Functions of different Organ systems o Reception and transmission of nerve

impulses.
 Integumentary System: o Coordination of voluntary and
involuntary activities.
 Functions: o Regulation of bodily functions.
o Protection against physical damage,
pathogens, and dehydration. Major Organs: Brain, spinal cord, peripheral
o Regulation of body temperature. nerves.
o Sensation of touch, pressure, and
temperature. Nervous System and Immune System:

Major Organs: Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, o Stress responses regulated by the
sebaceous glands. nervous system can impact the
immune system.
Integumentary System and Immune System: o Neurotransmitters and hormones
can influence immune cell activity
o The skin (integumentary system) and response to infections.
acts as a physical barrier against
pathogens. Nervous System and Muscular System:
o Immune cells patrol the skin to
defend against infections and o The nervous system, particularly the
maintain overall health. brain and spinal cord, coordinates
and controls muscle movement.
 Skeletal System:
 Endocrine System:
 Functions:
o Support and protection of internal  Functions:
organs. o Secretion of hormones that regulate
o Framework for movement. various physiological processes.
o Mineral storage (calcium and o Control of growth, metabolism, and
phosphorus). reproduction.
o Blood cell production (in the bone
marrow). Endocrine System and Nervous System:

Major Organs: Bones (e.g., femur, humerus, skull), o The endocrine system releases
cartilage, ligaments. hormones that influence various
physiological processes.
 Muscular System: o The hypothalamus and pituitary
gland (endocrine system)
 Functions: communicate with the nervous
o Movement of the body and its parts. system to regulate hormone release
o Maintenance of posture. and maintain homeostasis.
o Heat production during muscle
activity. Major Organs: Pituitary gland, thyroid gland,
adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries (in females),
Major Organs: Skeletal muscles (e.g., biceps, testes (in males).
quadriceps), tendons.
 Cardiovascular System:
 Muscular System and Skeletal System:
o Muscles and bones work together to  Functions:
facilitate movement and maintain o Transport of oxygen, nutrients,
posture. hormones, and waste products.
o Bones provide support and a o Circulation of blood throughout the
framework for muscles to attach, body.
while muscles generate the force for o Regulation of blood pressure.
movement.
Major Organs: Heart, blood vessels (arteries,
 Nervous System: veins, capillaries), blood.

 Functions: Cardiovascular System and Respiratory System:

 o The cardiovascular system Major Organs: Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small
transports oxygen from the lungs to intestine, large intestine, liver, pancreas, gallbladder.
body tissues via the bloodstream.
o The respiratory system provides Digestive System and Cardiovascular System:
oxygen to the blood and removes
carbon dioxide produced by cells o The digestive system absorbs
during metabolism. nutrients from digested food into the
bloodstream.
o The cardiovascular system
transports these nutrients to cells
 Lymphatic System: throughout the body.

 Functions:
o Fluid balance and filtration.
o Defense against pathogens and
diseases.
o Absorption of fats from the digestive  Urinary System:
system.
 Functions:
Major Organs: Lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, o Filtration and excretion of metabolic
tonsils, lymphatic vessels. waste products.
o Regulation of electrolyte and fluid
Integumentary System and Immune System: balance.
o Maintenance of blood pressure.
o The skin (integumentary system)
acts as a physical barrier against Major Organs: Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder,
pathogens. urethra
o Immune cells patrol the skin to
defend against infections and Urinary System and Cardiovascular System:
maintain overall health.
o The urinary system filters waste
 Respiratory System: products from the blood and
regulates electrolyte balance.
 Functions: o The cardiovascular system
o Exchange of oxygen and carbon transports blood to the kidneys for
dioxide in the lungs. filtration.
o Regulation of acid-base balance.
o Vocalization.  Reproductive System:

Major Organs: Lungs, trachea, bronchi,  Functions:

bronchioles, diaphragm. o Production of gametes (sperm and
eggs).
 Respiratory System and Digestive o Fertilization and development of the
System: embryo.
o The respiratory system helps control o Hormonal regulation of reproductive
pH by eliminating carbon dioxide processes.
produced during digestion. o Motor neurons signal muscles to
o Breathing influences the pH balance contract or relax, allowing for
in the body, working in conjunction voluntary and involuntary
with the digestive system. movements.
 Major Organs (Male): Testes, penis,
 Digestive System: prostate gland.
 Major Organs (Female): Ovaries, uterus,
 Functions: fallopian tubes, vagina.
o Breakdown of ingested food into 
absorbable nutrients.  Reproductive System and Endocrine
o Absorption of nutrients into the System:
bloodstream. o The reproductive system is
o Elimination of waste. influenced by hormones produced
by the endocrine system.
 o Hormones regulate the menstrual  Parathyroid Hormone (PTH):
cycle, pregnancy, and other Regulates calcium and
reproductive processes. phosphate levels in the
blood.
These interconnections highlight the intricate 5. Adrenal Glands:
relationships between organ systems. Dysfunction o Hormones:
in one system can have cascading effects on  Adrenaline (Epinephrine)
others, emphasizing the need for integrated and Noradrenaline
responses to maintain the body's balance and (Norepinephrine): Fight-or-
functionality. flight response, increasing
heart rate and blood
The endocrine system is composed of various pressure.
glands that produce and release hormones into the  Cortisol: Regulates
bloodstream. These hormones act as chemical metabolism and immune
messengers, regulating numerous physiological response.
processes in the body. Here are some of the major  Aldosterone: Regulates
hormones and the glands that produce them in the sodium and potassium
endocrine system: levels, influencing blood
pressure.
6. Pancreas:
1. Hypothalamus:
o Hormones:
o Hormones:
 Insulin: Lowers blood
 Releasing hormones (e.g.,
glucose levels by facilitating
thyrotropin-releasing
the uptake of glucose into
hormone, gonadotropin-
cells.
releasing hormone) that
 Glucagon: Raises blood
stimulate the release of
glucose levels by stimulating
hormones from the pituitary
the liver to convert stored
gland.
glycogen into glucose.
2. Pituitary Gland (Master Gland):
7. Pineal Gland:
o Hormones:
o Hormone:
 Growth Hormone (GH):
 Melatonin: Regulates sleep-
Stimulates growth and cell
wake cycles (circadian
reproduction.
rhythm).
 Prolactin: Stimulates milk
8. Ovaries (in Females):
production in females.
o Hormones:
 Thyroid-Stimulating
Hormone (TSH): Stimulates  Estrogen: Regulates the
the thyroid gland. menstrual cycle, supports
 Adrenocorticotropic pregnancy, and influences
Hormone (ACTH): bone health.
Stimulates the adrenal  Progesterone: Prepares the
glands. uterus for pregnancy and
 Follicle-Stimulating Hormone helps maintain pregnancy.
(FSH): Stimulates the 9. Testes (in Males):
development of eggs in o Hormone:
females and sperm in males.  Testosterone: Promotes the
 Luteinizing Hormone (LH): development of male
Stimulates ovulation in reproductive tissues and
females and testosterone secondary sex
production in males. characteristics.
3. Thyroid Gland:
o Hormones: These hormones play critical roles in growth,
 Thyroxine (T4) and metabolism, reproduction, stress response, and
Triiodothyronine (T3): many other physiological processes. The endocrine
Regulate metabolism and system functions to maintain homeostasis by
energy production. regulating the internal environment of the body
 Calcitonin: Regulates through the secretion and control of these
calcium and phosphate hormones.
levels in the blood.
4. Parathyroid Glands: "Happiness hormones" refer to neurotransmitters
o Hormone: and hormones that play a role in regulating mood
and contributing to feelings of happiness and well-
being. Here are some key neurotransmitters and
hormones often associated with positive emotions:

1. Dopamine:
o Role: Often referred to as the
"reward neurotransmitter," dopamine
is associated with pleasure, reward,
and motivation. It plays a role in the
brain's reward system and can be
released during enjoyable activities.
2. Serotonin:
o Role: Serotonin is known as the
"feel-good neurotransmitter." It
contributes to mood regulation,
helps with feelings of well-being and
happiness, and plays a role in
managing stress and anxiety.
3. Endorphins:
o Role: Endorphins are
neurotransmitters that act as natural
painkillers and mood elevators. They
are released during activities like
exercise, laughter, and certain
foods, contributing to feelings of
happiness and euphoria.
4. Oxytocin:
o Role: Often called the "love
hormone" or "bonding hormone,"
oxytocin is released during social
bonding activities. It plays a role in
forming emotional connections, trust,
and feelings of intimacy.
5. Noradrenaline (Norepinephrine):
o Role: Noradrenaline is involved in
the body's "fight or flight" response
to stress. It can enhance alertness,
focus, and mood during challenging
situations.
6. Endocannabinoids:
o Role: Endocannabinoids are
neurotransmitters that interact with
the same receptors as compounds
found in cannabis. They play a role
in mood regulation, stress response,
and overall well-being.
7. GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid):
o Role: GABA is an inhibitory
neurotransmitter that helps calm the
nervous system. It contributes to
feelings of relaxation and reduces
anxiety.

It's important to note that the interplay of these

neurotransmitters and hormones is complex, and
individual differences can influence how these
chemicals impact mood. Additionally, lifestyle
factors such as regular exercise, social interactions,
and a healthy diet can positively influence the
balance of these "happy hormones" and contribute
to overall well-being.