, and
“The government of the first liberal Governor sense of patriotism.
General de la Torre developed important
values in the national consciousness. De la Discontent with Spanish Institutions
Torre’s liberal and pro-people governance
had given Rizal and the Filipinos during this “The Spain government make known to the
period a foretaste of a democratic rule and country machineries to permit the colonial
way of life. government in the country to obey with its
duties of supporting the Church’s mission of
De la Torre put into practice his liberal and proselytizing the populaces and to donate to
egalitarian ways by avoiding luxury and living the Spanish Monarch in maintaining the
a simple life. During his two-year term. He economic benefits of the ruler. It comprise the
encouraged freedom and abolished encomienda, the polo system or forced labor
“One more reason of hostilities between Dr. Jose Rizal considered genius and 4. Mercado- means ‘market’ in English.
Filipinos and Spaniards that steered to one of best ideal hero of a nation not only in In that time the Spanish government
restlessness of the Spanish rule is racial our country but other nations of the world. enact a law to change all Chinese
discrimination. It is a form of social prohibition Showered by God with useful favors. He was surname in 1731. Lamco the surname
where people are prohibited from having a physician (ophthalmologist), composer, of Rizal great-great-grandfather which
access to public goods by virtue of their playwright, journalist, novelist, historian, literally means Mercado in Spanish.
bodily appearances. It is an superiority draftsman, miniaturist, sculptor, 5. Rizal- came from Spanish word
behavior of one race against inferior races. In educationalist, multilingual person, “Ricial’ that means a rice fields.
colonization, the white colonizers who are instrumentalist, environmentalist, ethnologist, 6. Alonzo- maiden name of his mother
Caucasians often down on their colonized chartered surveyor, engineer, agriculturalist Donya Theodora.
people or natives as inferior by virtue of their entrepreneur, economist, geographer, map 7. The letter Y- in Spanish it is used as
skin, height, nose, or physical traits. In the maker, bibliophile, philologist, grammarian, conjunction “and”
Philippines, the Spanish authorities regarded folklorist, thinker, interpreter, discoverer, 8. Realonda- traditionally they add the
the brown Filipino as an inferior people and entertainer, comedian, satirist, orator, surname of the godmother in the
derisively called them “Indios” or Indians. sportsman, itinerant, and prophet. Liberator name of the child.
of the oppressed people and martyr for
This racial prejudice against native Filipinos freedom and peacemaker. Some Filipinos
existed in the government offices, in the worship him as the incartion of the messiah, His Birth
armed forces, in the universities and and majority of people acclaimed him as the
colleges, in courts of justice, and in high national hero of the Philippines and of the Rizal was born on Wednesday, 19th of
society.” (Zaide 1999: page 211). Filipinos. June, 1861 in the hilly village of Calamba
Laguna.

MODULE 3 THE FULL MEANING OF HIS NAME His Parents, siblings and Ancestry
THE GENEALOGY AND EDUCATION OF
OUR HERO DR. JOSE PROTACIO MERCADO RIZAL The Rizals is considered one of the
ALONZO Y REALONDA biggest families during their time. Domingo
Introduction Lam-co, the family’s paternal ascendant
was a full-blooded Chinese who came to the
In our time having may children in the 1. Doctor- he finished his medical Philippines from Amoy, China in the closing
family is a signed of poverty and irresponsible studies in Spain and was earned the years of the 17th century and married a
parenthood, because they did not plan for degree of Licentiate in Medicine in the Chinese half-breed by the name of Ines de
their family and future, but Rizal family had Universidad Central de Madrid. la Rosa.
eleven children but the parents of our 2. Jose his mother was devoted
national hero try their very best to provide the catholic and faithful devotee San Jose Researchers revealed that the Mercado-
needs and necessities of everyone, not (St. Joseph) husband of the Blessed Rizal family had also traces of Japanese,
because they are rich but because they know Virgin Mary, and unexpectedly on the Spanish, Malay and Even Negrito blood
the responsibility, obligations and duties of same day the feast day of the after aside from Chinese.
being a parents and being a good sons and mentioned saint Rizal was born.
daughters to their parents. 3. Protacio- after the name of Gervacio Jose Rizal came from a 13-member family
Protacio. which derived from a consisting of his parents, Francisco
Catholic Christian calendar.
Mercado II and Teodora Alonso Realonda, MARIA RIZAL (1859-1945) influence of his uncles to develop his skills
and nine sisters and one brother. The sixth child. Married Daniel Faustino and sportsmanship.
Cruz of Biñan, Laguna. Early Education in Calamba and Biñan
FRANCISCO MERCADO (1818-1898) Rizal had his early education in Calamba and
Father of Jose Rizal who was the youngest JOSE RIZAL (1861-1896) Biñan. It was a typical schooling that a son of
of 13 offsprings of Juan and Cirila Mercado. The second son and the seventh child. He an ilustrado family received during his time,
Born in Biñan, Laguna on April 18, 1818; was executed by the Spaniards on characterized by the four R’s- reading,
studied in San Jose College, Manila; and December 30,1896. writing, arithmetic, and religion. Instruction
died in Manila. was rigid and strict. Knowledge was forced
CONCEPCION RIZAL (1862-1865) into the minds of the pupils by means of the
TEODORA ALONSO (1827-1913) The eight child. Died at the age of three. tedious memory method aided by the
Mother of Jose Rizal who was the second teacher’s whip. Despite the defects of the
child of Lorenzo Alonso and Brijida de JOSEFA RIZAL (1865-1945) Spanish system of elementary education,
Quintos. She studied at the Colegio de The ninth child. An epileptic, died a spinster. Rizal was able to acquire the necessary
Santa Rosa. She was a business-minded instruction preparatory for college work in
woman, courteous, religious, hard-working TRINIDAD RIZAL (1868-1951) Manila. It may be said that Rizal, who was
and well-read. She was born in Santa Cruz, The tenth child. Died a spinster and the last born a physical weakling, rose to become an
Manila on November 14, 1827 and died in of the family to die. intellectual giant not because of, but rather in
1913 in Manila. spite of, the outmoded and backward system
SOLEDAD RIZAL (1870-1929) of instruction obtaining in the Philippines
SATURNINA RIZAL (1850-1913) The youngest child married Pantaleon during the last decades of Spanish regime.
Eldest child of the Rizal-Alonzo marriage. Quintero.
Married Manuel Timoteo Hidalgo of The Hero’s First Teacher
Tanauan, Batangas.
The first teacher of Rizal was his mother, who
CHILDHOOD YEARS IN CALAMBA
PACIANO RIZAL (1851-1930) was a remarkable woman of good character
Only brother of Jose Rizal and the second and fine culture. On her lap, he learned at the
Rizal as an ordinary child like you and age of three the alphabet and the prayers.
child. Studied at San Jose College in me, experience lots of things in his home "My mother," wrote Rizal in his student
Manila; became a farmer and later a general town that molded and nurtured him to be memoirs, "taught me how to read and to say
of the Philippine Revolution. brave and love the country and freedom. haltingly the humble prayers which I raised
NARCISA RIZAL (1852-1939) fervently to God."
Lesson II: HERO’S EDUCATION
The third child. married Antonio Lopez at Indeed, our first teacher and mentor in
Morong, Rizal; a teacher and musician. As tutor, Doña Teodora was patient,
many aspects of our life is our biological conscientious, and understanding. It was she
mother, like Rizal his first mentor was his who first discovered that her son had a talent
OLYMPIA RIZAL (1855-1887) mother, he learned how to read, write, and for poetry. Accordingly, she encouraged him
The fourth child. Married Silvestre Ubaldo; pray and teeling the famous story of the to write poems. To lighten the monotony of
died in 1887 from childbirth. mother moth and its son. His love of wisdom memorizing the ABC’s and to stimulate her
and skills was also harness by the firm and son’s imagination, she related many stories.
LUCIA RIZAL (1857-1919) strict teachers in his hometown and the
The fifth child. Married Matriano Herbosa. As Jose grew older, his parents employed
private tutors to give him lessons at home. Justiniano Aquino Cruz. during his conversation with the teacher in
The first was Maestro Celestino and the the morning.
second, Maestro Lucas Padua. Later, an old
man named Leon Monroy, a former The school was in the house of the teacher, Jose challenged Pedro to a fight. The latter
classmate of Rizal’s father, became the boy’s which was a small nipa hut about 30 meters readily accepted, thinking that he could easily
tutor. This old teacher lived at the Rizal home from the home of Jose’s aunt. beat the Calamba boy who was smaller and
and instructed Jose in Spanish and Latin. younger.
Unfortunately, he did not lived long. He died Paciano knew the teacher quite well because
five months later. he had been a pupil under him before. He The two boys wrestled furiously in the
introduced Jose to the teacher, after which he classroom, much to the glee of their
After a Monroy’s death, the hero’s parents departed to return to Calamba. classmates. Jose, having learned the art of
decided to send their gifted son to a private wrestling from his athletic Tio Manuel,
school in Biñan. Immediately, Jose was assigned his seat in defeated the bigger boy. For this feat, he
the class. The teacher asked him: became popular among his classmates.
Jose Goes to Biñan
"Do you know Spanish?" After the class in the afternoon, a classmate
One Sunday afternoon in June , 1869, Jose, "A little, sir," replied the Calamba lad. named Andres Salandanan challenged him to
after kissing the hands of his parents and a "Do you know Latin?" an arm-wrestling match. They went to a
tearful parting from his sister, left Calamba for "A little, sir." sidewalk of a house and wrestled with their
Biñan. He was accompanied by Paciano , arms. Jose, having the weaker arm, lost and
who acted as his second father. The two The boys in the class, especially Pedro, the nearly cracked his head on the sidewalk.
brothers rode in a carromata, reaching their teacher’s son laughed at Jose’s answers.
destination after one and one-half hours’ In succeeding days he had other fights with
drive. They proceeded to their aunt’s house, The teacher sharply stopped all noises and the boys of Biñan. He was not quarrelsome
where Jose was to lodge. It was almost night begun the lessons of the day. by nature, but he never ran away from a fight.
when they arrived, and the moon was about
to rise. Jose described his teacher in Biñan as Best Student in School
follows: "He was tall, thin, long-necked, with
That same night, Jose, with his cousin named sharp nose and a body slightly bent forward, In academic studies, Jose beat all Biñan
Leandro, went sightseeing in the town. and he used to wear a sinamay shirt, woven boys. He surpassed them all in Spanish,
Instead of enjoying the sights, Jose became by the skilled hands of the women of Latin, and other subjects.
depressed because of homesickness. "In the Batangas. He knew by the heart the
moonlight," he recounted, "I remembered my grammars by Nebrija and Gainza. Add to this Some of his older classmates were jealous of
home town, my idolized mother, and my severity that in my judgement was his intellectual superiority. They wickedly
solicitous sisters. Ah, how sweet to me was exaggerated and you have a picture, perhaps squealed to the teacher whenever Jose had a
Calamba, my own town, in spite of the fact vague, that I have made of him, but I fight outside the school, and even told lies to
that was not as wealthy as Biñan." remember only this." discredit him before the teacher’s eyes.
Consequently the teacher had to punish
First Day in Biñan School First School BrawlIn the afternoon of his first Jose.
day in school, when the teacher was having
The next morning (Monday) Paciano brought his siesta, Jose met the bully, Pedro. He was Early Schooling in Biñan
his younger brother to the school of Maestro angry at this bully for making fun of him
Jose had a very vivid imagination and a very and live far from his home and his family! But father-in-law, a master painter. From him he
keen sense of observation. At the age of he felt ashamed to cry and had to conceal his took his first two sons, two nephews, and a
seven he traveled with his father for the first tears and sentiments. "O Shame," he grandson. His way life was methodical and
time to Manila and thence to Antipolo to fulfill explained, "how many beautiful and pathetic well regulated. He heard mass at four if there
the promise of a pilgrimage made by his scenes the world would witness without was one that early, or studied his lesson at
mother at the time of his birth. They thee!" that hour and went to mass afterwards.
embarked in a casco, a very ponderous Returning home, he might look in the orchard
vessel commonly used in the Philippines. It They arrived at Biñan in the evening. His for a mambolo fruit to eat, then he took his
was the first trip on the lake that Jose could brother took him to the house of his aunt breakfast, consisting generally of a plate of
recollect. As darkness fell he spent the hours where he was to stay, and left him after rice and two dried sardines.
by the katig, admiring the grandeur of the introducing him to the teacher. At night, in
water and the stillness of the night, although company with his aunt’s grandson named After that he would go to class, from which he
he was seized with a superstitious fear when Leandro, Jose took a walk around the town in was dismissed at ten, then home again. He
he saw a water snake entwine itself around the light of the moon. To him the town looked ate with his aunt and then began at ten, then
the bamboo beams of the katig. With what joy extensive and rich but sad and ugly. home again. He ate with his aunt and then
did he see the sun at the daybreak as its began to study. At half past two he returned
luminous rays shone upon the glistening His teacher in Biñan was a severe to class and left at five. He might play for a
surface of the wide lake, producing a brilliant disciplinarian. His name was Justiniano short time with some cousins before returning
effect! With what joy did he talk to his father, Aquino Cruz. "He was a tall man, lean and home. He studied his lessons, drew for a
for he had not uttered a word during the long-necked, with a sharp nose and a body while, and then prayed and if there was a
night! slightly bent forward. He used to wear a moon, his friends would invite him to play in
sinamay shirt woven by the deft hands of the street in company with other boys.
When they proceeded to Antipolo, he Batangas women. He knew by memory the
experienced the sweetest emotions upon grammars of Nebrija and Gainza. To this add Whenever he remembered his town, he
seeing the gay banks of the Pasig and the a severity which, in my judgement I have thought with tears in his eyes of his beloved
towns of Cainta and Taytay. In Antipolo he made of him, which is all I remember." father, his idolized mother, and his solicitous
prayed, kneeling before the image of the sisters. Ah, how sweet was his town even
Virgin of Peace and Good Voyage, of whom The boy Jose distinguished himself in class, though not so opulent as Biñan! He grew sad
he would later sing in elegant verses. Then and succeeded in surpassing many of his and thoughtful.
he saw Manila, the great metropolis , with its older classmates. Some of these were so
Chinese sores and European bazaars. And wicked that, even without reason, they While he was studying in Biñan, he returned
visited his elder sister, Saturnina, in Santa accused him before the teacher, for which, in to his hometown now and then. How long the
Ana, who was a boarding student in the spite of his progress, he received many road seemed to him in going and how short in
Concordia College. whippings and strokes from the ferule. Rare coming! When from afar he descried the roof
was the day when he was not stretched on of his house, secret joy filled his breast. How
When he was nine years old, his father sent the bench for a whipping or punished with he looked for pretexts to remain longer at
him to Biñan to continue studying Latin, five or six blows on the open palm. Jose’s home! A day more seemed to him a day
because his first teacher had died. His reaction to all these punishments was one of spent in heaven, and how he wept, though
brother Paciano took him to Biñan one intense resentment in order to learn and thus silently and secretly, when he saw the calesa
Sunday, and Jose bade his parents and carry out his father’s will. that was flower that him Biñan! Then
sisters good-bye with tears in his eyes. Oh, everything looked sad; a flower that he
how it saddened him to leave for the first time Jose spent his leisure hours with Justiniano’s touched, a stone that attracted his attention
he gathered, fearful that he might not see it family, had come under suspicion of the necessary to catch one’s adversary in error
again upon his return. It was a sad but authorities because it was the name used by three times. The empires considered
delicate and quite pain that possessed him. Paciano when he was studying and working themselves in perpetual warfare, and when
with Father Burgos, in whose house he lived, an individual of one empire was caught in
Jose adopted the second surname, Rizal. error by one belonging to the enemy empire,
a point was counted in favor of the latter. At
the end of each week or two, the points in
favor of each were added and the empire,
Paciano who accompanied Jose, found him a which obtained more point, was declared
The Life and Studies at Ateneo De house in Walled City, but Intramuros looked winner.
Municipal gloomy to Jose, and he later found lodging
outside, in the house of a spinster situated on There was a fraternity of Mary and Saint
After the cruel execution and death of Calle Carballo, district of Santa Cruz. As if Louis Gonzaga, to which only those who
the GOMBURZA, Don Francisco his father chance would furnish him data for his future distinguished themselves in the class for their
and his brother Paciano convinced Jose Rizal campaigns, he became acquainted in that piety and diligence could belong. This
to migrate and to study in manila, to the house with various mestizos, begotten by fraternity met on Sundays and after mass
premiere school supervised by the Jesuit - a friars. held public programs in which poems were
religious congregation of priest and brothers. recited or debates were held. With all these
The Jesuitical system of instruction was inducements it was only natural that should
The Jesuits were considered the best considered more advanced than that of other be a spirit of emulation, a striving to surpass
educators of Spain, and perhaps of Europe, colleges in that epoch. Its discipline was rigid ones colleagues found in the Ateneo.
and so, when they were permitted to return to and its methods less mechanical. It
the Philippines, although their power to introduced physical culture as part of its The first professor Jose had was Fr. Jose
administer parishes was restricted except in program as well as the cultivation of the arts, Bech, whom he describes as a man of high
the remote regions of Mindanao, the privilege such as music, drawing, and painting. It also stature; lean body, bent forward; quick gait;
of founding colleges, they had to apply to the establishes vocational courses in agriculture, ascetic physiognomy, severe and inspired;
City of Manila for subsidies. That is why the commerce, and mechanics as a religious small, sunken eyes; sharp Grecian nose; thin
college which began to function in the year institute, its principal purpose was to mold the lips forming an arch with its sides directed
1865, was called the Ateneo Municipal. character and the will of the boys to comply toward the chin." He was somewhat of a
more easily with the percepts of the Church. lunatic and of an uneven humor; sometimes
To enter the Ateneo a candidate was The students heard mass before the he was hard and little tolerant and at other
subjected to an entrance examination on beginning of the class, which was opened times he was gay and playful as a child.
Christian doctrine, reading, writing, grammar, and closed with prayers. Among Jose’s classmates were Peninsulares
and elementary arithmetic. Jose did not take and sons of Peninsulares; Francisco G.
his entrance examinations Jose did not In the first two terms the classes were divided Oliva, very talented but not very studious;
remain in Manila but returned first to his town into groups of interns and externs: the first Joaquin Garrido, endowed with a poor
to celebrate the fiesta of its patron saint; it constituted the Roman Empire and the memory but with much talent and industry;
was then that his father changed his mind second, the Carthaginian Empire. In each and Gonzalo Marzano, who occupied the
and decided to send him to the Ateneo empire there were five dignitaries: Emperor, throne of Emperor.
instead. Tribune, Decurion, Centurion, and Standard-
Bearer. These dignities were won by means From the first days Jose learned to
Since Mercado, the first surname of the of individual competitions in which it was systematize his work; he fixed a program of
what he had to do in the twenty-four hours of prizes in the quarterly examinations. book. Jose, who heard this, answered the
the day and did not in the least deviate from priest violently, for which his mother
it. Thus he disciplined his will and subjected it About that time he devoted himself to reading reprehended him. Afterward Father Lopez
to the commands of his reason. novels, and one of those he enjoyed most came to know from the Jesuits themselves
was Dumas’ (father) The Count of Monte that Jose was a pupil who excelled in poetry;
As a newcomer, Jose was at first put at the Cristo. The sufferings of the hero of the and, in spite of his age, made a trip to Manila
tail of the class, but he was soon promoted twelve years. He also asked his father to buy expressly to apologize to Jose. That gesture
and kept on being promoted so that at the him a copy of The Universal History by Cesar of Father Lopez’ won him Jose’s esteem and
end of one month he had attained to the rank Cantanu, and according to himself he profited they became good friends again, lending
of Emperor. At the end of the term he much from its perusal. each other the books they had.
obtained marks of excellent in all the subjects
and in the examinations. He had reason to The family, who saw in Jose great aptitude In the fifth years Jose had other professors:
feel proud of his advancement; and so when for study, decided to place him as intern or Frs. Vilaclara and Mineves. He studied
he went home on vacation that year, he ran boarding student in the college the following philosophy, physics, chemistry, and natural
alone to see his mother in the prison and tell year. In the corner of the dormitory facing the history, but his devotion to poetry was such
her the happy news. sea and the pier Jose passed his two years that his professor in philosophy advised him
of internship. once to leave it, which made him cry. But in
He must have uttered this exclamation on his rest hours he continued cultivating the
learning from his mother that they had played In the fourth year of his course he had Fr. Muses under the direction of his old
her a mean trick. The judge, who was a blind Francisco Sanchez as professor. Jose professor, Father Sanchez. Jose had then
partisan of the friars having been a domestic describes him as a model of rectitude, a written a short story (leyenda), which was
of theirs, told her that if she confessed her solicitude, and love for the student, and his only slightly corrected by his professor, and a
culpability he would release her at once. With studied mathematics, rhetoric, and Greek, dialogue, which was enacted at the end of
the desire to see her children again, she and he must have progressed much, for at the course, alluding to the collegians’
pleaded guilty; but the judge, instead of the end of the year he-obtained five medals, farewell. However, philosophy, just and
releasing her, convicted her. In a few months which pleased him immensely because with serve, inquiring into the wherefores of things,
the judge asked her forgiveness for what he them I could repay my father somewhat for interested him as much as poetry; physics,
had done because according to him his his sacrifices. drawing back the veil that divine drama of
conscience hurt him, but the case had no nature was enacted, natural history seemed
remedy because it was already on appeal. His aptitude for poetry revealed itself early, to him somewhat uninteresting although he
and from that time on he did not cease to much liked the shells and sometimes
The second year, Jose had the same cultivate it. imagined seeing a goddess in each shell he
professor as in the previous year; but instead was on the shelf.
of lodging outside the City, he resided at No. An incident which demonstrates Jose’s
6 Calle Magallanes. At the end of the term he independence of character took place at this Jose was considered small of stature and he
obtained a medal, and upon returning to his time. Fr. Leoncio Lopez, parish priest of the tried to correct this defect by applying himself
town, he again visited his mother in jail alone. town, who was a great friend of his father, regularly to gymnastics in the college. He
This was three months before her release. also liked Jose as a little friend. He was also engaged in other physical exercises,
cultured but at the same time timid and such as fencing. After his baccalaureate, he
The rejoicing that her release produced in his tender. One day Jose’s mother showed surprised his family with his skill in handling
spirit had much influence on the result of his Father Lopez a poem of his young friend and the sword when he gave an exhibition bout
studies in the third year, for he began to win that the latter must have copied it from a with the best swordsman of the town.
 4. The scheme of instruction and procedure. News of his successful surgical
He also devoted time to painting and teaching was old-fashioned and operation quickly spread over the whole
sculpture. In drawing and painting he was oppressive country so that everyone with an eye
under the guidance and direction of the We can know understand his novel El complication trooped to Calamba and seek
Ateneo professor, the Peninsula Don Filibusterismo when he described how the treatment from this “German doctor”.
Augustin Saez, who honored him with his Filipino students were embarrassed and
affection and consideration because of his disrespected by the Dominican friars and In the meantime, the Spanish friars,
progress. In sculpture his instructor was a professors. who were then the subject of ridicule in
Filipino, Romualdo de Jesus, who felt proud MODULE 4 Rizal’s first novel, were excited for his
in the last years of his life of having had such detention. A study of the novel conducted by
an excellent pupil. Rizal’s life: Travel abroad and the Dominicans at University of Santo Tomas
Homecoming concluded in their report submitted to the
STUDIES IN UNIVERSIY OF SANTO Introduction governor-general on August 30, 1887 stated:
TOMAS. “The work Noli Me Tangere has been found
Rizal finished the studies in Ateneo Having accomplished his 4th year in heretical, impious and scandalous from the
obtaining his degree of Bachelor of Arts and medical course at University of Santo Tomas, religious perspective, anti-patriotic and
wanted to continue for the higher education in Jose Rizal, displeased with the outmoded subversive from the political point of view,
that institution, ironically his mother object approach and system of teaching in this injurious to the Spanish government and its
and have second thought to continue the Dominican-owned university, coupled with proceedings in the islands.”
education of Rizal because she discerns the the issue of racism against Dominican
danger of having much education and it might professors involving their Filipino students, It is believed that the Dominicans also
harm and cause the death of his beloved son decided to complete his schooling in have an axe to grind against Jose Rizal and
Pepe, in relation of the drastic death of Spain(Zaide, 1999). his family. This hatred went beyond his novel.
GOMBURZA and the premonition to the story The Dominicans had developed a fierce
of the moth. But his father Don Francisco Apart from this convincing reason, he hatred for Rizal that went beyond his novel.
influenced Rizal to study at University of had another equally critical goal to achieve, The politics in Calamba played a part of this
Santo Thomas, the oldest University in the that is to closely observe the way of life, hatred.
Philippines under the hospice of the culture, interchanges, business and trade,
Dominican order. and government and laws of the countries in
Europe(Zaide, 1999). Lesson I: Travel Abroad
UNHAPPY DAYS AT THE UST
While studying in the University of While sojourning in Marseilles, This topic focuses on Dr. Jose Rizal’s
Santo Thomas, Rizal saw and observed the France, Rizal made a decision to come home journey and experiences in Europe, it is
system and problems that overpowering to in the Philippines, this in contradiction to the divided into three distinct stages. Initially,
his subtle spirit. He felt ill-fated in this warning from his friends not to return in the Jose Rizal travelled for Europe in May 1882,
Dominican institute of advanced learning for country due to threat of his life. But he had to primarily to continue his studies.
the following reasons come home, completely determined, he have The second stage which focuses on
1. Dominican professors and friars to be home to take care and cure her Rizal’s literary works and political activities,
were intimidating to him mother’s cataract complication. continued in London from June of 1888 up to
2. Filipino learners were experiences his exit from Europe in October 1891. Finally,
racial discrimination contrary to the Dr. Rizal triumphantly operated the the last stage of his journey covers his arrival
Spaniards cataract of his mother, his first surgical in Hong Kong from November 1891 to July
1892, from there, he was ordered exiled in inspired by the seascape. Rizal was the only boarded a train to reach Barcelona, Spain
Dapitan. It was during this period that Rizal indio in the Salvadora. where he was intensely received by Filipino
continued his campaign for political reforms. expatriates. According to Wenceslao Retana,
(Duka, Pila, 2015) On May 9, Rizal together with the all when Rizal arrived in Spain he became a
the passengers arrived and disembark the confirmed nationalist. Proof of this was the
Meanwhile, the departure of Rizal was Salvadora in Singapore being the last port of literary work that he produced during his stay
kept a secret from his parents, since Don the steam ship. He billeted at Hotel dela Paz. in Barcelona. His first essay entitled El Amor
Francisco and Doña Teodora would surely Rizal received regal treatment not only with Patrio (Love of Country) was published in
have stopped it. Some of his close friends in regard to his hostel but also in his tours to Diariong Tagalog on August 20, 1883. Rizal
Manila were informed of his trip, including centers, museums, and establishments, all wrote about his country and suggested how
Capitana Sanday, who was married to Jose resulted to his cultural, and liberal one may show his love for the country.
Valenzuela, parents of Orang Valenzuela development (Duka, Pila, 2015).
gave him a can of cookies and a box of Rizal obtained a disturbing news that
chocolates to bring on his voyages, while On May 1882, he continued his trip Manila, and outlaying provinces has been
Don Pedro Paterno, a veteran expatriate, abroad, he boarded the Djemnah. It was in ravaged by cholera outbreak. Sad news also
gave Rizal a letter of introduction to a friend this ship that he experienced a Western reached him that his beloved Leonora Rivera
in Madrid. atmosphere and met a diverse group of was getting thinner because of his absence.
passengers- British, Spanish, Siamese Rizal departed Barcelona in the fall of 1883
When classes closed that summer of (Thai), French, and Dutch. Taking advantage and proceeded to Madrid.
1882, Rizal went home as usual to Calamba. of the present situation, he befriended the
Meanwhile, a group of friends in Manila Frenchmen so he could enhance his skills in The primary reason why Rizal moved
arranged his travel portfolio and bought him a French language. to Madrid was to continue his education. He
ticket, under the name of Jose Mercado, to enrolled at Universidad Central de Madrid. In
board the S.S. Salvadora. On May 1, 1882, On the 26th of May, the Djemnah addition, Rizal saw the political and social
while the rest of the household was still reached Punta de Gales (New South wales) disparity of Spain and the Philippines. He
asleep, Rizal managed to slip away quietly. and from there it continued sailing to observed the people were willing to fight for
Afterwards, they proceeded to the house of Colombo, the Senegalese capital, and finally their rights. There was also a freedom of
Saturnina, who had promised to give Rizal a arrived at the African coast. speech and of the press. From there, he saw
diamond ring to serve as his “mad money.” the opportunity for the Filipino expatriates to
On June 2, they entered the Suez express their grievances against the
The next stop was at their sister Luci’s Canal there they were required to be Spaniards in the Philippines and to expose
house. Lucia and her husband Mariano quarantined for 24 hours. Although delayed the abuses and corruption in the country.
Herbosa offered to accompany the brothers for some days, the Djemnah finally arrived at
to Manila, but Paciano would not let Mariano Fort Said, and by then Rizal has been in Furthermore, while pursuing his
lose a day’s work. voyage for 47 days. courses, he joined the freemasons, a society
prohibited by the Catholic Church. As a
Rizal’s parents were the only ones On June 11, Rizal reached Naples. result, Rizal developed an amusing
who did not know about the journey. In his This city pleased Rizal because of its relationship with notable liberal and
letters, he wrote about his travels, describing “business activity, its lively people and the republican Spaniards, predominantly
the passengers, incidents, and situation of life scenic beauty”. The following day, the masons. The masons are known for their
aboard the ship, always in a poetic way and steamer reached and anchored at the French fierce exposition against government policies.
port of Marseilles. From Marseilles, Rizal To the masons, freemasonry is a society
aimed to promote a universal brotherhood of Rizal failed to see Leonor Rivera
men under the fatherhood of God. Copies of Rizal’s Noli Me Tangere during the six months that he stayed in
were smuggled into the Philippines, and Calamba after his return from Europe. He
0n the evening of June 25, 1884, eventually reached the authorities. Rizal then had planned to marry her, and then leave for
Rizal attended a celebration for Juan Luna became a marked man. All his friends and abroad with his sister Sisa. But his father and
and Felix R. Hidalgo for winning the relatives at home advised him not to come Paciano had forbidden him from visiting
prestigious National Exposition of Fine Arts back to the Philippines, but he decided to Leonor in Dagupan and Leonor’s mother did
held at Madrid. He delivered a speech in head home for the following reasons: not want him to be her son-in-law. Paciano
Restaurant Ingles to honor Juan Luna, a 27- epidemics were ravaging the islands; his advised him to forget Leonor and think about
year-old Filipino painter who won the gold father was deprived of his property; he his responsibility to the people.
medal for his Spoliarium, and Felix wanted to operate on his mother’s cataracts;
Resurrection Hidalgo, a 31-year-old and he received sad news about his fiancée A few weeks after returning to
compatriot of Rizal, also won the silver medal Leonor Rivera. He sailed for the Philippines Calamba from Europe, while practicing the
for his painting Virgenes Cristianas on July 5, 1887 by way of the Suez Canal medical profession and attending civic affairs
Expuestos al Populacho. and reached Manila the same as when he left in his hometown, Rizal was summoned to
it five years earlier. Malacañang, by Governor-General
Rizal was given a task to give a At the time, small boats sailed Terrero. Rizal reported to the office of the
speech in honor of the two Filipinos. He regularly from Manila to the towns along governor-general with respect. The
stated “I drink that the Filipino youth, sacred Laguna de Bay. In his desire to be reunited Governor asked to spare him a copy of Noli
hope of my fatherland, may imitate such with his family at the earliest possible time, Me Tangere. Regrettably, he does not have
valuable examples; and that the Mother Rizal boarded an old steamboat going to an extra copy at hand, but he assured the
Spain, considerate and vigilant of the welfare Biñan. From there he boarded Bakal, one of Governor, that he would be given a copy.
of her provinces, may quickly put into practice the ships owned by Capitan Luis Yangko,
the reforms she has so long planned.” and reached Calamba on August 8, 1887. Sub-topic
Excitement and joy surrounded the
Sub-topic atmosphere as he was welcomed by his Rizal’s first home coming involve the
family. His family was very much worried issue of his novel Noli Me Tangere which was
Part of the study of Rizal’s first and about his safety, his father would not let him eventually condemned, a commission
second travel abroad would be his go out alone, and Paciano would not leave composed of university of Sto. Tomas faculty
encounters with different personalities, his him since his arrival. His friend, meanwhile, members examined the novel and made the
achievements in the field of education, offered him money so he can leave him following report on August 30, 1887,
sports, literature and politics. Further studies country. In other words, everybody wants containing the following: “The work Noli Me
will be devoted to his particular achievements Rizal to leave the Philippines. Tangere has been found heretical, impious,
during this period, more particularly the and scandalous from the religious
propaganda movement during his second During the six months that he stayed perspective, and antipatriotic and subversive
travel abroad. in Calamba after coming back from Europe, from the point of view of the Spanish
Rizal opened a medical clinic. The first thing government.”
that he did was to operate on his mother,
LESSON II: Rizal’s first and second who was almost blind. It was a complete Upon receiving the report, the
homecoming success. Governor-General referred it to the
Permanent Commission of Censorship. The
First homecoming Commission condemned Rizal’s novel for the
following reason: it was an attack against the another, there together we will suffer or
religion and state; it was an attack against the triumph perhaps.”
administration; against the Spaniards
employed in the government and courts of On December 31, 1891, in his letter
justice; it was an attack against the civil to Blumentritt, Rizal echoed this belief, “I
guards; it was an attack against the integrity believe that La Solidaridad is no longer our
of Spain. battlefield; now it is a new struggle…the fight
is no longer in Madrid.” Decided to head
home to lead once again the reform MODULE 5 Rizal’s Life: Exile, Trial, and
Another glaring issue during his movement, he was compared as Daniel, a Death
first homecoming is the agrarian unrest in biblical character confronting the Spanish lion Introduction:
Calamba. This problem started when in its own den.(Zaide, 1999)
Governor-General Terrero ordered an This module discusses the events that
investigation of the friar’s estates to remedy Finally, at noon of June 26, 1892,
transpired during Rizal’s last days. Rizal was
the agrarian problems relating to land taxes Jose Rizal, accompanied by his sister Lucia
and tenant relations. One of the friar’s estates disembark in Manila. Later that day, he exiled to Dapitan after he was summoned in
that were affected was the Dominican-owned proceeded at Malacañan Palace to pursue Malacañang. During his four years of exile in
hacienda in Calamba. The tenants of and meet with the Spanish governor general, Dapitan, he exhibit practical nationalism and
Calamba sought the assistance of Rizal in General Despujol, Conde de Caspe. encouraged the town people to imitate the
representing them. Rizal helped in gathering Unsuccessful at first to meet with the same. In order to while away the monotony of
facts and grievances against the hacienda Governor General, he was instructed to life in exile, Rizal tried to get his hands full.
management. return and at last, he was able to confer with
Governor General Despujol Conde de Caspe. In that small town of Dapitan, Rizal
Rizal’s second homecoming and the Liga The meeting resulted with the Governor
devoted his four years performing different
Filipina granting pardon to Rizal’s father, but not the
rest of his family (Zaide; 1999). errands. He practiced his profession as
Upon the advice of Governor-General physician, pursued his scientific studies,
Terrero, who told him that it was best for him The establishment of the La Liga Filipina continued his artistic and literary works,
to leave the country, and pressure from his developed his knowledge of languages, put
friends and family Rizal promised to leave the The La Liga Filipina was established up a school for boys, he is actively pushed for
country. Rizal departed Manila on February and organized on July 3, 1892. A meeting community development projects, invented a
3, 1888, his heart filled with pain. between Rizal and attended by his
wooden machine for making bricks, and get
Rizal courageously returned to compatriots at the home of the Chinese
Manila in June of 1892, it was his second Mestizo, Doroteo Ongjunco, on Ylaya Street, hooked in farming and commerce.
homecoming. Tondo, Manila.
Unshaken by his conviction that the In his letter sent to Manuel Azcarraga
struggle for Filipino liberties had assumed a Barely three days after its of the Ministers of War and Overseas
contemporary stage: the fight is now is the establishment, Rizal was apprehended and Territories in Madrid, Governor Blanco made
Philippines no longer in Spain. “The consequently tossed into exile in Dapitan. the following observations:
battlefield is in the Philippines,” he told
countrymen in Europe, “There is where we The aims of the La Liga Filipina is contained “His conduct during the four years he
should meet… There we will help one in its Constitution prepared by Rizal himself. stayed in Dapitan as a deportee proved that
he was an exemplary character worthy of to remain its guest until August, 1896. When Rizal’s exile to Dapitan in
pardon. He was not involved in the Dr. Jose Rizal was exiled in Dapitan, he was northwestern Mindanao on 17 July 1892 has
conspiracy or in any of the secret societies in the best of his life and was already an caused him great deal of pain, however, he
that have been formed.” acclaimed man. To use Captain Ricardo managed to use his time and skills
Carnicero’s words, “attained a certain level of productively to ease his seclusion. Rizal kept
On July 31, 1896, concludes Rizal’s popularity in the Philippines.” himself busy with various pursuits and
exile. He embarked on board the steamer occupations; he would perform the role as an
España. Many wept as the steamer sailed Under the close watch of Carnicero, educator, as a doctor, a farmer, an artist,
away, an unusually music was being played military governor of the district, Rizal would architect and engineer, as an entrepreneur,
on the background, the sorrowful Funeral farm, fish, plant and raise chickens. He built archaeologist, and naturalist at the same
March of Chopin. As its melancholy melody his own house, constructed dikes, wrote time. As a farmer, and concerned with the
floated in the air, Rizal must have felt it poetry, attended to his growing number of welfare of the Dapitanons’, Rizal cultivated a
deeply, for with his presentiment of death, it patients as the town doctor, and educated the 34-hectare farm in Katipunan, Zamboanga
seemed a requiem.(Zaide, 1999) young boys of the town in his special school. del Norte, some 38 kilometers south of
Talisay, Dapitan where the museum in his
Rizal’s exile in Dapitan Thus, this pristine and artless town
honor stands today. Rizal also established a
sprang to life at his inventiveness. Rizal, in
While Rizal steered the people to be school and dormitory for boys in Talisay as
essence, endeavored to educate and
united, his enemies busied themselves well as a clinic where he treated ailments and
organize the people on how to “make a better
setting a trap for him. In just the week of his performed eye surgery. With engineering and
living,” and they believed him for it.
homecoming, while he pleaded the case of architectural skills, he built a dam and
his family for pardon from Governor-General Rizal formed a cooperative purposely waterworks in Talisay and set up the town
Despujol, there were found leaflets in the to unite and empower the Dapitan farmers. plaza of Dapitan with street lighting.
baggage of his sister who came along with
In a letter to his brother, he explains, Rizal also spearheaded to conduct
him from Hongkong. They were found to be
“here I have become half physician half archaeological excavations uncovering pre-
anti-friar manifestos. For all the kindness he
businessman. I have established a colonial artifacts; as a naturalist, he collected
accorded to the imploring Rizal, Governor
commercial company here. I have taught the biological and botanical specimens, a few of
Despujol felt betrayed. He had Rizal detained
poor Mindanao folks to unite for trading so which were named after him; and as a
in Fort Santiago despite the latter’s vehement
they may become independent and free linguist, he studied Visayan and Malayan
plea of innocence. He was later banished to
themselves from the Chinese and thus be languages. Rizal continued his literary
Dapitan at the shore of Zamboanga del Norte
less exploited. But I have to talk a great deal pursuits while in exile.
in Mindanao where he was to remain in exile
for the next four years. to the local governor, who despite being a
It was also in Talisay where Rizal met
good man, is a supporter of the Chinese and
and fell in love with Josephine Bracken,
This sleeping far-flung coastal town of prefers being with the Mongol than the
whose adoptive father Rizal had treated as a
Zamboanga was honored to have Mindanao people. Fortunately, the company
patient in Dapitan. Rizal wrote a poem to
accommodated its once-in-a-lifetime is prospering; we make a little
Josephine, A Josefina, and asked his family
distinguished but unwilling guest. Rizal was profit.”(Engaging Jose Rizal:109)
to accept her as one of their own. Jose and anything despite being his body broken and Philippines. Dominguez submitted the
Josephine lived as husband and wife in the
his left hand crushed. papers of the Rizal case to Malacañan
casa residencia, where family members
stayed during their visits. Palace.
20 November: Preliminary investigation
Rizal’s productive years in Dapitan
transformed the lives, attitudes, and began with Rizal appearing before Judge 15 December: Rizal issued his manifesto to
consciousness of the Dapitanons. Advocate Colonel Francisco Olive. The certain Filipinos calling to end the “absurd”
investigation lasted five days. rebellion and to fight for liberties with
education as a prerequisite. The authorities
ARREST, TRIAL AND EXECUTION OF
26 November: The records of the case were supressed the manifesto.
JOSE RIZAL (A TIMELINE)
handed over to Governor General Ramon
Rizal’s rendezvous with the blood- Blanco who then appointed Captain Rafael 25 December: Rizal’s saddest Christmas,
stained historic field of Bagumbayan
Dominguez as special Judge Advocate. away from family and friends.
progressed with remarkable speed.

8 December: From a list submitted to him by 26 December, 8:00 AM: Trial of Rizal began
6 October 1896, 3:00 AM: On his 4th day of the authorities, he chose the brother of his at the Cuartel de España. On the same day,
being held in his cabin at the MV Isla de friend, Lt. Luis Taviel de Andrade to become the court-martial secretly and unanimously
Panay docked at Barcelona, Spain on his his trial lawyer. He was only made to choose voted for a guilty verdict with the penalty of
way to Cuba, Rizal was awakened to be among army officers and not a civilian lawyer. death before a firing squad.
brought to Montjuich Prison in Barcelona,
Spain. 11 December: In his prison cell, Rizal was 28 December: Polavieja signs the death
6 October, 2:00 PM: Interview with General read the charges against him: “principal verdict.
Eulogio Despujol organizer and the living soul of the Filipino
insurrection, the founder of societies, 29 December, 6:00 AM: Rizal was read his
6 October, 8:00 PM: Aboard the Colon, Rizal periodicals and books dedicated to fomenting verdict by Captain Rafael Dominguez: To be
left Barcelona for Manila. and propagating the ideas of rebellion.” shot the next day at 7:00 AM at the Luneta de
3 November: Rizal was brought to Fort Bagumbayan (Rizal Park).
Santiago, where other patriots, including his 13 December: Ramon Blanco was replaced
brother Paciano, were being tortured to by Camilo de Polavieja, a more ruthless 29 December, 7:00 AM: Rizal was
implicate him. Paciano refused to sign character, as Governor General of the transferred to the chapel cell adorned by
religious images to convince him to go back stanzas which he wrote in his flowing After their visit, Fathers Vilaclara and
to the Catholic fold. His first visitors were handwriting in a very small piece of paper. Estanislao March returned to the cell followed
Jesuit priests Fathers Miguel Saderra Mata He hid it inside his alcohol stove. The by Father Rosell.
and Luis Viza. untitled poem was later known as Mi Ultimo
Adios (My Last Farewell). In its second 29 December, 6:00 PM: Rizal was visited by
29 December, 7:15 AM: After Fr. Saderra stanza, he already praised the revolutionaries the Dean of the Manila Cathedral, Don
left, Rizal asked Fr. Viza for the Sacred Heart in the battlefield for giving their lives “without Silvino Lopez Tuñon. Father March left
statuette which he carved when he was an doubt, without gloom.” Father Vilaclara to be with the two.
Ateneo student. From his pocket the
statuette appears. 29 December, 8:00 PM: Rizal’s last supper
29 December, 3:00 PM: According to an where he informed Captain Dominguez that
29 December, 8:00 AM: Fr. Viza was account of the agent of the Cuerpo de he already forgave those who condemned
relieved by Fr. Antonio Rosell who joined Vigilancia guarding Rizal’s cell, Rizal signed him.
Rizal for breakfast. Lt. Luis Taviel de what seems to be the document retracting his
Andrade joins them. anti-Catholic writings and his membership in 29 December, 9:30 PM: Rizal was visited by
masonry. This event is a contentious issue the fiscal of the Royal Audiencia of Manila,
29 December, 9:00 AM: Fr. Federico Faura, among Rizal experts. Don Gaspar Cestaño with whom Rizal
who once said that Rizal would lose his head offered the best chair of the cell. According
for writing the Noli Me Tangere, arrived. 29 December, 4:00 PM: Visit of Rizal’s to accounts, the fiscal left with “a good
Rizal told him, “Father you are indeed a mother, Teodora Alonso. Then Rizal’s sister impression of Rizal’s intelligence and noble
prophet.” Trinidad entered to get her mother and Rizal character.”
29 December, 10:00 AM: Fathers José whispered to her in English referring to the
Vilaclara and Estanislao March visited Rizal, alcohol stove, “There is something inside.” 30 December, 5:30 AM: Rizal took his last
followed by a Spanish journalist, Santiago They were also accompanied by Narcisa, meal. According to stories told to Narcisa by
Mataix of El Heraldo de Madrid, for an Lucia, Josefa, Maria and son Mauricio Cruz. Lt. Luis Taviel de Andrade, Rizal threw some
interview. Leoncio Lopez Rizal, Narcisa’s eleven-year- eggs in the corner of a cell for the “poor rats,”
29 December, 12:00-3:30 PM: Rizal’s time old son, was not allowed to enter the cell. “Let them have their fiesta too.” Rizal also
alone in his cell. He had lunch, wrote letters While leaving for their carriages, an official wrote to his family and to his brother.
and probably wrote his last poem of 14 handed over the alcohol stove to Narcisa.
30 December, 5:00 AM: Teary-eyed Postigo gate then left at Malecon, the bayside 30 December 1896, afternoon: Narcisa, after
Josephine Bracken and Josefa Rizal came. road now known as Bonifacio Drive. a long search, discovered where her
According to the testimony of the agent of brother’s body was secretly buried, at the old
the Cuerpo de Vigilancia, Josephine and 30 December, 7:00 AM: Rizal, after arriving unused Paco Cemetery. She asked the
Rizal were married. Josephine was gifted by on the execution site at the Luneta de guards to place a marble plaque designed by
Rizal with the classic Thomas á Kempis Bagumbayan, was checked with his pulse by Doroteo Ongjungco containing Rizal’s initials
book Imitations of Christ in which he Dr. Felipe Ruiz Castillo. It was perfectly in reverse—“RPJ.”
inscribed, “To my dear and unhappy wife, normal. Rizal once wrote, “I wish to show
Josephine, December 30th, 1896, Jose those who deny us patriotism that we know 17 August 1898: Four days after the Mock
Rizal.” They embraced for the last time. how to die for our duty and our convictions.” Battle of Manila when the Americans took
30 December, 6:00 AM: Rizal wrote his over the city, the remains of Rizal where
father, Francisco Mercado “My beloved “Preparen.” “Apunten.” Rizal shouted, exhumed. They were brought to Narcisa’s
Father, Pardon me for the pain with which I “Consummatum est.” It is done. house, washed and cleansed and were
repay you for sorrows and sacrifices for my 30 December, 7:03 AM: With the captain placed in an ivory urn designed by Romualdo
education. I did not want nor did I prefer it. shouting “Fuego!” Shouts rang out from the Teodoro de Jesus. The urn stayed there until
Goodbye, Father, goodbye… Jose Rizal.” To guns of eight indio soldiers. Rizal, being a 1912.
his mother, he had only these words, “To my convicted criminal was not facing the firing
very dear Mother, Sra. Dña Teodora Alonso 6 squad. As he was hit, he resists and turns 29 December 1912: From Estraude Street in
o’clock in the morning, December 30, 1896. himself to face his executors. He falls down, Binondo, Manila, the urn was transferred in a
Jose Rizal.” and dies facing the sky. procession headed by the masons and the
Knights of Rizal to the marble hall of the
30 December, 6:30 AM: Death march from “Viva España! Muerte a los traidores!” Ayuntamiento de Manila, where it stayed
Fort Santiago to Bagumbayan begins. 4 overnight with the Knights on guard.
soldiers with bayoneted rifles lead the
But in two years, the victorious Philippine
procession followed by Rizal, Taviel de 30 December 1912, morning: In a solemn
revolutionaries will seal the fate of the
Andrade, Fathers Vilaclara and March and procession, the urn began its last journey to
Spanish Empire in the east. Three hundred
other soldiers. They passed by the Rizal’s final resting place the base of the
thirty three years of Spanish Colonialism
Intramuros plaza, then turned right to the soon-to-rise national monument to José
ended in 1898.
Rizal.
30 December 1913: The Rizal National detection by the Spain authorities and the • Rizal wrote on his travel diary: “ The general
friars apperance of Point Galle is picturestic but
Monument at the Luneta was inaugurated.  Jose Mercado – Rizal used this name; a lonely and quiet and at the same time sad”
Its original design name was “Motto Stella” cousin from • Colombo – capital of Ceylon
Biñan • Rizal was enamored by Colombo because
(Guiding Star) and was made by Swiss of its scenic beauty and elegant buildings
 May 3, 1882 – Rizal departed on board the
sculptor Dr. Richard Kissling who earlier also Spanish •“Colombo is more beautiful,
streamer Salvadora bound for Singapore smart and elegant than Singapore, Point
made the National Monument to William Tell,
Galle and Manila”
the National Hero of Switzerland. SINGAPORE • Aden – city hotter than Manila; Rizal was
• Donato Lecha – the ship captain from amused to see the camels, for the first time
Asturias. Spain • City of Suez – the Red Sea terminal of the
30 December 2012: The transfer of the befriended Rizal. Rizal described him as an Suez Canal
remains of Rizal from Binondo to the site of affable man, • Rizal was impressed in the beautiful
“much more refined than his other moonlight which reminded him of Calamba
the Rizal Monument was recreated one countrymen and and his family
hundred years later by the Order of the colleagues that I have met. • Suez Canal – canal which built by
• Rizal played chess with his fellow Ferdinand de Lesseps (French diplomat-
Knights of Rizal and the National Historical engineer) which was inaugurated on
passengers who were
Commission of the Philippines in much older that he November 17, 1869
th • May 8, 1882 – while the streamer was • Port Said – the Mediterranean terminal of
commemoration of Rizal’s 116 Martyrdom
approaching the Suez Canal
Anniversary. Singapore, Rizal was a beautiful island,
fascinated by its NAPLES AND MARSEILLES
scenic beauty, he remembers “Talim Island • June 11, 1882 – Rizal reached Naples –
Ang Paglalakbay Rizal was pleased
with the Susong
Dalaga” on this Italian City because of its business
SPAIN
activity, its lively
 Aside from studying in Spain he was on a
FROM SINGAPORE TO COLOMBO people ad its panoramic beauty • Night of
secret mission. June 12, 1882 –
• May 9, 1882 - the Salvadora docked at
This mission was to observe keenly the life the steamer docked at the French harbor of
Singapore
and culture, Marseilles
• Hotel de la Paz – Rizal registered here and
languages and customs, industries and • Rizal visited the famouse Chateau d’If,
spent two days on a sightseeing soiree of the
commerce, and where Dantes,
city, which was a colony of England
government and laws of the European hero of the Count of Monte Cristo was
• In Singapore, Rizal transferred to another
nations in order imprisoned
ship Djemnah, a French streamer, which left
to prepare himself in the great task of • Rizal stayed two and a half days in
Singapore for Europe on May 11, 1882
liberating his Marseilles
• May 17, 1882 – Djemnah reached Point
oppressed people from the Spanish tyranny.
Galle, a seacoast twon in southern Ceylon
The course BARCELONA
(now Sri Lanka)
to Spain is the start of Rizal’s travels. • Afternoon of May 15, 1882 – Rizal left
 Rizal’s departure for Spain was kept secret Merseilles by train
to avoid
for the last lap of his trip to Spain his younger brother to finish the medical Filipinos held in the evening of December
• Rizal crossed the Pyreness and stopped for course in Madrid 31, 1882
a day at the • Rizal left Barcelona in the fall of 1882 • In this sad poem, Rizal poured out the cry of
frontier town of Port Bou established himself his agonizing heart
• June 16, 1882 – Rizal finally reached his in Madrid, the capital of Spain. • Rizal economized on his living expenses,
destination – Barcelona and with the money he saved, he purchased
Rizal’s first impression of Barcelona, the LIFE IN MADRID books from a second- hand book store
greatest city of Cataluña and Spain’s second • November 3, 1882 – Rizal enrolled In the owned by a certain Señor Roses
largest city was unfavorable Universidad Central de Madrid (Central • Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin and
• Las Ramblas – the most famous street in University of Madrid) in two courses – Eugene Sue’s TheWandering Jew - these
Barcelona Medicine and Philosophy and Letters two books aroused Rizal’s sympathy for the
• Amor Patrio (Love of Country) – nationalistic • Academy of Fine Arts of San Fernando – oppressed and unfortunate people
essay, Rizal’s first article written on Spain’s Rizal studied painting and sculpture
soil • Rizal’s only extravagance was investing a FIRST VISIT TO PARIS (1883)
• Under his pen-name Laong Laan, appeared few pesetas for a lottery ticket in every draw • During his first summer vacation in Madrid,
in print in of the Madrid Lottery Rizal went to Paris, gay capital of France
Diariong Tagalog on August 20, 1882 • Rizal spent his leisure time reading and • The prices of food, drinks, theatre, tickets,
• It was published in two texts – Spanish and writing at his boarding house, attending the laundry, hotel accommodations, and
Tagalog – the Spanish text was the one reunions of Filipino students transportation were too high for Rizal’s
originally written by Rizal in Barcelona, the at the house of the Paterno brothers slender purse so that he commented in a
tagalog text was a Tagalog translation (Antonio, Maximo and letter to his family: “Paris is the costliest
made by M.H. del Pilar Pedro) and practicing fencing and shooting at capital in Europe.”
• Basilio Teodoro Moran – a friend of Rizal in the gymnasium • June 17 to August 20, 1883- Rizal sojourn
Manila and the publisher of Diariong Tagalog • Antigua Café de Levante – during the in Paris
where Rizal sent this summer twilights, this is where Rizal sipped • Hotel de Paris- located on 37 Rue de
article coffee and fraternized with the Maubange wherein Rizal billeted but later, he
• Diariong Tagalog – the first Manila bilingual students from Cuba, Mexico, Argentina etc moved to a cheaper hotel on 124 Rue de
newspaper • On Saturday evenings, Rizal would visit the Rennes in the Latin Quarter
(Spanish and Tagalog) home of Don Pablo Ortiga y Rey (former city Laennec Hospital- where Rizal observed Dr.
• Los Viajes (Travels) – Rizal’s second article mayor of Manila) who now Nicaise treating his patients
for Diariong Tagalog lived in Madrid with his son (Rafael) and • Lariboisiere Hospital- where Rizal observed
• Rizal received sad news about the cholera daughter (Consuelo). the examination of different diseases of
that was ravaging Manila and the provinces women
according to Paciano’s • Circulo Hispano-Filipino (Hispano-Philippine • Rizal was impressed by the way the
letter, dated September 15, 1882 Circle)- a society of Spaniards and Filipinos Spanish Mason openlyand freely criticized
• Another sad news from the Philippines was which Rizal joined shortly the government policies and lambasted the
the chatty letter of Chengoy recounting the after his arrival in Madrid in 1882 friars, which could not be done in Philippines
unhappiness of Leonor • Me Piden Versos (They Ask Me For • March 1883- Rizal joined the Masonic lodge
Rivera Verses)- upon the request of the members of called Acacia in Madrid
• In one of his letters (dated May 26, 1882) this society, Rizal wrote this • Rizal’s reason for becoming a mason was to
Paciano advised poem which he personally declaimed during secure Free mansory’s aid in his fight against
the New Year’s Eve reception of the Madrid the friars in the Philippines
• Lodge Solidaridad (Madrid) – Rizal •These student demonstrations were caused PARIS TO BERLIN (1885-1887)
transferred where he became a Master by the addressof Dr. Miguel Morayta,  Rizal went to Paris and Germany in order to
Mason on November 15, 1890 professor of history, at the specialize in ophthalmology—Rizal chose this
• February 15, 1892- Rizal was awarded the opening ceremonies of the academic year on branch of medicine
diploma as Master Mason by Le Grand Orient November 20, in which because he wanted to cure his mother’s eye
de France in Paris he proclaimed “the freedom of science and ailment
• Science, Virtue and Labor- Rizal’s only the teacher”
Masonic writing; a lecture which he delivered • The Rector, who also took the side of the IN GAY PARIS (1885-1886)
in 1889 at Lodge Solidaridad, students, was forced to resign and was • Maximo Viola- a medical student and a
Madrid replaced by Doctor Creus, “a very member of a rich family of San Miguel,
• After Rizal’s departure for Spain, things unpopular man, disliked by everybody” Bulacan, Rizal’s friend
turned from bad to worse in Calamba: • November 26, 1884- Rizal wrote the • Señor Eusebio Corominas- editor of the
(1) harvests of rice and sugarcane failed on recounting tumultuous riots to his family newspaper La Publicidad and made a crayon
account of drought and locusts • June 21, 1884- Rizal completed his medical sketch of Don Miguel Morayta, owner of La
(2) the manager of the Dominican-owned course in Spain; he was conferred the degree Publicidad and a stasman
hacienda increased the rentals of the of Licentiate in • Rizal gave Editor Corominas an article on
lands Medicine by the Universidad Central de the Carolines Question, then a controversial
(3) a dreadful pest killed most of the turkeys. Madrid issue, for publication
Due to hard times in Calamba, the monthly • The next academic year (1884-1885), Rizal • November 1885, Rizal was living in Paris
allowances of Rizal in Madrid were late in studied and passed all subjects leading to the where he sojourned for about four months
arrival and there were times when theynever degree of Doctor of • Dr. Louis de Weckert (1852-1906)- leading
arrived. Medicine but he did not present the thesis French ophthalmologist wherein Rizal worked
• June 24, 1884- a touching incident in Rizal’s required for graduation nor paid the as an assistant from
life in Madrid wherein he was broke and was corresponding fees, he was not November 1885 to February 1886
unable to take breakfast - Rizal attended his awarded his Doctor’s diploma • Paz Pardo de Tavera- was a pretty girl, who
class at the university, participated in • June 19, 1885- on his 24th birthday, Rizal was engaged to Juan Luna
the contest in Greek language and won the was awarded the degree of Licentiate in • At the studio of Luna, Rizal spent many
gold medal Philosophy and Letters by the Universidad happy hours. Rizal helped Luna by posing as
• Evening of June 25, 1884- a banquet was Central de Madrid with the rating model in several paintings
sponsored by the Filipino community to of “Excellent”: (Sobresaliente) • In Luna’s canvas “The Death of Cleopatra,“
celebrate the double victory of • November 26, 1884- a letter to Rizal’s Rizal posed as an Egyptian priest. In another
the Filipino artist in the National Exposition of family written in Madrid wherein he said “My of Luna’s great paintings, “The Blood
Fine Arts in Madrid—Luna’s Spoliarium doctorate is not of very much value to me… Compact,” he posed as Sikatuna, with
winning the first prize and because although it is useful to a Trinidad
Hidalgo’s Christian Virgins Exposed to the university professor, yet, I believe they Pardo de Tavera taking the role of Legazpi
Populace (Dominican friars—Z) will never appoint me • November 27, 1878- Rizal told Enrique Lete
(Virgenes Cristianas Expuestas al as such in the College of Santo Tomas. I say that he “learned the solfeggio, the piano, the
Populacho), second prize the same thing of philosophy and letters voice culture in one
• November 20, 21, and 22, 1884- the serene which may serve also for a professorship, but month and a half”
city of Madrid I doubt if the Dominican fathers will grant it to
exploded in bloody riots by the students of me.” • By sheer determination and constant
theCentral University practice, Rizal came to play the flute fairly
well. He was a flutist in various impromptu • Rizal heard Mass in a Catholic church;
reunions of Filipinos in Paris • July 31, 1886- Rizal evidently, this Mass
• Alin Mang Lahi (Any Race)-a patriotic song wrote his first letter in German (which he had impressed him very much, for he wrote on his
written by Rizal which asserts that any race improved after his stay with the Ullmers) to diary: “Truly Ihave never in my life heard a
aspires for freedom Professor Blumentritt, Mass whose music had
• La Deportacion (Deportation)- a sad danza Director of the Ateneo of Leitmeritz, Austria greater sublimity and intonation.”
which Rizal composed in Dapitan during his • Aritmetica (Arithmetic)-Rizal sent this book • Morning of November 1, 1886- Rizal left
exile he mentioned and was published in two Dresden by train reaching Berlin in the
languages— Spanish and Tagalog evening
IN HISTORIC HEIDELBERG —by the University of Santo Tomas Press in
• February 1, 1886- Rizal reluctantly left gay 1868. the author was Rufino Baltazar BERLIN
Paris fro Germany Hernandez, a native of Santa • Rizal met for the first time Dr. Feodor Jagor,
• February 3, 1886- Rizal arrived in Cruz, Laguna celebrated German scientist-traveler and
Heidelberg, a historic city in Germany famous • August 6, 1886- the famous University of author of Travels in the
for its old university and Heidelberg held its fifth centenary celebration Philippines, a book which Rizal read and
romantic surroundings admired during his student days in Manila
• Chess Player’s Club- a club wherein the IN LEIPZIG AND DRESDEN • Dr. Rudolf Virchow- introduced to Rizal by
students made Rizal as a member because • August 9, 1886- Rizal left Heidelberg Dr. Jagor; famous German anthropologist
of being a good chess player • August 14, 1886- boarded by a train. Rizal • Dr. Hans Virchow- son of Dr. Rudolf
• Dr. Otto Becker- distinguished German arrived in Leipzig Virchow, professor of Descriptive Anatomy
ophthalmologist where Rizal worked— • Professor Friedrich Ratzel- a famous • Dr. W. Joest- noted German geographer
University Eye Hospital German historian, Rizal befriend with him • Dr. Ernest Schweigger (1830-1905)- famous
• April 22, 1886- Rizal wrote a fine poem “A • Dr. Hans Meyer- German anthropologist, a German ophthalmologist where Rizal worked
Las Flores de Heidelberg” (To the Flowers of friend of Rizal • Rizal became a member of the
Heidelberg) • In Leipzig, Rizal translated Schiller’s William Anthropological Society, the Ethnological
• In the spring of 1886, Rizal was fascinated Tell from German into Tagalog so that Society, and the Geographical Society of
by the blooming flowers along the cool banks Filipino might know the story of that Berlin, upon the recommendation of Dr. Jagor
of the Neckar River. Among them was his champion of Swiss independence and Dr. Meyer
favorite flower— the light blue “forget-me- • Rizal also translated into Tagalog for his • Tagalische Verkunst (Tagalog Metrical Art)-
not” nephews and niece Hans Andersen’s Fairy Rizal wrote this scholarly paper in German
• Wilhelmsfeld- a mountainous village near Tales which he read before the
Heidelberg where Rizal spent a three-month • Rizal found out that the cost of living in society in April 1887
summer vacation Leipzig was cheapest in Europe so that he • this paper was published by the society in
• Dr. Karl Ullmer- a kind Protestant pastor stayed two months and a half the same year, and elicited favorable
where Rizal stayed, who became his good • Because of his knowledge of German, comments from all scientific quarters
friend and admirer Spanish, and other European languages, • Rizal lived in Berlin, famous capital of
• June 25, 1886- Rizal ended his sojourn at Rizal worked as proof- reader in a unified Germany for five reasons:
Pastor Ullmer’s home publisher’s firm (1) to gain further knowledge of
• May 29, 1887- Rizal wrote from Munich • October 29, 1886- Rizal left Leipzig for ophthalmology
(Muchen) to Friedrich (Fritz), son of Pastor Dresden where he met Dr. Adolph B. Meyer, (2) to further his studies of sciences and
Ullmer Director of the Anthropological languages
and Ethnological Museum (3) to observe the economic and political
conditions of the German nation  Professor Blumentritt- a kind-hearted, old THE TRAVELS OF RIZAL
(4) to associate with famous German Austrian professor
scientists and scholars  May 13 to May 16, 1887- Rizal and Viola Disillusioned with how Filipinos in the Philippines
(5) to publish his novel, Noli Me Tangere stayed in Leitmeritz were regarded as second-class citizens in
• Madame Lucie Cerdole-Rizal’s professor of  Burgomaster- town mayor institutions of learning and elsewhere, the
French in order to master the idiomatic  Pobres Frailles (Poor Friars)- incriminatory National Hero Jose Rizal left the country in May
intricacies of the French leaflets 1882 to pursue further studies abroad. He
language which allegedly found in Lucia’s pillow cases; enrolled in a course in medicine at the
• Unter den Linden- the most popular it is under the authorship of Fr. Jacinto and Universidad Central de Madrid in Spain. In June
boulevard of Berlin printed by the Imprenta de los Amigos del 1883, he traveled to France to observe how
wherein Rizal enjoyed promenading, sipping Pais, Manila medicine was being practiced there.
beer in the  Rizal was placed under arrest and escorted
city’s inns and talking with the friendly to Fort Santiago by Ramon Despujol, nephew
Berliners and aide of Governor General Despujol
•March 11, 1886 - one of Rizal’s important  July 7, 1892- the Gaceta de Manila After his three-month sojourn in France, Rizal
letters written while he was in Germany that published the story of Rizal’s arrest which returned to Madrid and thought about publishing a
addressed to his sister, produced indignant commotion among the book that exposed the colonial relationship of
Trinidad - in this letter, Rizal expressed his Filipino people, particlarly the members of the Spain and the Philippines. This idea was realized
high regard and admiration for German newly organized Liga Filipina in March 1887, with the publication of the
womanhood - The German woman, said
 The same issue of the Gaceta (july 7, 1892) novel Noli Me Tangere in Germany.
Rizal to his sister, is serious, diligent,
contained Governor General Despujol’s
educated, and
decree deporting Rizal to
friendly. She is not gossipy, frivolous and
“one of the islands in the South”
quarrelsome
 July 14, 1892, shortly after midnight (that is Rizal was actively involved in the Propaganda
• Aside from the German women, Rizal
12:30 am of July 15, 1892) – Rizal was movement, composed of Filipinos in Spain who
admired the German customs which he
brought under heavy sought to direct the attention of Spaniards to the
observed well
guard to the steamer Cebu which was sailing concerns of the Spanish colony in the Philippines.
for Dapitan. This steamer under Captain He wrote articles for publications in Manila and
RIZAL’S GRAND TOUR OF EUROPE WITH
Delgras departed at 1:00 AM, July 15, sailing abroad; convened with overseas Filipinos to
VIOLA
south, passing Mindoro and Panay and discuss their duty to the country; and called on
• May 11, 1887- Rizal and Viola left Berlin by
reaching Dapitan on Sunday, the 17 th of July Spanish authorities to institute reforms in the
train
at 7:00 in the evening Philippines, such as granting freedom of the press
• Dresden- one of the best cities in Germany
 Captain Ricardo Carnicero- Spanish and Filipino in the Spanish Cortes.
LEITMERITZ commandant of Dapitan whom Captain
Delgras handed Rizal
 At 1:30pm of May 13, 1887- the train, with
Rizal and  July 17, 1892- July 31, 2896- Rizal began
Viola on board, arrived at the railroad station his exile in lonely Dapitan, a period of four
years Rizal returned to Manila in August 1887, after
of Leitmeritz, Bohemia five years in Europe. However, his homecoming
 for the first time, the two great scholars — was met by the friars’ furor over Noli Me Tangere.
Rizal and Blumentritt —met in person The Archbishop of Manila issued an order
banning the possession and reading of the novel,
an order that was later reinforced by the governor- In March 1891, Rizal finished writing his second In a latter to his friend, Ferdinand Blumentritt,
general. Six months later, pressured by the novel, El Filibusterismo, in France. He planned to on December 19, 1893, Rizal described his
Spanish authorities as well as by his family and publish the book in Belgium, but was financially peaceful life in Dapitan.
friends to leave the country and avoid further hard up. His brother’s support from back home
persecution, Rizal left Manila for Hong Kong. was delayed in coming, and he was scrimping on "I shall tell you how we lived here. I have
meals and expenses. Finally, in September three houses-one square, another hexagonal,
1890, El Filibusterismo was published in Ghent and the third octagonal. All these houses are
using donations from Rizal’s friends. made of bamboo, wood, and nipa. I live in the
From Hong Kong, Rizal traveled to Macau and square house, together with my mother, my
Japan before going to America. Entering San sister, Trinidad, and my nephew. In the
Francisco, California, in April 1888, he visited the octagonal house live some young boys who
states of Nevada, Utah, Colorado, Nebraska, Meanwhile, a rivalry had ensued between Rizal are my pupils. The hexagonal house is my
Illinois, and New York. He jotted down his and del Pilar over the leadership of the Asociación barn where I keep my chickens.
observations of the landscape in his diary. Hispano Filipino in Spain. Rizal decided to leave
Europe to avoid the worsening rift between the "From my house, I hear the murmur of a clear
Rizalistas and Pilaristas, and to help maintain brook which comes from the high rocks. I see
unity among Filipino expatriates. After staying for the seashore where I keep two boats, which
some time in Hong Kong, where he practiced are called barotos here.
Rizal arrived in England in May 1888. In
August, he was admitted to the British medicine and planned to build a “New Calamba”
"I have many fruit trees, such as mangoes,
Museum, where he copied Antonio de Morga’s by relocating landless Filipinos to Borneo, Rizal lanzones, guayabanos, baluno, nangka, etc. I
massive study of the Philippines, Sucesos de came home to the Philippines in June 1892. have rabbits, dogs, cats, and other animals.
las Islas Filipinas, which Rizal later annotated "I rise early in the morning-at five-visit my
for publication “as a gift to the Filipinos.” In plants, feed the chickens, awaken my people,
the museum he devoted his time reading all and prepare our breakfast. At half-past
the sources on Philippine history that he could Peaceful Life in Dapitan seven, we eat our breakfast, which consists
find. He kept up his correspondence with various of tea, bread, cheese, sweets, and other
people, including his family, who were being During the early part of his exile in Dapitan,
things.
oppressed by the Spanish religious landowners; Rizal lived at the commandant’s residence.
"After breakfast, I treat the poor patients who
the Filipino patriots in Spain; and his Austrian With his prize from the Manila Lottery and his
come to my house. Then I dress and go to
friend, Ferdinand Blumentritt, with whom he earnings as a farmer and a merchant, he
Dapitan in my baroto. I am busy the whole
planned to form an association of Philippine bought a piece of land near the shore of
morning, attending to my patients in town.
scholars. From 1888 to 1890 he shuttled Talisay near Dapitan. On this land, he built
"At noon, I return home to Talisay for lunch.
between London and Paris, where he wrote three houses- all made of bamboo, wood,
Then, from 2:00 to 4:00 p.m., I am busy as a
ethnographic and history-related studies, as and nipa. The first house which was square
teacher. I teach the young boys.
well as political articles. He also frequently in shape was his home. The second house
"I spend the rest of the afternoon in farming.
visited Spain, where he met with fellow Filipino was the living quarters of his pupils. And the
My pupils help me in watering the plants,
intellectuals like Marcelo H. del Pilar, Mariano third house was the barn where he kept his
pruning the fruits, and planting many kinds of
Ponce, and Graciano Lopez-Jaena. chickens. The second house had eight sides,
trees. We stop at 6:00 p.m. for the Angelus
while the third had six sides.
"I spend the night reading and writing."
Rizal in Manila Bay Rizal was transferred to the boat Isla de errors.” In other words, Rizal, a Mason, was said
Panay at 6:00 o’clock in the evening. He was to have recanted his statements against the
6 August 1896 met by the captain of the boat, Capt. Church and to have returned to the Catholic faith.
At dawn the España entered Manila Bay. He Alemany, and was given the best cabin.
was not able to depart immediately for Spain, Later, he wrote a letter to his mother
because the Isla de Luzon which Rizal was informing her of his good health on board the
supposed to board left the day before they ship.
arrived at Manila. The controversy over Rizal’s retraction has not
been settled. The “original” document of Rizal’s
He informed his mother of his departure for “retraction” was found in the archdiocesan
6 August to 2 September 1896 Cuba, comforting her that everybody is in the
For twenty-seven days, from Thursday, archives in 1935, 39 years after having
hands of the Divine Providence. To his disappeared the day Rizal was shot. There was
August 6, to Wednesday, September 2,1896, sisters, he urged them to take good care and
Rizal was kept under arrest aboard the no record of anybody seeing this “original”
and love their aged parents the way they document in 1896, except the publishers of La
cruiser, Castilla, anhored off Cañacao, expect their children to love them.
Cavite. Voz Española, which published its contents on the
day of Rizal’s execution: “We have seen and read
12 August 1896 his (Rizal’s) own handwritten retraction which he
RIZAL’S LAST HOURS sent to our dear and venerable Archbishop….”
He sent a letter to his sister Narcisa , asking
her to let Josephine Bracken send him pants, Most experts think that the handwriting on the
On December 26, 1896, the military court tried document is authentic. However, scholars are
vests, collars, and cuffs, through a certain
Jose Rizal and later found him guilty of rebellion, baffled as to why Rizal, who courageously faced
Prudencio Bulag.
sedition, and conspiracy. The Spanish authorities persecution for most of his life, and who was
believed that Rizal’s writings “fatally and finally sentenced to death for his beliefs, would
19 August 1896
necessarily” incited the rebellion which, by 1896, suddenly balk at the last, futile moment. (For more
He advised his parents and sisters how they
had already become a revolution. On December discussion on Rizal’s retraction, see Garcia, 1964;
could visit him on board the Castilla, and
29 at 6 a.m., Capt. Rafael Dominguez read before Guerrero, 1998; and Vaño, 1985).
likewise requested Narcisa to buy fruits for
Rizal his death sentence. His execution was
the officers of the cruiser, who treated him
scheduled the following day.
well.

25 August 1896 In his last hours Rizal read the Bible and Thomas
In a letter, he thanked his sister Narcisa for à Kempis’s Imitation of Christ, which he later
the hospitality she had shown by letting At around 7 a.m. of December 29, Rizal was dedicated to Josephine Bracken. He also wrote
Josephine Bracken stay in her house. transferred to his death cell in Fort Santiago. the poem “Mi Ultimo Adiós,” which he concealed
There he received numerous visitors, including his in an alcohol burner. When his family came to see
30 August 1896 counsel; some Spanish officials; and several him, he asked pardon from his mother and talked
Governor Ramon Balnco sent Rizal a letter priests, his former professors, with whom he to his sisters as they entered his cell one by one.
recommending him to the Minister of War, supposedly discussed reason and religion. The He also wrote letters. In his last letter, addressed
saying that Rizal’s conduct in Dapitan was Archbishop of Manila, Rev. Bernardino Nozaleda, to Paciano Rizal, he asked his brother to ask their
exemplary and that he had no connection at recalled: “During that day, although Rizal did not father for forgiveness for all the pain he had
all with the Philippine Revolution. reject [the Jesuits], he persisted in his errors caused him. To his friend Ferdinand Blumentritt,
contrary to the Catholic faith.… However, at the he wrote: “When you receive this letter, I shall be
2 September 1896 last hour, Rizal abjured, in writing, his religious dead by then…. Tomorrow at seven, I shall be
shot; but I am innocent of the crime of rebellion…. which is not to say that a hidden hand will not newspaper in January, 1890, and written by
I am going to die with a tranquil conscience.” put an end to your life." one Vicente Barrantes. In like manner, a
member of the Senate in the Spanish Cortes
A special committee of the faculty of the assailed the novel as "anti-Catholic,
University of Santo Tomas, at the request of Protestant, socialistic."
At 7 a.m. on December 30, 1896 at Luneta, the Archbishop Pedro Payo, found and
Manila, the 35-year-old patriot was shot in the condemned the novel as heretical, impious, It is well to note that not detractors alone
back by a firing squad. He hesitated, turned and scandalous in its religious aspect, and visibly reacted to the effects of the Noli. For if
halfway around to face his executioners, and fell unpatriotic, subversive of public order and there were bitter critics, another group
on his back to face the Philippine sun. harmful to the Spanish government and its composed of staunch defenders found every
administration of theses islands in its political reason to justify its publication and circulation
aspect. Consequently, realizing how much the Noli
had awakened his countrymen, to the point of
On December 28, 1887, Fray Salvador Font, defending his novel, Rizal said: "Now I die
the cura of Tondo and chairman of the content."
Noli Me Tangere Permanent Commission of Censorship
Spain, to Rizal, was a venue for realizing his composed of laymen and ordered that the Fittingly, Rizal found it a timely and effective
dreams. He finished his studies in Madrid and circulation of this pernicious book" be gesture to dedicate his novel to the country of
this to him was the realization of the bigger absolutely prohibited. his people whose experiences and sufferings
part of his ambition. His vision broadened he wrote about, sufferings which he brought
while he was in Spain to the point of Not content, Font caused the circulation of to light in an effort to awaken his countrymen
awakening in him an understanding of human copies of the prohibition, an act which to the truths that had long remained
nature, sparking in him the realization that his brought an effect contrary to what he desired. unspoken, although not totally unheard of.
people needed him. It must have been this Instead of what he expected, the negative
sentiment that prompted him to pursue, publicity awakened more the curiosity of the
during the re-organizational meeting of the people who managed to get copies of the Rizal in Ghent, Belgium
Circulo-Hispano-Filipino, to be one of its book.Men regularly in the action begins within 3 July 1891
activities, the publication of a book to which 64 in thepart of the question. All facts: Rizal received from Jose Ma. Basa the
all the members would contribute papers on www.gulickhhc.com/drugs/premature- amount he was borrowing for his trip to Hong
the various aspects and conditions of ejaculation/priligy.htm Kong from Marseilles, as well as the letter for
Philippines life. the Director of the Messageries Maritimes.
Assisting Father Font in his aim to discredit He was boarding at 9 Rue de Hinaut.
"My proposal on the book," he wrote on the Noli was an Augustinian friar by the name
January 2, 1884, "was unanimously of Jose Rodriguez. In a pamphlet entitled 9 July 1891
approved. But afterwards difficulties and Caiingat Cayo (Beware). Fr. Rodriguez He was financially hard up. He did not
objections were raised which seemed to me warned the people that in reading the book receive for three months up to this date any
rather odd, and a number of gentlemen stood they "commit mortal sin," considering that it pension from home. He was living in the most
up and refused to discuss the matter any was full of heresy. difficult situation, renting a small room and
further. In view of this I decided not ance, eating the modest food in order to economize
then challenge us and we shall pick up the As far as Madrid, there was furor over the and able to publish the Fili. He had already
gauntlet, for we are not cowards like you, Noli, as evidenced by an article which bitterly pawned all his jewels.
criticized the novel published in a Madrid
29 July 1891 Manila. However, he reiterated his adherence Rizal and the Katipuan
Rizal informed Eduardo Lete about the to the cause of the movement.
details of the two agricultural colonies in On June 21, 1896. Dr. Pio Valenzuela,
Belgium, telling the latter that the 26 August 1891 Bonifacio’s emissary, visited Rizal in Dapitan
Hoogstragen colony is for men and that of In a letter, he informed Basa in Hong Kong and informed him of the plan of the Katipunan
Brujas, for women. To know the details about that the Fili was coming out in September. to launch a revolution. Rizal objected to
this request of Lete, Rizal personally went to Bonifacio’s bold project stating that such
Brussels. 16 September 1891 would be a veritable suicide. Rizal stressed
The El Filibusterismo was about to come off that the Katipunan leaders should do
the press of F. Meyer, Van Loo at No. 66 everything possible to prevent premature flow
4 August 1891 Vlanderestraat. He was elated, together with of native blood. Valenzuela, however, warned
In a letter, he thanked Prof. Blumemtritt for Jose Alejandro who was staying with him at Rizal that the Revolution will inevitably break
the two books: the first volume of I El No. 32 Vlanderestraat, near the printing out if the Katipunan would be discovered.
Sacerdocio and the beautiful treaties of Mal press.
Epos. He planned to write articles about Sensing that the revolutionary leaders were
these but the El Filibusterismo consumed his 18 September 1891 dead set on launching their audacious
time. The Fili came off the press and Rizal sent to project, Rizal instructed Valenzuela that it
Hong Kong two copies: one for Jose Ma. would be for the best interests of the
6 August 1891 Basa and the other for Sixto Lopez. Katipunan to get first the support of the rich
He told Juan Zulueta that it was never his and influential people of Manila to strengthen
habit to provoke conflicts; that the idea which 22 September 1891 their cause. He further suggested that
precipitated the conflict among the members He sent one copy of his El Filibusterismo to Antonio Luna with his knowledge of military
of the Colony in Madrid did not come from Marcelo H. del Pilar. He informed the latter at science and tactics, be made to direct the
him but from other persons, and that he the same time that he was completely retiring military operations of the Revolution.
never had the desire under his leadership to from politics since he said he was going
subordinate neither the La Solidaridad nor its home. Likewise, he sent a copy to Antonio M. Rizal and the Propaganda Movement
director. Regidor, one of his countrymen living in
London. To prove his point and refute the accusations
23 August 1891 of prejudiced Spanish writers against his
In a letter, Rizal informed Blumentritt that He planned of writing the third novel during race, Rizal annotated the book, Sucesos de
Padre Leoncio Lopez, the old parish priest of his travel back home. He wanted to write las Islas Filipinas, written by the Spaniard
Calamba who wanted to see and shake about the customs and usages of the Antonio Morga. The book was an unbiased
hands with him again in Calamba before Filipinos in a humorous and satirical style. presentation of 16th century Filipino culture.
eternally leaving the valley of tears, but who Rizal through his annotation showed that
died before the publication of the Noli, is 25 September 1891 Filipinos had developed culture even before
described in the Fili as Padre Florentino. Valentin Ventura sent to Rizal in Ghent 200 the coming of the Spaniards.
francs for the publication expenses of the Fili.
24 August 1891 While annotating Morga’s book, he began
Rizal wrote a letter to Mariano Ponce in writing the sequel to the Noli, the El
Madrid informing the latter that he was deeply Filibusterismo. He completed the Fili in July
hurt by the false accusations coming from 1891 while he was in Brussels, Belgium. As
in the printing of the Noli, Rizal could not
published the sequel for the lack of finances.
Fortunately, Valentin Ventura gave him
financial assistance and the Fili came out of
the printing press on September 1891.

The El Filibusterismo indicated Spanish

colonial policies and attacked the Filipino
collaborators of such system. The novel
pictured a society on the brink of a revolution.

To buttress his defense of the native’s pride

and dignity as people, Rizal wrote three
significant essays while abroad: The
Philippines a Century hence, the Indolence of
the Filipinos and the Letter to the Women of
Malolos. These writings were his brilliant
responses to the vicious attacks against the
Indio and his culture.

While in Hongkong, Rizal planned the

founding of the Liga Filipina, a civil
organization and the establishment of a
Filipino colony in Borneo. The colony was to
be under the protectorate of the North Borneo
Company, he was granted permission by the
British Governor to establish a settlement on
a 190,000 acre property in North Borneo. The
colony was to be under the protectorate of
the North Borneo Company, with the "same
privileges and conditions at those given in the
treaty with local Bornean rulers".

Governor Eulogio Despujol disapproved the

project for obvious and self-serving reasons.
He considered the plan impractical and
improper that Filipinos would settle and
develop foreign territories while the colony
itself badly needed such developments.