Specialization 1: Heritage Resources Studies

Definition and Aspect of Heritage and Heritage

Conservation

Culture

 Culture as the set of distinctive spiritual,

material, intellectual and emotional
features of society or a social group,
that encompasses, not only art and
literature, but lifestyles, ways of living
together, value systems, traditions and
beliefs.

Heritage Aspect of Cultural Heritage

 Heritage is our legacy from the past,  Tangible Cultural Heritage - refers to
what we live with today, and what we the totality of cultural property with
pass on to future generations. Our historical, archival, anthropological,
cultural and natural heritage are both archaeological, artistic and architectural
irreplaceable sources of life and value with exceptional or traditional
inspiration. production whether of Philippine origin
 It is also defined as features belonging or not, including antiques and natural
to the culture of a particular society, history specimens with significant
such as traditions, languages, or value.
buildings, that were created in the past
and still have historical importance:
(Cambridge Dictionary)

Cultural Heritage

 Cultural Heritage is the legacy of

physical artifacts and intangible
attributes of a group or society that is
inherited from past generations.
 “ … shall refer to all products of human
creativity by which a people and a
nation reveal their identity, whether
public or privately-owned, movable or
immovable and tangible or intangible.”
 'cultural property means property
which, on religious or secular grounds,
is specifically designated by each State
as being of importance for archaeology,
prehistory, history, literature, art or
science.'
 Tangible Cultural Heritage - books,
documents, moveable artworks,
machines, clothing, instruments,
weaponry, religious items and other
artifacts, that are considered worthy of
preservation for the future.

 Intangible Cultural Heritage - Intangible

cultural heritage includes traditions or
living expressions inherited from our
ancestors and passed on to our
descendants.

 Tangible Immovable Heritage - includes

building so (which themselves may
include installed art such as organs,
stained glass windows, and frescos),
large industrial installations, residential
projects or other historic places and
monuments.
 Not only do these structures and their
workmanship represent the lessons of
the past and embody previous features
of one’s heritage, they serve as
examples of quality for today...
enhancing perhaps developing for the
first time- the quality of life for the
people.
- Justice William Brennan
• William Joseph Brennan Jr. was an
American lawyer and jurist who served
as an Associate Justice of the Supreme
Court of the United States from 1956 to
1990.

Heritage Conservation

Measures taken to extend the life of cultural

heritage while strengthening transmission of its
significant heritage messages and values.

World Organizations

 Why Conserve? It embodies or reflects

the architectural, artistic, historical,
economic, social, political, and spiritual
character of the people who produced
it.
 Benefits of Conservation
Structures with special historic, cultural  ICOMOS - The International
or architectural significance enhances Council on Monuments and
the quality of life for all. Sites is a professional
association that works for the
conservation and protection of
 cultural heritage places around
the world.

 ICCROM - The International

Centre for the Study of the
Preservation and Restoration of
Cultural Property is an
intergovernmental organization
dedicated to the preservation of
cultural heritage worldwide
through training, information,
research, cooperation and
advocacy programmes.

 UNESCO - The United Nations

Educational, Scientific and
Cultural Organization is a
specialised agency of the United
Nations aimed at promoting
world peace and security
through international
cooperation in education, arts,
sciences and culture.

World Heritage Movements

Agencies of Cultural and Arts in the Philippines

Philippine Initiatives

Architectural Heritage Conservation

Approaches

Architectural Heritage Conservation Approach

 creation of crafts, which has been
passed down through generations.

• Heritage conservation is important and

beneficial to society. There are different
approaches to architectural heritage
conservation: protection, preservation,
rehabilitation, consolidation,
reconstruction, restoration,
redevelopment, and adaptive reuse. A
thorough study of the heritage structure
should be made before choosing which
approach to take.

Benefits of Cultural Conservation

Heritage

 Heritage is our legacy from the past,

what we live with today, and what we
pass on to future generations, Our
cultural and natural heritage are both
irreplaceable sources of life and
inspiration.

Cultural Conservation Benefits

Summary of the Module

• Heritage is our legacy from the past,

what we live with today, and what we
pass on to future generations. Our
cultural and natural heritage are both
irreplaceable sources of life and
inspiration. Our culture is very much
reflected in our heritage so that the two
terms are welded as one into cultural
heritage. Heritage can be natural or
manmade.

• Cultural heritage has several aspects

which are tangible or intangible.
Tangible cultural heritage can be Why are we losing heritage?
movable or immovable. Intangible According to the stakeholders
cultural heritage is reflected in the
expressions of our way of life, in oral, 1. It costs a lot to maintain
social, performance arts, and in the
2. Our family needs the money • Consider the values of the heritage
resources
3. If the government wants to protect it, it
should pay for it. • Examine the character-defining
elements of these values
Observed from the government.
• Develop a Statement of Significance
1. Government agencies are not working
towards the preservation of heritage. • Discuss the context of the future
conservation planpreservation,
2. Penalties are not heavy enough
restoration, rehabilitation
3. Local government is not enforcing proper
• Strive for minimal intervention
zoning
• Examine the environmental,
4. Local government does not check before
social/cultural and economic aspects of
issuing
the project.
demolition permits.
Who decides?
The Value of Heritage
 The Burra Charter
Value

 An aspect of worth ascribed by people

to a heritage resource, that is used to
justify the heritage resource
significance.
A heritage resource may have a range of
values for different individuals or
groups.
 The significance of a building or place of
historic, architectural and cultural
importance is its most defining value,
the loss of which will devalue its cultural
significance.
 A values-based approach to - Charter of Athens 1931
conservation involves the recognition of - Venice Charter 1964
a diverse range of values responding to Burra Charter 1979
their needs through appropriate - Revised 1999 and 2013
intervention and management. The role - Fabric, use association meaning
of conservation is to preserve and - The Burra Charter is a
where appropriate enhance values. document published by the
Australian ICOMOS which
Value – Based Approach to Heritage defines the basic principles and
Conservation procedures to be followed in
Suggested Steps: the conservation of Australian
heritage places.
 - It was first endorsed in 1979 as
an adaptation of the Venice
Charter, but with the
introduction of a new analytical Historical Value
conservation model of heritage
assessment that recognized
forms of cultural heritage
beyond tangible and physical
forms.
- It was the first national heritage
document to replace the Venice
Charter as the basis of national
heritage practice.
- has been revised on four
Architectural Value
occasions since 1979, and has
been internationally influential
in providing standard guidelines
for heritage conservation
practice.

A Value – Based Approac to Heritage

Conservation

Age and Rarity Value

Artistic Value
Associate Value

Spirit Value

Cultural Value

Educational Value

What is outstanding Universal Value?

Scientific Value
The Significance of Heritage

• Pertains to the importance,

relevance, and meaning of

heritage resources to an

individual or group of people.

• Heritage may have different

levels of significance like

individual, family, band,

community, province, region,

country or world
Characteristic of Cultural Significance

• It is multi-disciplinary process involving

many professionals.

• Preservation from loss, depletion or

reduction and waste and harm

• A planned management of an object,

structures, sites to save it from neglect
and prolong its life
Summary

• Heritage structures have many benefits

to the community and affects several
aspects of community development.

• However, not all heritage structures are

preserved because of several reasons
coming from the stakeholders and the
community.

• It is, thus, important to focus on the

value and significance of these heritage
Architectural Heritage Conservation Process structures as set forth in important
charters like the Burra Charter. In terms
of value, what is mentioned in this
module are age and rarity, architectural,
historical, artistic, educational,
scientific, associate, and spiritual values.
Under cultural significance, we have
aesthetic, architectural, historical,
scientific and cultural significance.
 Significance and Value Theory and the 4. Restoration - To revive the original
Heritage Resource in the Philippines concept or legibility of the object

 Principles of Conservation 5. Rehabilitation- To keep it in use which

involve adaptive alteration and fewer
1. The historic environment is a shared source.
changes
2. Participation in sustaining the historic
6. Reproduction - Copying an artifact in
environment
order to replace some missing or
3. The significance of places must be decayed parts, generally decorative to
understood maintain harmony

4. Management of significant places is 7. Reconstruction

necessary to sustain their values

5. Change decisions should be reasonable,

Structure - any building, equipment,
consistent and transparent
device or other facility made by people
 Conservation Ethics which is fixed to the land

1. Minimal intervention

2. Appropriate materials and methods that aim Built Heritage

to be reversible to reduce possible problems
- man – made structures of the past that
with future treatment, investigation and use
are of value to the community;
3. Full documentation of all work undertaken
- an embodiment of the technical and
4. The conservator aims to take into account the architectural knowledge of the place;
views of the stakeholder and to apply their
- a product of three elements – people,
professional expertise accordingly
place and time comprising the context
 Principles of Conservation Approaches of the place.

1. Prevention - Protecting cultural Contemporary Building - Refers to

property by controlling its environment structures within the historic site built
thus preventing agents of decay and in the 1950’s but part of the historic
damage from becoming active layering of the evolution of the
site/place.
2. Preservation - This deals directly with
cultural property. Its objective is to keep Historic Building - Are buildings at least
it in existing state. Repairs must be fifty years old and are of general
carried out when necessary to prevent interest because of their aesthetic
further decay value, scientific interest or cultural-
historical significance categorized as
3. Consolidation - Physical addition or
application into actual fabric to ensure 1. Shrine
continued durability or structural 2. Monument
integrity
3. Landmark
 Historic Resources - Include historically
significant buildings, landscapes and
places or objects that possess
exceptional value or quality in
representing and reflecting the
architecture and cultural heritage of the
place. This determination should reflect
both public perception and professional
judgements.

Monuments - Include historically

significant buildings, landscapes and
places or objects that possess
exceptional value or quality in
representing and reflecting the
architecture and cultural heritage of the
place. This determination should reflect
both public perception and professional
judgements.

Place - Site, area, land, landscape,

building or other work, group of
buildings or other works, and may
include components, contents, spaces
and views
Fabric - Means all the physical materials
Landmarks - A property or structure of the place including component,
designated as such by national fixtures, contents, and objects.
legislation pursuant to procedures
Intrusive Elements - A disruptive
prescribed by the designated authority
element of slight significance, which
that is worthy of rehabilitation,
tends to devaluate the significance of
restoration and preservation because of
the other components.
its historic and or architectural
significance to Philippine culture. Layering - Refers to components of a
historic site or monument or building
Spaces - Open area and the volume
that pertains to its historical evolution
between the structural elements.
expressed either in layout, style, or
 Open Spaces - Refers to open spaces materials.
within the site of historic significance
Period Style - An architectural
 Gardens and Parks - Refers to parks and
characteristic, either interior or exterior
landscapes within the site of cultural
style, represents a given era of cultural
significance
significance.
 Related Place - A place that contributes links that tie us to others with whom we share
to the cultural significance of another one and the same culture
place
Principles of Heritage Conservation

Integrity
Site Concerns
• Measure of wholeness and intactness of
Setting -the area around a place which the natural and/or cultural heritage and
may include visual catchments. its attributes.

Vista – panorama that includes the • Measure of the likely long-term viability
foreground and background elements or sustainability of the values identified,
either man made or natural, which are or the ability of the place to restore
relevant to the overall context of the itself or be restored, and the time frame
view of a historic site/structure. for any restorative process.

Visual Catchments – the visual inertia • Structural and technological integrity

that refers to the orientation, position must be respected and will require
and location of the structure/s natural attention to performance as well as
or manmade that makes the entourage appearance (Appleton Charter)
unique in terms of aesthetic significance
Cultural Significance - Refers to the qualities
that make a place important;

Principles (Moral and Ethical Standards) Means aesthetic, historic, scientific, social, or
spiritual value for past, present, or future
Authenticity
generations.
• Refers to the extent to which the fabric
Concept which helps in estimating the value of
is in its original state and subsequently
places, objects, etc. The places that are likely to
the characteristics of the cultural
be of significance are those which help in the
heritage and their meaning – refer to
understanding of the past or enrich the present
cultural diversity (Nara Charter)
and which we believe will be of value to future
• Concept of truth, that which is generations;
authentic, certain and presents no
Refers not just to the physical fabric or
grounds for doubt. Its goal is to
appearance of an object
preserve memory and its cultural
manifestations to enrich culture and it is It incorporates all the elements that contribute
beyond commerce of man. It is the to an object’s meaning, including its context,
affirmation of the socio-cultural history, uses and its social and spiritual value.
evolution of a nation or a place (Charter
Significance is not fixed, it may increase or
of Brasilia)
diminish over time
Identity
Degree of Significance
It is a way to belong and to participate. It is
Rarity – it demonstrates rare, uncommon or
how we are capable of finding a place, a name,
endangered aspects of the cultural heritage
an image, not by contrast but by discovering
Representativeness – it is significant in Social Value
demonstrating the characteristics of a class of
- It is significant through association with
cultural places of environments.
a community or cultural group in for
Cultural Significance social, cultural, educational or spiritual
reasons
Associations
- Embraces the qualities of which, as a
- The special connections that exist
site has become a focus for a spiritual,
between the people and a place
political or national cultural sentiment.
Aesthetic Value
Religious Value / Sacred Value / Symbolic Value
- Significant in exhibiting particular
- Embraces the qualities of which, as a site has
aesthetic characteristics
become a focus for a spiritual and religious
- Encompasses works representing rare practice.
and outstanding contributions in
Scientific / Technological Value
national architecture that are reflected
in its design, style, construction, and - It has demonstrable potential to yield
age. Other criteria may include information that will contribute to an
consideration of architectural design, understanding of the natural or cultural history.
form, scale, color, texture, material It is significant in demonstrating a high degree
used, and the aesthetic value of a of technical innovation or achievement.
building or groups of buildings that
Recognizing the rarity and quality of technology
relates both to location and context
available at the time of construction and to the
Educational Value degree which a building, structure or
monument reflects a certain period.
- Embraces the qualities of the place as a venue
for educational development and innovation Bodies of Heritage Resource in the Philippines

Historical Value  RA 10066: NATIONAL CULTURAL

HERITAGE ACT OF 2009 - An act
- A place that has influenced, or has been
providing for the protection and
influenced by a historic figure, event, phase or
conservation of the national cultural
activity.
heritage, strengthening the NATIONAL
Analysis COMMISSION FOR CULTURE AND THE
ARTS (NCCA) and its affiliated cultural
Interpretation – All ways of presenting the agencies and for other purposes known
cultural significance of a place. as the "National Cultural Heritage
An educational activity which aims to reveal - Protect, preserve, conserve and
meaning and relationships using original promote the nation's cultural
objects, by firsthand experience and by heritage, its property and
illustrative media, rather than simply to histories, and the ethnicity of
communicate actual information. local communities;
- Establish and strengthen
Meanings - Denote what a place signifies, cultural institutions; and
indicates, evokes, or expresses.
 - Protect cultural workers and - Structures dating at least fifty
ensure their professional (50) years old
development and well-being.
Unless declared by the National Archives,
The following shall be declared as Grade I level:
- Archival material/document
- World Heritage Sites; dating at least fifty (50) years
old
- National Cultural Treasures;
Privileges of Cultural Property
- National Historical Landmarks;
All cultural properties declared as National
- National Historical Shrines; and, Cultural Treasures and National Historical
- National Historical Monuments. Landmarks shall be entitled to the following
privileges:
The following shall be declared as Grade II level:
• Priority government funding for
- Important Cultural Properties protection, conservation and
restoration;
Grade III cultural property – All other cultural
property in the Registry of Cultural Property not • Incentives for private support of
declared as Grades I or II shall be Grade III conservation and restoration through
cultural property deemed – Important Cultural the Commission's Conservation
Property Incentive Program for National Cultural
treasures;
Important Cultural Property - For purposes of
protecting a cultural property against • An official Heritage Marker placed by
exportation, modification or demolition, the the cultural agency concerned
following works shall be considered Important indicating that the immovable cultural
Cultural Property property has been identified as national
cultural treasures; and/or national
The following works shall be considered
historical landmarks, sites or
important cultural property, unless declared
monuments; and,
otherwise by the pertinent cultural agency;
• In times of armed conflict, natural
Unless declared by the Commission,
disasters, and other exceptional events
- Works by a Manlilikha ng Bayan; that endanger the cultural heritage of
- Works by a National Artist; the country, all World Heritage Sites,
National Cultural Treasures or National
Unless declared by the National Museum,
Historical Landmarks, sites or
- Archaeological and traditional monuments shall be given utmost
ethnographic materials priority protection by the Government

Unless declared by the National Historical Heritage Zones

Institute,
Heritage zones are designated to protect the
- Works of national heroes; historical and cultural integrity of a geographical
- Marked structure; area.
 A heritage zone shall be maintained by the local • Provision of financial assistance for the
government unit concerned, in accordance with conservation of the property;
the following guidelines:
• Provision of financial assistance for the
• Implementation of adaptive conservation of the property; and,
reuse of cultural property
• Procedure for the resolution of any
• Appearance of streets, parks, dispute arising out of the agreement . .
monuments, buildings, and
National Inventory of Intangible Cultural
natural bodies of water, canals,
Heritage
paths and barangays within a
locality shall be maintained as The appropriate cultural agency shall closely
close to their appearance at the collaborate with the UNESCO National
time the area was of most Commission of the Philippines in the
importance to Philippine history implementation of the provisions of the
as determined by the National UNESCO conventions to which the Philippines is
Historical Institute a signatory.
• Local government units shall The Philippine Intangible Cultural Heritage
document and sustain all Committee established by the UNESCO National
sociocultural practices such as, Commission of the Philippines shall continue to
but not limited to, traditional take the lead role in implementing the
celebrations, historical battles, provisions of the UNESCO Convention for the
recreation of customs, and the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural heritage
reenactment of battles and with particular attention to Article 11 to 15 of
other local customs that are the said Convention. This inventory shall be
unique to a locality included in the registry.
Heritages Agreements Immovable National Cultural Treasures
The Commission, upon advice of the concerned Immovable National Cultural Treasures and
cultural agency, may enter into agreements with important cultural properties or declared
private owners of cultural properties with structures shall not be relocated, rebuilt,
regard to the preservation of said properties. defaced or otherwise changed in a manner,
which would destroy the property's dignity and
• Public access to the property;
authenticity, except to save such property from
• Value of the encumbrance; destruction due to natural causes.

• Duration of the servitude of the The site referred to in this provision may only be
property; moved after securing a permit from the
Commission.
• Restriction of the right of the owner or
occupant to perform acts on or near the Indigenous Properties
place;
The appropriate cultural agency in consultation
• Maintenance and management of the with the National Commission on Indigenous
property; Peoples shall establish a program and
promulgate regulations to assist indigenous
people in preserving their particular cultural and the Philippines shall be responsible for
historical properties. significant archival materials.

Cultural Agencies

The cultural agencies, in conformity with their

respective charters and mandates, shall define
and delineate their respective areas of
responsibility with respect to cultural properly
and assessment of national cultural treasures
and national historical landmarks, sites or
monuments. These areas shall be subject to
periodic re-assessment whenever necessary.
 The National Library- The National
 National Commission for Culture and Library shall be responsible for rare and
the Arts (NCCA) - The National significant contemporary Philippine
Commission for Culture and the Arts books, manuscripts such as, but not
(NCCA), Philippines is the overall policy limited to, presidential papers,
making body, coordinating, and grants periodicals, newspapers, singly or in
giving agency for the preservation, collection, and libraries and electronic
development and promotion of records;
Philippine arts and culture;

 The Cultural Center of the Philippines -  The National Historical Institute/ The
The Cultural Center of the Philippines National Historical Commission of the
shall be responsible for significant Philippines- The National Historical
cultural property pertaining to the Institute shall be responsible for
performing arts; significant movable and immovable
cultural property that pertains to
Philippine history, heroes and the
conservation of historical artifacts

 The National Archives of the

Philippines- The National Archives of
 The National Museum - The National governance of basic education act, and
Museum shall be responsible for the conservation and restoration of its
significant movable and immovable built heritage such as the significant
cultural and natural property pertaining Gabaldon School buildings as
to collections of fine arts, archaeology, determined by the National Historical
anthropology, botany, geology, zoology Commission of the Philippines;
and astronomy, including its
• The Department of Public Works and
conservation aspect.
Highways which shall be responsible in
 Komisyon sa
undertaking major infrastructure
Wikang Filipino - The Komisyon sa
projects specifically in the planning,
Wikang Filipino shall be responsible for
design, construction, and maintenance
the dissemination development, and
of national roads and bridges as they
the promotion of the Filipino national
impact on heritage structures or aspects
language and the conservation of ethnic
of heritage conservation;
languages
• The National Commission on Indigenous
Institutional Linkages of the National
Peoples in behalf of the country's
Cultural Agencies
indigenous cultural communities, which
• The Department of Tourism, and its shall coordinate with the national
attached agencies, which shall be agencies on matters pertaining to
responsible for cultural education Cultural Property under its jurisdiction;
among tourism services, and protection
• The Department of Environment and
of cultural property supplemental to the
Natural Resources which shall be
jurisdiction of the cultural agencies as
responsible for the establishment and
defined in this Act. The implementation
management of the National Integrated
and creation of a tourism master plan
Protected Areas System and the
shall be consistent with this Act;
conservation of wildlife resources,
• The Intramuros Administration which including cave and cave resources and
shall be responsible for the restoration which shall coordinate with the National
and administration of the development Commission on Indigenous peoples, the
in Intramuros; conservation of natural resources that
are cultural sanctuaries of indigenous
• The National Parks Development
peoples;
Committee as an attached agency of the
Department of Tourism, which shall be • The Department of the Interior and
responsible in supervising the Local Government which shall
development (beautification, coordinate with the national cultural
preservation and maintenance) of agencies on matters pertaining to
Quezon Memorial, Fort Santiago, Cultural Properties under its
Luneta, Paco Park, Pook ni Maria jurisdiction, and ensure that the
Makiling and other national parks and provisions of this Act is properly
satellite projects; executed by the local government unit;

• The Department of Education which • The Office of the Muslim Affairs which
shall be responsible in instituting the shall coordinate with the national
 cultural agencies on matters pertaining INTERNATIONAL CHARTERS AND PROTOCLS IN
to Cultural Property under its PRESERVATION
jurisdiction;
* Athens Charter - or the Restoration of
• The UNESCO National Commission of Historic Monuments is a seven-point manifesto
the Philippines which shall be adopted at the First International Congress of
responsible for providing the liaison Architects and Technicians of
between the cultural agencies of the Historic Monuments in Athens in 1931.
Philippines and UNESCO as well as assist
 7 main resolutions (Carta del Restauro)
the national cultural agencies in
 International organizations for
implementing the agreements and
Restoration on operational and advisory
conventions adopted by the UNESCO of
levels are to be established.
which the Philippines has ratified or is in
the process of ratification;  Proposed Restoration projects are to be
subjected to knowledgeable criticism to
• The Housing and Land Use Regulatory prevent mistakes which will cause loss
Board which shall coordinate with the of character and historical values to
local government units and the the structures.
Commission on matters pertaining to  Problems of preservation of historic
the establishment and maintenance of sites are to be solved by legislation at
Heritage Zones; national level for all countries.
 Excavated sites which are not subject to
• The Autonomous Regional Government
immediate restoration should be
in Muslim Mindanao and the Cordillera
reburied for protection.
Administrative Region which shall
 Modern techniques and materials may
coordinate with the national cultural
be used in restoration work.
Agencies on matters pertaining to
 Historical sites are to be given strict
Cultural Property under their respective
custodial protection.
jurisdictions; and,
 Attention should be given to the
• The Office of the Special Envoy on protection of areas surrounding historic
Transnational Crimes, which shall have sites.
the oversight and operational capacity
to go after illicitly trafficked and stolen Venice Charter - The Venice Charter for
cultural treasures. Section 36. the Conservation and Restoration of
Incorporation Monuments and Sites is a set of guidelines,
drawn up in 1964 by a group of conservation
ICOSMOS - The International Council professionals in Venice, that provides
on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS; French: an international framework for the conservation
Conseil international des monuments et des and restoration of historic buildings.
sites) is a professional association that works for
the conservation and protection of  It codifies internationally accepted
cultural heritage places around the world. standards of conservation practice
relating to architecture and sites. It sets
forth principles of conservation based
on the concept of authenticity and
the importance of maintaining the
 historical and physical context of a site Charter seeks to complement
or building. the Venice Charter, whose emphasis is
 The Venice Charter states that on the individual monument.
monuments are to be conserved not  It addresses such issues as:
only as works of art but also as  integration of preservation objectives
historical evidence. into planning policies;
 It also sets down the principles of  qualities of historic towns that should
preservation, which relate to restoration be preserved;
of buildings with work from different  participation of residents in
periods. the preservation process; and
 the social and economic aspects of
The Venice Charter consisted of seven main
historic town preservation
titles and sixteen articles. The concept of
historic monuments and sites was interpreted Nara Conference - The Nara Document
as the common heritage, therefore safeguarding on Authenticity is a document that addresses
them for the future generations with the need for a broader understanding of cultural
authenticity being defined as the common diversity and cultural heritage in relation to
responsibility. conservation in order to evaluate the value
and authenticity of cultural property more
Appleton Charter - The Appleton Charter
objectively.
of ICOMOS Canada outlines principles for
the preservation of the built environment  The Nara Document builds on the
regarding its protection, value, Venice Charter in light of an expanding
setting, relocation, enhancement, use, scope of cultural heritage concerns.
additions, and environmental control.  The document underscores the
importance of considering the cultural
 The five levels of intervention
and social values of all societies.
include: preservation, period
 It emphasizes respect for other cultures,
restoration, rehabilitation, period
other values, and the tangible and
reconstruction, and redevelopment,
intangible expressions that form part of
whereas the activities include:
the heritage of every culture. There are
maintenance, stabilization, removal,
no fixed criteria to judge value and
and addition. It is fundamental
authenticity of cultural property; rather
to respect for the existing fabric of
it must be evaluated within the cultural
activities pertaining to the protection
context to which it belongs.
and enhancement of built areas.
Though responsibility for the care
Washington Charter - CHARTER FOR
and management of heritage belongs primarily
THE CONSERVATION OF HISTORIC TOWNS
to the culture that produced it, the document
AND URBAN AREAS. Adopted by
calls for adherence to the principles
ICOMOS General Assembly in Washington, DC,
October 1987 and responsibilities imposed by
international charters
 It establishes the principles and
guidelines for the protection and Burra Charter - The Australia ICOMOS Charter
conservation of historic towns. The for the Conservation of Places of Cultural
Significance (1999). The Burra Charter is a
national charter that establishes principles
for the management and conservation of
Criteria for Selection
cultural sites in Australia.
 To be included on the World Heritage
 The Charter is particularly significant for
List, sites must be of outstanding
its definition of cultural significance and
universal value and meet at least one
the standards it outlines for using
out of ten selection criteria.
cultural significance to manage and
 These criteria are explained in the
conserve cultural sites.
Operational Guidelines for the
 It provides an example of how
Implementation of the World Heritage
international principles can be adapted
Convention which, besides the text of
to the values and needs of a particular
the Convention, is the main working
nation or particular cultural groups
tool on World Heritage. The criteria are
within that nation.
regularly revised by the Committee to
 The Burra Charter begins with a series
reflect the evolution of the World
of definitions, such as :
Heritage concept itself.
 Cultural significance means aesthetic,
 Until the end of 2004, World Heritage
historic, scientific, social or spiritual
sites were selected on the basis
value for past, present or future
of six cultural and four natural criteria.
generations.
With the adoption of the revised
 Conservation means all the processes of
Operational Guidelines for the
looking after a place so as to retain its
Implementation of the World Heritage
cultural significance.
Convention, only one set of ten criteria
Managing World Heritage exists.

Value Pluralism - First published Tue Jun Selection Criteria

20, 2006; substantive revision Fri Jul 29,
 to represent a masterpiece of human
2011
creative genius;
The word ‘pluralism’ generally refers to the view  to exhibit an important interchange of
that there are many of the things in question human values, over a span of time
(concepts, scientific world views, or within a cultural area of the world,
discourses, viewpoints etc.) The issues arising on developments in architecture
from there being many differ widely from or technology, monumental arts, town-
subject area to subject area. In ethics, value planning or landscape design;
pluralism (also known as ethical  to bear a unique or at least exceptional
pluralism or moral pluralism) is the idea that testimony to a cultural tradition or to
there are several values which may be a civilization which is living or which has
equally correct and fundamental, and yet in disappeared;
conflict with each other.  to be an outstanding example of a type
of building, architectural
or technological ensemble or landscape
which illustrates (a) significant stage(s)
in human history;
 to be an outstanding example of a
traditional human settlement, land-use,
or sea-use which is representative of a
culture (or cultures), or human World Heritage Sites in the Philippines
interaction with the environment
especially when it has become The UNESCO (United Nations Educational,
vulnerable under the impact of Scientific and Cultural Organization) has
irreversible change; designated six World Heritage Sites in the
Philippines. The UNESCO World Heritage Sites
UNESCO CRITERIA FOR SELECTION are places of importance to cultural or natural
heritage as described in the UNESCO World
Heritage Convention.
 (vi) to be directly or tangibly associated
with events or living traditions, with 1. Baroque Churches of the Philippines – San
ideas, or with beliefs, with artistic and Agustin Church, Sta. Maria Church, PAOAY
literary works of outstanding Church and Miagao Church.
universal significance. (The Committee
considers that this criterion should 2. Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park
preferably be used in conjunction with 3. Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras
other criteria);
 (vii) to contain superlative natural 4. Historic City of Vigan
phenomena or areas of exceptional 5. Puerto Princesa Subterranean River
natural beauty and aesthetic National Park
importance;
 (viii) to be outstanding examples 6. Mount Hamiguitan Range Wildlife Sanctuary
representing major stages of earth's
National Heritage
history, including the record of life,
significant on-going geological The National Historical Commission of
processes in the development of the Philippines is a government agency of the
landforms, or significant geomorphic or Philippines. Its mission is "the promotion
physiographic features; of Philippine history and cultural heritage
 (ix) to be outstanding examples through research, dissemination, conservation,
representing significant on-going sites management and heraldry works."
ecological and biological processes in
 LEVEL I - Sites and Structures
the evolution and development of
declared as National Shrine, National
terrestrial, fresh water, coastal and Historical Landmark, National
marine ecosystems and communities of Historical Site, and National
plants and animals; Monument (Entries with asterisks)
 (x) to contain the most important and  LEVEL II - Sites and Structures
significant natural habitats for in- declared as Heritage Zones/Historic
situ conservation of biological diversity, Centers, Heritage Houses and bearing
including those containing threatened Historical Markers
species of outstanding universal value  DELISTED - Declared and/or
from the point of view of science or marked historic sites and structures
conservation. that were removed from the national
registry
  LIFTED - Sites and structures 50
years old and above removed of its
presumption as Important Cultural
Property (R.A. 10066) Classification of Historic Sites and Structures
Identification of Historic Sites and Structures  To qualify for consideration, a site or
 The criteria for identifying historic sites structure as described above being
and structures shall be as follows: proposed for NHCP recognition must:
o Properties strongly associated  Possess demonstrable historical
with important historical significance; and
events, heroes and illustrious  Be at least fifty (50) years old and
Filipinos whose distinctive seventy (70) percent authentic.
historic contribution endures;  Historic sites and structures shall be
o Properties that bear strong classified according to the recognition
conferred by the NHCP, as follows:
foreign historical or period
 Level I: Declaration of a historic site or
influences such as Chinese,
structure and installation of a marker
Arabic, Spanish, Mexican,
 Level II: Installation of a historical
American, or Japanese and
marker
those that provide strong
 Level I recognition shall entail the
evidence of historical relations
declaration of any of the following:
with other countries;
 Heritage Zone/Historic Center – a
o Sites of first establishments in
historic space, unit, district or cluster of
the Philippines (e.g., site of the
structures and their environs, with
first printing press,
distinctive historical importance in its
commercial house, theater,
entirety
school, transport system,
 National Cultural Treasure – a unique
distillery, etc.); and
cultural property possessing
o Groups or clusters of buildings
outstanding historical value and
or structures, or a whole
significance
precinct, district, or town
 National Historical Shrine – A hallowed
center, including plazas,
site or structure in honor of a national
gardens, landscapes, historic
hero or highly significant historical
ruins, streets, pathways, stairs,
event (e.g., Rizal Shrine in Calamba and
bridges, fences, visual corridors,
Fort Santiago, Aguinaldo Shrine
vista points and other open
in Kawit, Pinaglabanan Memorial Shrine
spaces, town plan patterns, and
in San Juan, Quezon Memorial Shrine in
immediate environs,
Quezon City, Mabini Shrine in Tanauan)
whose historic importance is
 National Historical
seen in the entirety of the
Monument/Memorial – An object,
setting, unit, or space rather
structure or site that
than in its individual elements
commemorates, memorializes or gives
or characteristics.
reverence to a special historic
personage or event (e.g., Rizal
National Monument, Rizal Park;
 Bonifacio National Monument,
Caloocan; Juan Luna Monument,
Intramuros; Quezon Memorial, Quezon
City)
 National Historical Landmark – (a) A site
or structure closely associated with a
significant historical event,
achievement, characteristic, turning
point or stage in Philippine history (e.g.,
P. Burgos Elementary School, Pasay City;
Sheik Mahkdum Historical
Landmark, Tawi-Tawi); or (b) a
structure made or created by a national  Location: The Mansion, V.L. Romulo
hero (e.g., Map of Mindanao by Jose Drive, Baguio City
Rizal)  Category: Buildings/Structures
 Type: House
 Under Level 1 or Sites and Structures  Status: National Historical Landmark
declared as National Shrine,  Legal Basis: Resolution No. 1, S. 2009
National Historical Landmark, National  Marker dates: 2009
Historical Site, and National Monument  Installed by: National Historical Institute
(Entries with asterisks) (NHI)
 National Historical Landmark (119)
 National Historical Site (6)
 National Monument (7)
 National Shrine (23)

National Historical Landmarks

 Miguel, Manila
 Category: Buildings/Structures
 Type: Building
 Status: National Historical Landmark
 Legal basis: NHI Resolution No. 2, s 1998
 Marker date: 8 June 1998
 Location: Las Piñas Church, P.  Installed by: National Historical Institute
Diego Cera Avenue, Las Piñas City (NHI)
 Category: Buildings/Structures
 Type: House of worship, Declaration Old Town Plaza of Loay, Bohol
marker
 Status: National Historical Landmark
 Marker date: February 28, 2014
 Installed by; National Historical
Commission of the Philippines (NHCP)
Bacolod City Public Plaza
Sorsogon Capital Complex Public Square

National Historical Sites

Old Town of Taal Open Spaces

Plaza Pershing in Zamboanga City

National Monuments and National Shrines

Molo Town Plaza, Iloilo City

 times, wood is still used
for construction.

Heritage Materials

Wood - Wood is an essential building material

that man has discovered. It is readily available
from the forest and can be converted
to different shapes and sections for a
diverse usage, from a simple paper to
complex structures.

 The use of wood can be traced back

from history. It unveiled to us that in the
prehistoric times, human shifted from
the cave to lean-to houses, tents, and
huts. They have acquired the concept of
building their own home that is made of
grass, animal skins, leaves and basically
the framing system is made of wood
 In the Philippine setting, the use of
wood as a building material can be seen
from the pre-colonial structures
(e.g. bahay kubo, torogan, Ifugao house,
etc.) and Colonial period
(e.g. bahay na bato, churches
roof framing, etc.). Until the present
 Defects due to Fungi -

Defects due to insects

Stones - Stone materials are often used for

construction because they are strong, durable
and very resistant to weather conditions. Stone accumulation of shell, coral, algal, and
is extracted from natural deposits called fecal debris.
quarrying. The stone blocks are processed by  Limestone has high resistance
cutting, shaping and polishing them. to corrosion, this is made clearer with
the evidence of the high strength as
ADOBE as VOLCANIC TUFF
well as the fine grains of limestone rock.
1. An igneous rock that forms from the The fine grains of limestone rock allow
debris ejected by an explosive volcanic compactness and this builds onto the
eruption. It often contains fragments of general strength of limestone rock.
bedrock, tephra, and volcanic ash.
Paoay Church
2. Igneous rocks are formed by
solidification of cooled magma
(molten rock) either below (plutonic) or
above (volcanic) the surface of
the earth.
3. The magma consists of partial melting
of pre-existing rock and can be caused
by one or a combination of; an increase
in temperature, pressure changes,
change in composition.
4. Tuff is usually thickest near the volcanic
vent and decreases in thickness with
distance from the volcano
PAOAY CHURCH - Its walls are made of large
Limestone coral stones on the lower part and bricks at
the upper levels.[3] The mortar used in the
church includes sand and lime with sugarcane
juice boiled with mango leaves, leather and rice
straw.

 a sedimentary rock composed primarily

of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) in the
form of the mineral calcite. It most
commonly forms in clear, warm, shallow
marine waters. It is usually an organic
sedimentary rock that forms from the ‘
 * Documentation (Architectural Survey)

* measured drawings

* site conservation

Direct Exposure to the Elements and Extreme

Weather

 Discoloration
Brick
 Decay of the painted walls
STA. MARIA  Weakening of plaster and mortar of
CHURCH, ILOCOS brick walls
SUR - The church  Rusting of the roof covering
brick façade has  Etc.
one large portal with Structural Defects
three windows. The
recessed arched  Weakened Structural Columns
entrance is flanked by a pair of  Cracked and Weakened Shear Walls
rectangular pilaster dividing  Sagging and weakening of girts and
the façade into three well-defined planes. floors
The whole facade is then framed on the sides by  Foundation Problems
heavy circular buttresses topped by urn-like
finials.
State Conservation - A state of
 The earliest brick, made from mud
conservation record in necessary prior to the
(sometimes with added straw),
onset of actual restoration or intervention
was invented almost 10,000 years ago.
Clay brick started to appear about 5,000 Natural Calamities
years ago, when builders borrowed
 Earthquake in the Past Caused Cracks in
pottery manufacturing techniques to
the Brick Walls
improve its strength and durability.
 Typhoons seriously weathered the
From some of the oldest known
house structure
structures to modern buildings, clay
brick has a history of providing shelter Man-made Causes
that is durable, comfortable, safe, and
attractive.  The absence of the Owners
 The use of common bricks as a basic  Leaving the house in the hands of
material for construction has Caretakers
been established and practiced in the  Termite and Dry Rot Infestation
Philippines during the Spanish times.  Termite and Dry Rot Infestation in Any
Place
PRESERVATION OF
HISTORIC TANGIBLE HERITAGE IN
THE PHILIPPINES

* Site inspection