Acknowledgement

Iwish to express my gratitude to my Chemistry teacher

Mr. Dheergj, who has been instrumental in helping me complete
this project.

I alsowish to express my sincere thanks to our beloved Principal

Dr Arckia Rg.P, and the management of BIGIfor having
changed our focus from exam-based learning to knowledge
learning which I now understand will go a long way in molding
my future ahead for better prospects.

I wish to thank my parents, friends and all those who have directly
or indirectly contributed towards completion of this project
successfuly and effectively.
 INDEX

Contents PAGE NOS

Abstract

Objective

Theory
Materials required

Procedure

Observations

Bibliography
 Abstract

Hooke's law is a lawof physics that states that the force (F)needed to
extend or compress aspring bysome distancex scales Iinearly with
respect to that distance. That is :F= kdx, where k is a constant factor
characteristic of the spring : its stiffness, and x is small compared to the
total possible deformation of the spring. The law is named after 17th.
century British physicist Robert Hooke. He first stated the law in 1676 as
aLatin anagram. He published the solution of his anagram in 1678 as: "ut
tension, sic vis" (as the extension, so the force" or "the extension is
proportional to the force"). Hooke states in the 1678 work that he was
aware of the law already in 1660.
Hooke's equation holds (to some extent)in many other situations where
an elastic body is deformed, such as wind blowing on a tallbuilding, a
musician plucking a string of a guitar, and the filling of a party balloon. An
elastic body or material for which this equation can be assumed is said to
be linear-elastic or Hookean.

Hooke's law is only a first-order linear approximation to the real response

of springs and other elastic bodies to applied forces. It must eventually
fail once the forces exceed some limit, since no material can be
compressed beyond a certain minimum size, or stretched beyond a
maximum size, without some permanent deformation or change of state.
Many materials willnoticeably deviate from Hooke's law well before
those elastic limits are reached.
 Objective

In this experiment, we will study the elastic properties ofa spring and of
a rubber band and we will measure how closely they follow Hooke's Law.
Our present interest is in whether the data willfit on a linear trend line. A
good fit indicates that the object (spring or rubber band) obeys Hooke's
Law. Hooke's Law states that the restoring force is a linear unction of the
displacement from equilibrium.
 Theory
Todeform a material requires the application of a force. Some materials
deform more easily than others. Materials that return to their original
dimension after deforming force has been removed are called elastic. All
materials exhibit some degree of elasticity but not always in enough
quantity to be usefulfrom a practical sense. The elsticiy property makes
its presence known through a restoring force that opposes the
deformation force and tries to maintain the original dimensions of the
material. We will be considering elasticity in only one dimension. The
restoring force is proportional to the magnitude of the deformation. This
can be expressed in an equation known as Hooke's Law after the discover
of the effect, Robert Hooke.
F=-kx......i.g uation 1
The variable 'x' represents the magnitude of the distortion or
displacement from the equilibrium as exhibited in the stretching of a
spring or rubber band. The factor 'k is the proportionality constant and
the minus sign indicates that of the displacement, i.e. it is a restoring
force.
 Materials Required

Slotted weights
Balance
Coil spring
Weight hanger
" Rod &Table
Clamp
" Rubber band
" Meter stick
Spring clamp
 Procedure

I. The Spring

a. Mount the spring so that it hangs vertically with the small endu.
Attach a 50g mass to the hanger. This separates the coils and is your
"zero" load. DO NOT COUNT THE 50g OR THE WEIGHT HANGER AS
PART OF THE "LOAD". This is the one lab where you can neglect the
mass of the weight hanger.
b. Mount the meter stick vertically in its holder with the numbers
increasing towards the floor and place the meter stick on the floor.
Adjust the clamp holding the spring so that the bottom of the weight
hanger is sufficiently high off the ground when the heaviest load was
applied. The meter stick reading that is aligned with the bottom of
the weight hanger (with the 50g "zero" load) is your reference Point
- record the value below in the Data Table.

c. Now, add mass to the weight hanger, in multiples of 50g units, until
you have added 300g. Record the meter stick reading of the bottom
of the weight hanger after each mass has been added. Calculate the
amount of stretch by subtracting the Reference Point value from
your meter stick reading. Record this stretch value in the Data Table.

d. After allthe masses have been added, remove 50g at a time and
record the meter stick readings after each change as before. This is
done as a quick check on the repeatability of your data to ensure
that your Reference Point has not shifted.
 SPRING CLAMP

SPRING

TABLE CLAMP

TABLE
WEIGHT
HANGER

Figure 1

The Setup

Il. The Rubber Band

a. Now, mount the rubber band in place of the spring and repeat the
above experiment from steps: la. To ld.
 Observations

1. Construct a graph of Load vs Stretch for the Spring

Choose the best-fit trend line. Determine the equation of the line
and its correlation coefficient. Analyze your graph

Does the Spring obey Hooke's Law?

" What characteristic of Load vs Stretch graph tell you?
2.Construct a graph of Load vs Stretch for the Rubber Band

Choose the best-fit trend line. Determine the equation of the line
and its correlation coefficient. Analyze your graph

" Does the Rubber Band obey Hooke's Law?

What characteristic of Load vs Stretch graph tell you?