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CLASS: BSA1 ADVISER: MS.EMZ A more recent definition was given by Ritzer (2015)
TIME: 2:30-4:00PM/NB9 -“globalization transplanetary process or a set of
MIDTERM COVERED LESSONS: processes involving increasing liquidity and the growing
CHAPTER 1: DEFINING GLOBALIZATION multidirectional flows of people, objects, places, and
LESSON 1: The task of defining Globalization information as well as the structures they encounter and
LESSON 2: Metaphors of Globalization create that are barriers to, or expedite, those flows.”
LESSON 3: Globalization Theories
LESSON 4: Dynamics of Local and Global How can we understand globalization?
Cultures
LESSON 5: The Globalization Of Religion -first, the perspective of the person who defines
LESSON 6: Globalization and Regionalization globalization shapes its definition.
LESSON 7: Origin and History of Globalization -second, globalization is the debate and the debate is
LESSON 8: Global Demography globalization.
LESSON 9: Global Migration -third, globalization is reality.
CHAPTER 2: THE GLOBAL ECONOMY -overall, globalization is a concept that is not easy to
LESSON 1: Economic Globalization and define because in reality, globalization has a shifting
Global Trade nature. It is complex, multifaceted, and can be
LESSON 2: Economic Globalization and influenced by the people who define it.
Sustainable Development -moreover, the issues and concerns involving
LESSON 3: Economic Globalization, Poverty, globalization have a wide range---from the individual to
and Inequality society, from small communities to nations and states,
LESSON 4: Theories of Global Stratification and from the benefits, we can gain from it to the costs it
LESSON 5: could carry.
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CHAPTER 1: DEFINING GLOBALIZATION LESSON 2: METAPHORS OF GLOBALIZATION

-Much has changed. Human beings have encountered -metaphors make use of one term to help us better
many changes especially in their social relationship and understand another term. In our case, the states of matter
social structures. —solid and liquid—flows-- will be used.
-of these changes, one can say that globalization is a
very important change, if not, “the most important” Solid and Liquid – solidity also refers to
-we are now in “global age” barriers that prevent or make difficult the movement of
-encompasses a multitude of processes that involves the things. Furthermore, solids can either be natural or man
economy, political systems, and culture. Social -made.
structures, therefore directly affected by globalization. Ex. of natural solid are: landforms and bodies
of water; man-made ex. are: great wall of china,
LESSON 1: THE TASK OF DEFINING and an imaginary line such as the nine-dash line
GLOBALIZATION used by People’s Republic of China in their
claim to the South China Sea.
-globalization revealed that definitions could be
classified as either (1) broad and inclusive (2) narrow -liquidity therefore refers to the increasing ease
and exclusive. of movement of people, things, information, and places
in the contemporary world.
“globalization means the onset of the borderless world” -another characteristic of liquid phenomena is
-this is an ex. of broad and inclusive that their movement is difficult to stop.
Ex. videos uploaded on YouTube or Facebook
Narrow and exclusive definitions are better justified but
can be limiting, in the sense that their application adhere Liquidity and solidity are in constant interaction.
to only particular definitions. However, liquidity is the increasing and proliferating
today. Therefore, the metaphor that could best describe
No matter how one classifies a definition of globalization is liquidity. Liquids do flow.
globalization, the concept is complex and multifaceted
(many) as the definitions deal with either economic , Flows- are the movement of people, things,
political, or social dimensions. places, and information by the growing “porosity”(ratio

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or volume) of global limitations. The ff. are the kinds of -globalization has played a tremendous role in providing
flows that can be observed today: a context for the current revival and the resurgence of
Ex. poor illegal migrants flooding in many parts religion. Today, most religion spread and scattered on a
of the world; the virtual flow of legal and illegal global scale.
information such as blogs and child pornography
-information technologies, transportation means, and the
LESSON 3: GLOBALIZATION THEORIES media are deemed important means on which religionists
rely on the dissemination of their religious ideas.
-we will analyze globalization culturally, economically,
and politically. In the meantime, it would be helpful to -modern technology, therefore, has helped religions of
assert that the theories see globalization as a process that different forms such as modernist to cross geographical
increases either homogeneity or heterogeneity. boundaries and be present everywhere.

Homogeneity – refers to the increasing LESSON 6: GLOBALIZATION AND

sameness in the world as cultural inputs, economic REGIONALIZATION
factors , and political orientations of societies expand to
create common practices, same economies, and similar -these two processes are contradicting – the very nature
forms of government. of globalization is, by definition, global while
Ex. the dominant religion in our country is regionalization is naturaly regional.
Christianity
Globalization – increased flows of goods,
Heterogeneity – pertains to the creation of services, capital, people, and information across borders.
various cultural practices, new economies, and political Regionalization – regional organizations prefer
groups because of the interaction of elements from regional partners over the rest.
different societies in the world.
- A more specific concept is “glocalization” , LESSON 7: ORIGIN AND HISTORY OF
as global interact with local factors GLOBALIZATION

Although homogeneity and heterogeneity give us idea -different views of globalization:

about the effects of globalization, the picture is not yet Hardwired – accdg. to Nayan Chanda (2007),
complete. “it is because of our basic human need to make our lives
better that made globalization possible. Therefore, one
LESSON 4: DYNAMICS OF LOCAL AND GLOBAL can trace the beginning of globalization from our
CULTURES ancestors.

-global flows of culture tend to move more easily around Cycles – globalization is a long-term cyclical
the globe. There are three perspectives on global cultural process and thus, finding its origin will be daunting task.
flows, these are: differentialism, hybridization, and What is important is the cycles that globalization gone
convergence through. This point of globalization will soon disappear
and reappear.
Cultural Differentialism – emphasizes the fact
that cultures are essentially different and are only Epoch – six great epochs of globalization. These
superficially affected by global flows. are called “waves” and each has its own origin. The
difference of this view from the second view (cycles) is
Cultural Hybridization – emphasizes the that it does not treat epochs as returning. The ff. are
integration of local and global cultures. A key concept is sequential occurrence of the epochs:
“glocalization” or the interpenetration of the global and
local resulting in unique outcomes in different 1. Globalization of religion (fourth to seventh
geographic areas. centuries)
2. European colonial conquest (late fifteenth
Cultural Convergence – approach stresses century)
homogeneity introduced by globalization. 3. Intra-European wars (late eighteenth to early
nineteenth centuries)
LESSON 5: THE GLOBALIZATION OF RELIGION 4. Heyday of European imperialism (mid
nineteenth century to 1918)
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5. Post-World War II period
6. Post-Cold War period Ex. refugees are vagabonds forced to flee their
home countries due to safety concerns.
Events- specific events are also considered as
the origin of globalization like: Roman conquest Tourists – are on the move because they want to
centuries before Christ. Rosenthal (2007) gave premium be and they can afford it.
to voyage of discovery. Christopher Columbus
discovers America in 1942. Vasco da Gama in Cape of CHAPTER II: THE GLOBAL ECONOMY
Good Hope in 1498, and Ferdinand Magellan Introduction:
completed circumnavigation of the globe in 1522. - The United Nations (UN) tries to address the
difference problems in the world. Among of
-this could be regarded as the beginnings of these is the eradication of extreme poverty and
globalization with reference to specific technological hunger.
advances in transportation and communication. - In the Philippines, a person living in the poverty
if he makes less than 100,534 pesos a year,
Broader, more recent changes – these broad around 275 pesos a day. This is called the
changes happened in the last of the twentieth century. poverty line or the poverty threshold.
- According to the UN (2015) the focus on the
There are three notable changes as the origin of
extreme poverty is a condition characterized by
globalization. They are as follows:
severe deprivation of basic human needs
1. The emergence of the United States as the global
including: food, safe drinking water,
power (post-world war II) sanitation facilities, health, shelter, education
- the US was able to outrun Germany and and information.
Japan in terms of industry. - Most people who have been lifted out of
2. The emergence of multinational corporations extreme poverty are still poor and being poor
(MNCs) comes from serious problems, from disease to
- Their roots were from their countries of lack of water.
origin. Where the US, Germany, and Great
Britain had in their homeland great LESSON I: ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION AND
corporations which the world knows today. GLOBAL TRADE
3. The demise of the Soviet Union and the end of the
Cold War - “Economic globalization refers to the increasing
- The fall of Soviet Union in 1991. This event interdependence of world economies as a result
led to the opening of the major parts of the of the growing scale of cross-border trade of
world. Many global processes— commodities and services, floe of international
immigration, tourism, media, diplomacy, capital, and wide and rapid spread of
and MNC’s—spread throughout the planet. technologies, and is an irreversible trend for
This paved way for the so-called “free” economic development in the whole world at the
turn of the millennium.” –UN (as cited in
world.
Shangquan, 2000)
LESSON 8: GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHY
- Two types of economies associated with
economic globalization:
-Demographic Transition is a singular historical period
during which mortality and fertility rates decline from 1. Trade Protectionism – means “a policy of
high to low levels in a particular country or region. systematic government intervention in
foreign trade with the objective of
LESSON 9: GLOBAL MIGRATION encouraging domestic production. This
encouragement involves giving preferential
-the nuances of the movement of people around the treatment to domestic producers and
world can be seen through the categories of migrants discriminating against foreign competitors.”-
–“vagabonds” and “tourists.” Mcleese, 2007
- protectionism exist in the world economy
Vagabonds – are on the move “because they despite the growth of trade liberalization.
have to be”—they are not faring well in their home -quotas and tariffs – required fees on
countries and are forced to move in the hope that their imports and exports.
circumstances will improve.
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2. Trade liberalization or Free Trade – and - the challenge to food security can be traced to
technological advances in transportation and the protection of environment.
communication mean goods and services
move around the world more easily than *major environmental problem:
ever. 1. deforestation
2. destruction of marine life
- Fair trade- “concern for the social, 3. lack of freshwater
economic, and environmental well-being of 4. pollution
marginalized small producers.” – Downie - global warming possess a threat to the global supply of
2007 food as well as to human health. Furthermore,
-aims for a more moral and equitable population growth that can intensify ecological
global economic system. problems.
-concerned with protection of workers
and producers, establishment of more just LESSON III: ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION,
prices, engagement in environmentally POVERTY, and INEQUALITY
sound practices and sustainable production,
creation of relationships between consumers - Economic and trade globalization is the result of
and producers, and promotion of safe companies trying to outmanoeuvre their
working environment. competitors.

LESSON II: ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION AND *multiplier effect – means an increase in one
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT economic activity can lead to an increase in
other economic activities. – not everyone agrees
- economic globalization, it is lack of to this.
sustainability or the degree to which the earth’s
resources can be used for our needs, even in the *outsourcing – opponents of economic
future. globalization
- sustainable development, is by using the - in the absence of regulation, it is still possible
earth’s resources and the preservation of such that workers would not be horrible mistreated.
sources for the future. 1. first, public awareness is growing
- the relationship between globalization and along with the pressure from the international
sustainability is multidimensional- it involves community to take steps to protect workers.
economic, political, and technological aspects. 2. second, those that supports
- however, these positive effects of development globalization.
put our environment at a disadvantage.
- GLOBAL INCOME INEQUALITY
- ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION - globalization and inequality are closely related.
- efficiencymeans finding the quickest possible
way of producing large amounts of a particular *Two main types of economic inequality:
product.
- this cycle harms the planet in a number of 1. wealth inequality - refers to the net worth
ways. of a country. The abundance of resources in
a specific country. It speaks about the
1. carbon emissions distribution of assets.
2. destruction of coral reefs and marine
biodiversity 2. income inequality –new earnings are being
3. deforestation distributed; it values the flow of goods and
4. pollution services, not a stock of assets.
5. climate change - THE THIRD WORLD AND GLOBAL SOUTH
- Western capitalist countries as “First World”
- FOOD SECURITY *rich and industrialized countries
- the security of foods means the sustainability - Soviet Union as “Second World”
of society such as population growth, climate * become nulled and void
change, water scarcity, and agriculture. - others as “Third World”

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*more than 100 countries but has
different levels of economic stability. 3. Drive to Technological Majority –
- this distinctions points largely to racial inequality, technological growth of the earlier periods begins to bear
specifically between the Black and White . fruit in the form of population growth, reductions in
absolute poverty levels, and more diverse job
- THE GLOBAL CITY opportunities.
- the relations of agricultural production have
been altered due to the rise of global agribusiness and 4. High Mass Consumption – is when your
factory farms. country is big enough that production becomes more
about wants that needs.
LESSON IV: THEORIES Of GLOBAL
STRATIFICATION - DEPENDENCY THEORY AND THE LATIN
- You find stratification among socioeconomic AMERICAN EXPERIENCE
classes within a society, you would also see -starting in the 15oos, European spread
across the world a pattern of global throughout the Americans, Africa, and Asia, claiming
stratification. land for Europe.
-the following countries became as colonies:
- MODERNIZATION THEORY UN, North America, Haiti, Puerto Rico, Guam,
- one of two main explanations for global Philippines, Hawaiian islands, and parts of Panama and
stratification Cuba.
-this theory frames the global stratification as -with colonialism came the exploitation of both
function of technological and cultural natural and human resources.
differences between nations. -only Ethiopia and Liberia were not colonized.

*two historical events that contributed to - after the second World War, there were many
western Europe developing to a faster rate than questions about international relations. “ Why are many
much the rest of the world. countries in the world is not developing?”
- the traditional answer with that question was
1. Columbian Exchange – contributed to because these countries are not pursuing the right
population growth and provide new economic policies or their governments are authoritarian
opportunities for trade, while strengthening the and corrupt.
power of the merchant class.
- dependency theory was a product of this
2. Industrial Revolution (eighteenth and experiences. In which the development of the nation-
nineteenth centuries) – this is when new states of the South contributed to a decline in their
technologies replace human labour with independence and to an increase in economic
machines and increase productivity.
development of the countries of the North

- Modernization theory rests on the idea that

*the terms “core nations” and “peripheral
affluence could be attained by anyone. A society
that is more steeped in family systems and nations” are at the heart of dependency theory.
traditions maybe less willing to adopt new 1. core nations – more industrialized nations
technologies and the new social systems that who receives the majority of the world’s wealth.
often accompany them. 2. peripheral nations – countries that are less
developed and received unequal distribution of the
world’s wealth.
-WALT ROSTOW’S FOUR STAGES OF
MODERNIZATION
1. Traditional Stage – refers to societies that - THE MODERN WORLD-SYSTEM
are structured around small, local communities with - this history of colonialism inspired American
production typically done in family settings. sociologist IMMANUEL WALLERSTEIN of what he
called the capitalist world economy. He described high-
2. Take-off Stage – people begin to use their income nations as the “core” of the world economy.
individual talents to produce things beyond the - this core is the manufacturing base of the
necessities . planet where resources funnel in to become the

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technology and wealth enjoyed by the Western world
today.
- low income countries, meanwhile, are the
“periphery” whose natural resources and labor support
the wealthier countries, first as colonies and now by
working for multinational corporations under neo-
colonialism.
- middle-income countries are considered the
“semi-periphery” due to their closer ties to the global
economic core.

**the growth of the work economy and expansion of the

world trade have coincided with rising standards of
living worldwide, with even the poorest nations almost
tripling in the last century.

** with by learning about economic globalization, we

are able to know about the issues and debates about it.

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